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Name: ______________________ Per. ______Unit 1- Experimental Design, Characteristics of Life, Biochemistry, Chemical Bonds & Water

Monday Tuesday Wed Thurs FridayAug. 28 29 30/31 Sept. 1

4. No School 5 6. Vocab quiz 7. 8. Practice Test

11 12 13/14 15. Unit 1 Test

VocabularyAdaptationAtom BiologyChemical reactionsConstantControlCovalent bondDependent Variable

DevelopmentElectronElementGrowthHomeostasisHydrogen bondHypothesis

Independent VariableIonIonic bondMoleculeNeutronNucleusOrganismOrganization

Polar moleculeProductProtonQualitativeQuantitativeReactantReproductionResponse

Scientific LawScientific theorySpeciesStimulus

Objectives: Students will be able to…..Nature of Science & Scientific Method:

Demonstrate safe practices during laboratory and field investigations

Know the definition of science and understand it has limitations Know that a hypothesis is a testable statement that must be

capable of being supported or not supported by observations. Differentiate between the Control, Independent, Dependent and

constant variables in an experiment Know scientific theories are based on natural and physical

phenomena and are capable of being tested by multiple researchers.

Distinguish between scientific hypotheses, scientific theories and laws.

Distinguish between qualitative and quantitative data and be able to collect each type

Introduction to Biology: Know the meaning of Biology List and describe the 8

characteristics of Life

Biochemistry List the Hierarchy of Life Differentiate between protons & electrons and what

happens to atoms when electrons are gained or taken. Identify the sub-atomic particles that are shared or transferred.

Interpret what elements and how many, make up a chemical formula.

Identify the reactants and products in a chemical equations

Differentiate between ionic, covalent, and hydrogen bonds

Properties of Water Explain water’s Polarity Explain how the structure of water contributes to its

unique properties

Unit 1- Safety, Nature of Science & Characteristics of Life & water Warm-ups

Day 11. What is a safety rule we should have in class? ________________________________________________2. Draw a safety rule:

Day 23. Mallory has four aquatic plants of the same size and species. She submerges each plant in a separate beaker filled

with 200 mL of water. She then sets each beaker under a different intensity of light. Mallory observes that, of the four plants, the plant in the beaker under the most intense light gives off the most gas bubbles in a 20 min period. Which of the following statements best explains Mallory’s observations?

a. Cells decompose most quickly under the most intense lightb. Water evaporates from plants fastest under the most intense lightc. Photosynthesis occurs at the highest rate under the most intense lightd. Gases in the leaves of plants expand most under the most intense light

4. Two students were testing the amount of fertilizer that would best promote the growth of strawberries in a garden. Which of the following could be an unavoidable source of experimental error?

a. length of the studyb. variation in the strawberry plants

c. the cost of watering the plantsd. fertilization during the study

5. In most stable freshwater environments, populations of Daphnia are almost entirely female and reproduce

asexually. However, males are observed in low oxygen environments or when food is scarce. Based on these observations, a researcher suggests that male Daphnia develop in response to unfavorable environmental conditions. This is an example of a

a. Result b. Theory c. Procedure d. Hypothesis

Day 36. What 8 things do ALL living things have to have to be considered alive?

a. ____________________________

b. ____________________________c. ____________________________d. ____________________________

e. ____________________________f. ____________________________g. ____________________________h. ____________________________

Day 47. What are the 8 characteristics of life?

a. ____________________________

b. ____________________________c. ____________________________d. ____________________________

e. ____________________________f. ____________________________g. ____________________________h. ____________________________

8. Which of these best describes an organism’s ability to maintain the constant internal conditions necessary for life?

a. Homeostasis b. Stability c. Reproduction d. Adaptation

9. List the Hierarchy of life (start small and go big)._________________________________________________________________________________________________

Day 510. When electrons cannot be gained or lost, they are

a. transferred b. shared c. lost d. given away

11. A _______ bond is a bond where atoms share valence electronsa. ionic b. metallic c. covalent d. hydrogen

12. The combination of atoms formed in a covalent bond is called aa. molecule b. model c. formula unit d. ion

13. Atoms are electrically neutral; that is they do not have a chargea. True b. False

14. When an electron is added to or removed from an atom, the atom becomes a(n) ________.a. ion b. bond c. nothing, it stays the same

Day 61. The graph below shows the rate of activity for the enzyme catalase at

different temperatures. Catalase helps convert hydrogen peroxide to oxygen and water. The rate of catalase activity is directly related to the percent increase in oxygen.

Based on the graph, which of the following conclusions can be made about the functioning of catalase?

a. A. Catalase works best at 34°C.b. B. Catalase is destroyed at 34°C. c. C. Catalase cannot function at 51°C.d. D. Catalase functions most efficiently at 51°C.

Day 71. What atoms make up water? ___________________2. Draw it:

3. What is the difference between cohesion and adhesion? Give an example of each. _________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

4. What does it mean that water is a polar molecule?____________________________________________________________________________________________

The Nature of Science (pp. 11-21) Science is the use of evidence to construct testable explanations and predictions of

natural phenomena, as well as the knowledge generated through this process. Science only answers questions that are testable by a process called scientific

inquiry- the planned and deliberate investigation of the natural world.

I. LABORATORY INVESTIGATIONSThere are a variety of ways to conduct a laboratory investigation depending on the desired outcome.

A. Comparative-i. A comparison of 2 or more things

B. Descriptive-i. Observational lab; includes two types of data

a. Quantitative: involve numbers, measurements, quantitiesb. Qualitative: descriptions information is obtained

C. Experimental-i. Designed experiment that follows the scientific methodii. Clearly defined control and test group

II. THE SCIENTIFIC METHOD (pp. 15-19) misleading because it is process not reserved for biologist and other scientists also is it not a methodical set of steps to be followed in a specific order it is an organized pattern of thinking to solve everyday problems it is problem-solving technique that involves:

A. The Experiment:I. Control Group: is a setup used for comparison

II. Experimental Group: the group exposed to the factor being tested

Give an example of an experiment

Control Group

In your own words, What is science?

A. When would you use this type of investigation?

B. When would you use this type of investigation?

Give an example of quantitative:

Give an example of qualitative:

C. When would you use this type of investigation?

What is a Hypothesis?

In an experiment you have a control group. In your own words describe what a Control group is?

In an experiment you have an Experimental Group. In your own words describe what an experimental group is.

Summary:

A. Variable- factor changed by the experimenter. Only one factor should be changed at a time.

1. Independent (Manipulated) Variable-The factor used to test the hypothesis; it might affect the outcome of the experiment.

2. Dependent (Responding )Variable: it results from or depends on changes to the independent variable.

3. Constant: Factors that remains fixed during an experiment while the independent and dependent variables changes.

Homework Practice Problems1. Suzie Q wants to know the effect of different colors of light on the growth of plants. She believes that

plants can survive best in white light. She buys 5 ferns of the same species, which are all approximately the same age and height. She places one in white light, one in blue light, one in green light, one in red light and one in the closet. All of the ferns are planted in Miracle-Grow and given 20 mL of water once a day for 2 weeks. After the two weeks, Suzie observes the plants and makes measurements.

Hypothesis: If___________________________________, then _____________________________________Independent Variable: _____________________________ Dependent Variable: _______________________Control Group: __________________________________Constants: ______________________________________________________

2. A clinical psychologist hypothesizes that people who have been diagnosed as having major depression will be more likely to also be diagnosed with an anxiety disorder than will people who have not been diagnosed with major depression. To test this, he gives a survey to 100 people being treated for depression and 100 people with no known mental disorder. The survey asks them to report whether or not they have been diagnosed as having an anxiety disorder.

Independent variable: ________________________________

Dependent variable: ________________________________

Control: ________________________________

3. A pharmacologist is testing whether a new anti-anxiety medication, Moodcor, will cause people to gain weight. To test this, she gives 100 people Moodcor for one month and 100 people a placebo drug. At the end of the month, she monitors any weight gain.



Control: ________________________________

4. A clinical psychologist hypothesizes that listening to an inspirational tape will lead one to be in a better mood. To test this, she has 50 people listen to an hour-long inspirational tape. Another 50 listen to white noise for an hour. She then has them rate their mood on a 10-point scale.



Control: ________________________________

Give an example of an experiment

Control Group

5. Workers at a company were assigned to one of two conditions: One group completed a stress management training program; another group of workers did not participate in the training. The number of sick days taken by these workers was examined for the two subsequent months.



Control: ________________________________

6. Students at a University were split into two groups and each received a different text for a philosophy course. Once group received a traditional text book, while the other received an interactive textbook on a tablet computer. After the course, the final exam marks between the two groups of students was compared.



Control: ________________________________

7. A teacher hypothesized that spending time with a cat or dog decreases the amount of stress someone is feeling and allows them to perform better on tests. So, one class was allowed to play/pet the animals before the test was given and another class was not allowed access to the animals. Both classes were given the same test and the test scores were compared.



Control: ________________________________

8. A teacher hypothesized that eating breakfast in the morning increases the ability to learn in school.



Control: ________________________________

B. Collecting Data- Information gained from observationsI. Qualitative- data that are descriptions of what our senses detect

II. Quantitative- data collected as numbers

Graphs used as visual representation of result1. Circle Graph- used to show relationship of a part to

a whole

2. Bar graph- Used when independent variable isn’t continuous

3. Line graph- Used when independent variable is continuousa. Manipulated variable is plotted

on the X axisb. Responding variable is plotted

on the Y axis

Homework Practice Problems:

Give examples of how you would collect Qualitative data

Give examples of how you would collect Quantitative data

Give an example of when you would use a circle graph

Give an example of an experiment you would use a bar graph

Give an example of an experiment you would use a line graph

Summary:

C. Data AnalysisI. After collecting data, analyze the data and form conclusions based on

the following questions

What does it mean do the results support or refute the Hypothesis?

A. Do the results support or refute the hypothesis?B. Is more data needed?C. Are different procedures needed?D. Is the experimental set-up valid?

1. Was there a large enough sample size?2. Were the sources of errors minimized?3. Was there only one variable tested?

E. Is the experiment repeatable?

D. ConclusionI. Scientists report their findings and conclusions in scientific journals.

E. Scientific TheoryI. An explanation of natural or physical phenomenon supported by many observations and experiments

over time.II. Tested by multiple independent researchers.III. Complex explanations and have been supported by years of scientific researchIV. They are considered valid until new areas of study are developed or until new technologies are

developed and new evidence is found.

F. Scientific LawI. Describes relationships under certain conditions in nature.

Ex: Law of conservation of matter- before and after a chemical change the same amount of matter exists. The law does not explain why, it describes the relationship between matter before and after the change

II. Describes relationships under certain conditions in nature, but DOES NOT explain themIII. Theories do not become laws and laws do not become theories

G. Scientific Theory vs. HypothesisI. When a hypothesis is tested many times and the explanation is durable, the hypothesis can be

incorporated into a theory.II. A Scientific Theory is a well-established and highly reliable explanation

II. INTRODUCTION TO BIOLOGY (pp.4-10)A. What is Biology?

Biology means the study of life. Biology is the science that seeks to understand the living world. B. Characteristics of Life- all living things share the following characteristics:

1. Living things are made of Cells. a. A cell is the smallest working unit of life.b. Living organisms are grouped by the number of cells:

* Unicellular – single-celled organisms; ex. Bacteria, amoebas* Multicellular – organisms made up of more than one cell; ex.

Humans, frogs, fish, insects, plants

What does it mean do the results support or refute the Hypothesis?

Bio-

ology-

Uni-

Multi-

List the levels of Organization:

2. Living things Displays Organizationa. A cell is a collection of organized structures that carries on life functionsb. All living structures are composed of atoms and molecules.c. In multicellular organisms

i. Specialized cells are organized into groups that work together called tissues. ii. Tissues are organized into organs, iii. Organ systems work together to support an organism

3. Living things Grow & Developa. Growth- all living things grow at least part of their lives, single-celled organism simple increase in sizeb. Development- describes physical changes that take place during the lifetime of an organism

4. Living things Reproducea. Not essential for individual organisms, but essential for the speciesb. Species- group of organisms that can breed with one another and produce fertile offspringc. Two ways:

i. Asexual- new organism has a single parent; example- single-celled organism splits in halfNO EXCHANGE OF GENETIC MATERIAL

ii. sexual- two cells ( egg & sperm) from different parents unit to form an embryoThere IS AN EXCHANGE OF GENETIC MATERIAL

5. Living things Respond to Stimulia. External stimulus- includes all things that are OUTSIDE the organism. Ex: temperature, lightb. Internal stimulus- all things that are INSIDE the organism. Ex: hunger, thirst

6. Living things Require Energya. two main ways to obtain energy

i. Photosynthesis- energy from the sun. Plants, some bacteria & protist use this processii. Consumer- energy from the food they eat. Us, other animals & fungi

b. All organisms use energy for metabolism- chemical reactions which builds up or breaks down materials as it carries out its life processes.

7. Living things Maintain Homeostasisa. process by which organisms maintain a relatively stable internal environment

8. Adaptations Evolve over timea. Adaptations are inherited changes that occur over time that help the species survive and pass their

genes to their offspring.

Bio-

ology-

Uni-

Multi-

List the levels of Organization:

Homework Practice Problems Characteristics of Life Wheel Activity (pgs. 6-10)

Directions: There are eight characteristics that all living things must have to be considered living. Draw & Color each one of these eight characteristics of life in a separate section of the wheel below and describe that characteristic in that section. Read pages 6-10 to get more information and ideas on what to draw.

III. Biochemistry (pp. 148-157)A. Hierarchy of Life-

1. Atom - Smallest unit of matter that retains its elemental properties2. Molecule - Groups of atoms bonded together3. Cell - Smallest working unit of life4. Organism - Individual living thing; depending on the complexity, an

organism may be composed ofa.Tissue - groups of cells working togetherb.Organ – groups of tissues working togetherc.Organ system - groups of organs working together

5. Population - Group of organisms of one species in one area6. Community - Different populations that live together in a specific area7. Ecosystem - A community and its non-living components8. Biosphere – Earth

B. THE CHEMISTRY OF LIFEOrganisms are composed of matter, which is anything that takes up space and has mass. All matter is composed of elements, pure substances that consists entirely of one type of atom.

I. Atoms- made up of the following1. Nucleus

a)Center of an atomb)Protons have a positive chargec)neutrons are neutral

2. Electron cloud/orbitala)space surrounding nucleusb)electrons in constant motion in this spacec)electrons have a negative charge; therefore attracted to the +

charged nucleus3. Charge of Atoms- Have equal # of protons & electron so they

are neutral

II. Elements1. 92 naturally occurring elements2. 25 essential to life3. 4 making up 96% of living matter: carbon, hydrogen, oxygen,

nitrogen4. atomic # = # of protons that element contains.

III. Compounds1. elements combined in fixed ratios of atoms form compounds2. held together by chemical bonds3. Chemical formula

a)shorthand to show elements in a compound4. Chemical Equation

a)recipe for making a compoundb)Reactants- what goes into the reactionc)Products- substance that is formed

IV.Chemical Bonds (pp. 152-153)1. involves the valence electrons, what would be the outermost

electrons2. Ionic Bonds

Write an acronym for the hierarchy of life:

Atom- from Greek word atomas- means _____________________

Draw and label an atom for Oxygen:

Carbon:

What are the 4 elements that make up 96% of us?

The atomic # of Carbon is 6So, there are ______ protons in carbon

H2SO4 = ______ H ______ S ______ O

Total atoms = ________

C6H12O6 = ______ C _______ H _______O

Total atoms = ________

2H2 + O2 2H2OReactants: ________________Products: __________________Describe an ionic bond in your own words:

a)one or more electrons are transferred from one atom to anotherb)results in 2 oppositely charged particles called IONS

an atom that gains electrons has a negative charge an atom that losses electrons has a positive charge

c)attraction between oppositely charged ions forms ionic bonds

3. Covalent Bondsa)electrons are being sharedb)results in very stable compounds called MOLECULES

Homework Practice Problems:Put a check in the box that applies Ionic Covalent Both

1. Results in a molecule2. Electron are shared3. Electrons are transferred4. Chemical Bond5. Very stable6. Unstable7. Involves electrons8. Water9. Salt (NaCl)10. Glucose (C6H12O6)11. Formed between ions

I. Water & Solutions (161-165)Water is the most essential and abundant substance on Earth. Cells are made up of mostly water and most cells are surrounded by water. The importance of water is largely due to its unique characteristics, which all directly relate to one very important property of water . . . Water is polar.

A. Polarity- label the picture to the left1. unequal sharing of electrons in molecules formed with covalent

bonds

Describe an ionic bond in your own words:

In your own words, describe Polar:

Draw a water molecule & label the protons, neutrons, electrons & the charges

2. How this works:a. oxygen has 8 protons in nucleus & each hydrogen has 1 proton in their nucleusb. 10 shared electrons will be more attracted to the more positively charged oxygen nucleus;

thus orbiting around the oxygen end of the molecule just about all the timec. The oxygen end will have a slightly negative charged. The hydrogen ends will have a slightly positive chargee. Not true charges because the electrons are not transferred; just shared unequally

B. Hydrogen “Bonds”1. not a true bond- does not form a new compound2. attraction between two polar molecules; like water3. attraction between slightly positively charged hydrogen end of one polar molecule and the slightly

negatively charged end of another polar molecule4. in water : forms between positively charged H end of one water molecule and the negative end of

another water molecule5. Label & Fill in the H bond on the picture to the left

C. Properties of Water Polarity give water unique properties important in maintaining homeostasis in organisms

1. Cohesion or Surface tensiona. Attraction between molecules of the same substance; water molecules stick together

2. Adhesion or Capillary actiona. attraction between molecules of different substances; water sticks to other surfaces

3. Universal Solventa. slightly charged ends of water attract and separate atoms of other compounds; dissolving themb. anything dissolved in water is called a solutionc. many important substances in cells are in solution

4. High heat of vaporizationa. takes a lot of heat energy to evaporate a small amount of water

5. High specific heata. water absorbs heat energy without its temperature rising much

6. Expansion on Freezinga. ice less dense than water; ice floats

Practice Problems:Match the description to the physical property of water.

a. Capillary actionb. Good Solventc. High specific heatd. High heat of fusion

e. High surface tensionf. High heat of vaporizationg. Expansion on freezing

_____ 1. The movement of water up a tiny tube due to polarity of glass and water.

_____ 2. The crystalline structure of water takes up more space than the same molecules did in the liquid state so it is less

dense and will float.

_____ 3. Hydrogen bonds hold water molecule together so that the water’s surface acts like a membrane.

_____ 4. Dissolves more different substances than any other solvent.

_____ 5. It takes a lot of heat energy to evaporate water.

_____ 6. Water can absorb a lot of heat energy without having its temperature increase by very much.

_____ 7. It takes longer for lakes and streams to freeze.

_____ 8. Helps blood mover through capillaries.

In your own words, describe Polar:

Draw a water molecule & label the protons, neutrons, electrons & the charges

_____ 9. Allows fish to live in ponds and lakes during winter.

_____10. Water molecules on the surface of the skin (sweat) carry away a lot of body heat when they evaporate.

_____11. Blood is mostly water and many substances such as salts, sugars, & proteins will dissolve in water.

_____12. Water striders can walk on water.

_____13. Dissolves oxygen so that fish are able to extract oxygen to breath.

_____14. Living things in ponds and lakes have more time to adjust to temperature changes in winter.

Unit 1: Study GuideIntroduction to Biology

1. Be able to define and apply the following vocabulary terms.Biology Unicellular Multicellular Metabolism Homeostasis Asexual reproduction Sexual reproduction Element Atom Molecule Cell Tissue Organ Organ system Organism Population Community Ecosystem Biosphere ReactantChemical equation Matter Polarity ProductPolar Adhesion Cohesion Universal SolventHigh Heat of Vaporization High Specific heat Expansion on Freezing

2. Be able to list the 8 characteristics of life and give examples of each.

3. Be able to list the different levels of the hierarchy of life from the smallest to the largest.

4. Know the different parts of an atom and their characteristics.

5. Know the number of naturally occurring elements, how many are essential to life and which make up the major constituents of living matter.

6. Compare and contrast compounds and molecules. Given and example of each.

7. Be able to recognize the difference between reactants and products in a chemical equation.

8. Determine the number of elements in a chemical formula.

9. Identify the difference between a chemical formula and a chemical equation.

10. Compare and contrast the 2 types of chemical bonds. Give an example of a compound / molecule with each.

11. Describe an ion and explain how it develops its charge.

12. Which electrons are involved in forming bonds? Where are they located in an atom?

13. Why is water polar?

14. Be able to diagram a water molecule showing the position and arrangement of its valence electrons.

15. List the three different types of Lab Investigations and how they are different.

16. What is a Hypothesis? What is it not?

17. Be able to identify the independent and dependent variables

I. Matching- Each choice is used one time.

_____ 1. Process of change over time in groups of organismsA. Biosphere

B. Cell

C. Community

_____ 2. Internal harmony or equilibrium

_____ 3. Process by which plants convert sun’s energy to a useable form

_____ 4. Trigger that produces a response in an organism

_____ 5. Characteristic of life that is not critical for survival of organism; benefits species

_____ 6. Smallest working unit of life

_____ 7. Chemical changes in an organism; breakdown of food to provide energy

_____8. Physical changes that occur in an organism throughout its lifetime

_____ 9. Groups of tissues working together

_____ 10. Earth

_____ 11. A community and its nonliving components

_____ 12. Group of organisms of one type in one area

_____ 13. Group of cells working together

_____ 14. Group of organs working together

_____ 15. Term used to describe different populations living together in one area

_____ 16. Any living thing

_____ 18. Sub-atomic particles involved in chemical bonds

_____ 19. C6H12O6

A. Biosphere

B. Cell

C. Community

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