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Name: ________________________________Date: _________________________________

MITOSIS AND THE CELL CYCLE PowerPoint Notes

THE FUNCTIONS OF CELL DIVISION

1. Cell division is vital for all _____________________. This is the __________ process that can create _______________.

2. Cell Division always involves ________ main processes:1) The division of the ______________ contents.2) The division of the _________________ contents.

3. There are FIVE main functions of cell division:

1) _____________ reproduction for ____cellular organisms.

__________________ (like bacteria) as well as unicellular _____________ (like paramecium) reproduce asexually by a type of cell division called __________________.

2) _____________ reproduction for _________cellular organisms.

Organisms like ___________ (an underwater animal) undergo cell division to produce ___________ (buds) from their bodies which eventually ___________ and become cloned offspring. This process is called ________________.

______________ is when an organism performs a ______________________ of one of its body parts. Some _____________ can autotomize their ________ which will undergo cell division to ___________________ into cloned offspring.

Some plants reproduce without seeds or spores through asexual ________________________________. One method of doing this is to undergo cell division to produce ____________ which are extensions from the parent plant that contain attached cloned offspring. Two types of plants that do this are _________________________________.

3) _____________ reproduction in _________cellular organisms.

In sexual reproduction, cell division is required for ______ reasons:1) to make _________________ like __________ and _______.2) to allow the multiple divisions needed to create a ___________________ organism.

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Fig.1 – Binary fission in bacteria.

Fig.2 – Autotomy of arms in some starfish.

Fig.2 – Autotomy of arms in some starfish.

Fig.2 – Autotomy of arms in some starfish.

Fig.2 – Autotomy of arms in some starfish.

Fig.2 – Autotomy of arms in some starfish.

Fig.2 – Autotomy of arms in some starfish.

Fig.2 – Autotomy of arms in some starfish.

Fig.2 – Autotomy of arms in some starfish.

Fig.2 – Autotomy of arms in some starfish.

Fig.2 – Autotomy of arms in some starfish.

Fig.2 – Autotomy of arms in some starfish.

Fig.2 – Autotomy of arms in some starfish.

Fig.2 – Autotomy of arms in some starfish.

Fig.2 – Autotomy of arms in some starfish.

Fig.2 – Autotomy of arms in some starfish.

Fig.2 – Autotomy of arms in some starfish.

Fig.2 – Autotomy of arms in some starfish.

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4) __________ and _________________ of a _________cellular organism.

To reach _____________________ and attain _____________________________, many organisms have to continue to perform cell division even after all essential body parts have formed.

5) __________ and _________________ of a _________cellular organism.

Give three examples: 1) __________________________________________________________________________2) __________________________________________________________________________3) __________________________________________________________________________

4. Except during the creation of ________________, cell division results in daughter cells that are genetically ________________ to ________________ and to the __________________.

To create identical daughter cells, this type of cell division must involve ______________________ and a process called _________________ which involves the ________________ and __________________ of the DNA into two _____________ halves.

Mitosis is a part of the ______________________.

THE CELL CYCLE

The Cell Cycle

5. Cell Cycle: _____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

6. This involves ____________ main stages and can be represented in a pie chart:

1) _______________________2) _______________________3) _______________________

The size of each pie slice roughly represents how much ___________ a cell stays in each part of the cell cycle, but there are great variations depending on the type of cell.

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Fig.5 – The Cell Cycle

Fig.4 – Cell Division.

Fig.3 – Male Human Growth and Development.

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Interphase

7. Interphase : ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

8. Interphase can be broken down into ____________ stages:

1) G 1 Phase (Gap 1):

The cell _____________ after cell division to reach full size (it may double in size). The cell performs its specialized ________________ depending on what type of cell it is.

This is the _________________ part of the cell cycle for most cells except for fast dividing ___________________ cells and _______________ cells.

Once organisms reach adulthood, some of their cells will ______________________ again. These cells stop progressing through the cell cycle and go into ______________________ where they will simply continue to perform their functions until they die. Give examples of three cell types that are like this: ______________________________________________________________________

2) S Phase (Synthesis) :

The DNA is __________________ creating __________________ copies of each chromosome. As well, the ______________________ also _______________________ to create _____ pairs.

3) G 2 Phase (Gap 2):

The cell ________________ for mitosis by undergoing rapid ___________ of its cytoplasm. The cell increases the synthesis of the _______________ needed to make the

_____________________ used in mitosis. The DNA is checked for replication ____________ that might have occurred during DNA replication

in S Phase. This prevents ___________________ (changes in the DNA code) from being passed to daughter cells.

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Fig.6 – Various Cell Types

Fig.7 – S Phase Events

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Mitosis

9. Mitosis : _____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

10. Mitosis is broken down into ________ main stages and they can be represented by the acronym ______________ which stands for…

11. However, the events that occur between ________________ and _______________ are important enough to create a fifth stage between these two called _________________________.

Cytokinesis

12. Cytokinesis : ___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Animal Cells – In animal cells, a _______________________ forms to constrict the cell membrane in the middle of the cell and divide it.

Plant Cells – In plant cells, the ________________ makes cytokinesis more challenging. Instead of making a cleavage furrow, a plant cell makes a ___________________ in the middle of the cell. The cell plate is made up of _______________ which contain the material needed to build the ____________. The vesicles _________ at the midline of the cell to create a new cell wall which completely _________________ the two daughter cells.

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Fig.8 – Stages of Mitosis

Fig.10 – Plant CytokinesisFig.9 – Animal Cytokinesis

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MITOSIS – A CLOSER LOOK!

13. In this example, we will examine a cell containing ______________________ (red, blue and green) in the initial parent cell.

14. After S Phase, each chromosome has undergone DNA replication. There are now ______________________________________. At this point, the DNA has _________________ yet so it is still _________ and _________. This _______________ form of DNA is called _____________________.

15. The two identical sides of each duplicated chromosomes are called _______________________. The two sister chromatids are ________________ together at a region of the chromosome called the _____________________.

16. The centromere is where protein structures called ______________________ assemble on either side of the sister chromatids. The kinetochores are the sites of ____________________ for __________________ which _____________ the sister chromatids apart.

17. __________________ are protein filaments that serve various different functions within a cell. When they are used in mitosis or meiosis, they can be specifically referred to as _____________________.

18. The ______________________ along with the ______________ that surround it form the ________________ which is the organelle responsible for _________________ the __________________. Centrosomes are only found in _______________ cells.

19. Along with the DNA, the centrosome is __________________ in S Phase to produce the two centrosomes you see in G2.

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G2 Interphase

G1 Interphase

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20. Fill in this chart to summarize the events in the various stages of mitosis.

a) The centrosomes begin to ________________ to ______________________.

b) ____________________ begin to form between the two centrosomes.c) The _________________________ begins to ________________ which

____________ the chromosomes to be sorted and divided in later stages of mitosis.

d) The chromatin begins to _______________ and become _________________, _________________ and _________________.

e) The _________________________ begins to disappear.

a) The nuclear membrane is ________________ completely dissolved which allows the _____________________ access to the duplicated chromosomes.

b) The ____________________ has disappeared.c) __________________________ spindle fibers reach through the dissolving

nuclear membrane and ______________ to the _______________________ of each duplicated chromosome. These spindle fibers begin to ___________________ the duplicated chromosomes along the midline of the cell called the _______________________ (or metaphase) __________.

d) __________ spindle fibers from opposite poles reach the midline and push against one another to ______________ the distance between the two centrosomes.

e) __________ spindle fibers help _____________ the centrosomes at opposite poles of the cell.

f) All of the different types of spindle fibers help form a network of fibers called the ___________________________ (or _______________________).

a) The centrosomes are ___________ migrated to opposite poles.b) The spindle apparatus is __________________ formed.c) The nuclear membrane is ___________ dissolved.d) The spindle fibers have _________________ the duplicated chromosomes

along the __________________________ so that each sister chromatid of a duplicated chromosome faces _________________ poles.

e) Correct _____________________ at this stage helps to ensure that each new daughter cell will receive one sister chromatid from each duplicated chromosome when the sister chromatids are separated.

f) At this stage, the chromosomes are _________, _________ and at their most ___________________, hence the chromosomes are at their most easily observable state.

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PROPHASE

PROMETAPHASE

METAPHASE

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a) The ______________________ spindle fibers _______________ and __________ the attached sister chromatids apart at the ___________________ towards opposite poles.

b) The ___________ spindle fibers push against each other to _______________ the cell and further separate the sister chromatids.

c) Each chromatid becomes its own ______________________ once separation has occurred.

a) This phase is essentially the ____________________ of prophase.

b) The spindle apparatus begins to ___________________.c) The chromosomes become ___________ and ___________

by __________________________ and reverting back to their ______________________ structure.

d) A ______________________ begins to reform around each set of chromosomes.

e) The ______________________ reappears in each nucleus.f) A ________________________ (or _______________ in

plant cells) begins to form which signals the beginning of ______________________ which will separate the two new daughter cells.

21. Identify cells A-F as: interphase, prophase, prometaphase, metaphase, anaphase or telophase.

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ANAPHASE

TELOPHASE

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22. Identify cells A-E as interphase, prophase, metaphase, anaphase or telophase. (There’s no prometaphase example in this image.)

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Created by Anh-Thi Tang – Tangstar ScienceCopyright © February 2015 Anh-Thi Tang (a.k.a. Tangstar Science)

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