views and approaches in history

7/27/2019 Views and Approaches in History

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Introduction to the Study of History


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interviews or oral history and oral

traditions and cultural artifacts are not

considered

no written records no history


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Traditional Definition:

record of the past

record of the past of the human from the

time written records

weak definitions... why? because it is only

based on the written records of the past


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according to Gottschalk

past is history of actuality; hence it muststudy the past as it happened: Thisdemands that the historian abandon the

present. the practical value of studying and using

the past to understand the present isstudying and using the past to understandthe present is lost history is studied,written and taught for its own sake


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Uses or Importance of History


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A. Bridging the Gap between the

past and the present

the present is the result of the past

Filipinos are what they are today because of

what happened in the past.

the nature and extent of contemporary

problems in the country can be best be

understood in the light of thier historical roots. thus, knowing the past improves the understanding of the

present.


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C. Projecting the Future

events and developments in the futuremay be envisioned using lessons ofhistory as bases

circumstances in the past have beenobserved to contribute to the unfolding of asignificant event

taking stocks of similarities or parallels

between the past and the present alsoleads to consideration of likely possibilitiesor scenarios in the future.


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B. Explaining Causes of things and

events

no discipline can provide explanations for

causes of events/ and or developments

ex. "the state- side mentality" among Filipinos

is very strong.

question is "what was in the past that brought

about this mentality?"


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C. Projecting the Future

history allows us to speculate intelligently

about the future

present and future intelligent actions

springs from sound knowledge of the past


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D. Interpreting Conditions of a

given space and time

history is the only branch of knowledgethat can provide information andcorresponding interpretation of periods ofhistory ex. the coming of United States to the

Philippines may be explained by going backto the events before 1898 and finding outwhat factors contributed to the rise of the

United States as an imperialist power other ex. the coming of Spaniards

the 3 G's


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E. Promoting Nationalism and

Patriotism

history is the best area of human knowledge that

can help in promotiong nationalism and

patriotism

it inspires and develops a sense of nationalpride and a sense of devotion to a country by

recording the exploits and struggles of

forefathers to win freedom and interdependence

history affirms the fact that Filipinos posses

many positive traits and a very rich culture


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MAJOR VIEWS OR

PHILOSOPHIES IN THE STUDY

OF HISTORY


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Cyclical View

history repeat itself

all human events occur in cycles

its famous exponents were Herodotus andSpengler

this view was popular from the time of

Herodutos (5th century B.C.)


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Providential View

history is determined by God

everything is wills by God

it something to do with what is happeningduring that year/ time

recording of the death struggle between goodand evil

man is relegated to the role of a pawn in a gameof high stakes

life is like a gamble... that needs to take risk inorder to achieve something...

famous exponent; St Augustine


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Progressivist View

this view regards mankind as responsible for theadvancement of civilizations

places faith in human abilities rather than in

divine intervention mankind is getting better and better

their invention are getting more advance

Bousset, Vicot, Lebnitz, and Marx

the law of continuity (Leibnitz law) each generation build upon the achievements of

the preceding: its getting better


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Relativist View

history creates its own subject

each new situation implies a

reinterpretation of the past- past is the

constant state of change

history does not deal with causal analysis-

"cause and effect relationship"- Foucalts

always changing not fixed


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Approaches


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1. Clerico- Imperialist

history is God's grand design

this approach emerged with the coming of

the Spaniards

Catholicism is the instrument of God to

redeem the native inhabitants from the

clutches of Satan

no interpretation is needed because

everything is willed by God


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Clerico- Imperialist

the representative of this school is

Pigaffeta, Loarca, Placencia, Concepcion

and Zuniga


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Assimiliationist View

the ries of secularism and nationalism

Filipinos were given the opportunity to have a

position in the church or in the government

equality between Filipinos and Americans

aimed uniting the people to prepare them

for membership in the Spanish community

of nations


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Nationalist School

product of Philippine Revolution and the

American invasion

freedom from colonial yoke

abandoned making Philippines as part of

Spain and became truly a nationalist

school when they clamored for freedom


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Democratic Imperialist

the secular ideas that America's "Manifest

Destiny"

meaning American culture is superior

compare to Asia, Africa, and other continentsin the world

educate, civilize and train the Filipinos in theart of democratic government


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Nationalist- Realist School

history is the reconstruction of the past as

reflected in records, written, collected,

analyzed and synthesized by historians

history is an art

because it evolves imagination and creative

way of reconstruction of the past


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Leftist- Socialist or Marxist View

history is science that is capable of being

controlled, influenced, and predicted

is a universalistic extension of the class

conflict theme

regard history as the history of economic

classes, their rise, fall, dominance, and

exploitation


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Pure Nationalist School

started by Agoncillo but expounded by

Salazar

it is refer to as "PANTAYONG PANANAW"

Philippine history from the Filipino

perspective or point of view

history of the inarticulate (peasants,

workers, cultural communities, womens,

children)


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Pure Nationalist School

view as revolutionary as it is a logical

reaction to foreign- dominated and

ilustrado- centered theme of Phil. history

emphasize the importance of history in

nation building


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Reason for interpreting Philippine History

from a Filipino point of view


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Foreign Interpretation is Biased and

Prejudicial

colonial master's interest

Filipino culture are judge on the basis of

the foreigners' own cultural development

and history

Filipinos view of history is better than that

of his colonial masters

Fili i h t f ili it ith d


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Filipino have greater familiarity with and

understanding of their own culture and

history

Filipino knows his history compare to

foreign invaders

Filipinos are more familiar with the

historical root of thier problems


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Filipino point of view can help promote

nationalism and patriotism

views and approaches in history

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