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[Type text] 0 9, 2015 C 3 EU PARTNER MEETING #1 November 8-9, 2015, Brussels, Belgium CRISIS, CONFLICT AND CRITICAL DIPLOMACY: EU PERCEPTIONS IN UKRAINE AND ISRAEL/PALESTINE (C 3 EU)

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9, 2015

C3EU PARTNER MEETING #1#1 MINUTES

November 8-9, 2015, Brussels, Belgium

CRISIS, CONFLICT AND CRITICAL DIPLOMACY:EU PERCEPTIONS IN UKRAINE AND ISRAEL/PALESTINE

(C3EU)

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1. C3EU PARTNER MEETING #1

The training will take place in Brussels, Belgium on November 8-9, 2015. Day 1 meeting will take place in the meeting room at the Sofitel Hotel where the team is staying. Day 2 meeting will take place in Embassy of New Zealand to the EU.

The workshop has several key objectives. Firstly, it aims to introduce the partners researchers to the study ‘Crisis, conflict and critical diplomacy: EU perceptions in Ukraine and Israel/Palestine (C3EU)’ by presenting its context, goals, theoretical frameworks, methods, key tasks, admin matters and the project timeline. This meeting will alos serve as a teambuilding activity, which will facilitate networking among the members of the Consortium.

2. C3EU PARTNER MEETING #1

Arrival: Saturday, November 7, 2015Arrival and accommodation in the Sofitel Hotel

Hotel address:Place Jourdan 11040 BRUSSELSBELGIUM

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Public Transport Options to reach hotel from Airport – please keep all receipts for Metro/Bus – these will be reimbursed by Rebecca.

6pm: Meeting in the hotel lobby for those researchers who have arrived C3EU unofficial dinner for those partners who have arrived (location: TBC)

Sofitel Hotel, Brussels : http://www.accorhotels.com/gb/hotel-5282-sofitel-brussels-europe/index.shtml

Day 1: Sunday, November 8, 2015LOCATION: Sofitel Hotel

Session 1Opening session9:00-10:15am

Intro of partners and project.  Review of the project architecture and outputsFacilitator: Natalia Chaban

10:15-10:30am Coffee break

Session 2Outlining contexts Part 110:30-12pm

Theoretical Models Leading the ProjectFacilitators: Natalia Chaban, Ben O’Loughlin

12-1pm Lunch: BE Café Marche Jourdan (Sofitel Brussels Europe)Session 3Outlining contexts Part 21pm-6pm

Methods of the project

1:00-2:00 Variables and Constructs Facilitator: Natalia Chaban, Svetlana Beltyukova, Christine Fox

2:00-3:00 Media Analysis. Update on Research Training #1 Facilitator: Natalia Chaban

3pm-3:20 Coffee breakSession 4Outlining contextsPart 33:20-4:40

Q-Sort Method and Focus Groups. Elite Interviews. Facilitators: Natalia Chaban, Sharon Pardo, Ben O’Loughlin

4:40-4:45 Short break

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Session 5Financial and admin matters4:45-5:30

Financial and admin mattersFacilitator: Rebecca Morgan

7pm C3EU OFFICIAL DINNER (location TBA)

Day 2, Monday, November 9, 2015LOCATION: New Zealand Embassy and Mission to the European Union

Level 7, 9 - 31 Avenue des Nerviens (Nerviërslaan)1040 Brussels

BELGIUMSession 6Presentation9-9:45am

RASCH model presentationFacilitators: Svetlana Beltyukova, Christine Fox

9:45-10:00am Coffee break Session 7Work plan & Wrap up10:00-11:15pm

Administrative mattersWork plan/outputs and time line.Concluding Remarks and Wrap Up  Facilitators: Natalia Chaban, Martin Holland

11:30-12:30pm Final lunch12:30pm Participants of the JM conference are relocating to the Jean Monnet conference

venue

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3. WORKSHOP PARTICIPANTS

Name, position Fields of expertiseProject Partners

University of Canterbury (Christchurch, New Zealand)

Assoc. Prof. Natalia Chaban(C3EU Leader)

Associate Professor Natalia Chaban is a Jean Monnet Chair, Head of European and European Union Studies at the University of Canterbury, and Deputy Director of the National Centre for Research on Europe (NCRE) at the same University. Associate Professor Chaban, a UC Teaching Award recipient (2006), teaches and designs a variety of under- and post-graduate courses and supervises MA/PhD students in European and EU Studies.  In her national engagement, Associate Professor Chaban is a member of the Advisory Board of the NZ EU Centres Network (NZ EUCN) representing UC since 2005. She contributes to the development of the national strategy in researching and teaching EU Studies in New Zealand.In her international engagement, Associate Professor Chaban is the President of the Association of Ukrainian Studies of Australia and New Zealand (since 2013); Adjunct Professor at Research Institute of Foreign Languages, Cherkasy National University, Ukraine (since 2015); Adjunct Associate Professor, the Centre for Study of European Politics and Society, Ben-Gurion University, Israel (since 2010); Associate Fellow, NFG Research Group "Asian Perceptions of the EU", Free University of Berlin, Germany (since 2013); Member of International Advisory Board of the Centre for Asia-Pacific Studies, Tallinn University of Technology, Estonia (since 2014) and Member of the Graduate Faculty, The College of Graduate Studies, University of Toledo, USA (since 2014)A leading expert on EU external perceptions in the world, Associate Professor Chaban focuses her interdisciplinary research on cognitive and semiotic aspects of political and media discourses, and image, perceptions and identity studies within the EU and international relations context. Associate Professor Chaban has significant experience in analysing EU external perceptions, widely publishing and advancing methodological training in this regard. Since 2002, she has led a comparative transnational project on EU external perceptions comprising a multicultural team from 27 countries and 8 EU locations. These have been supported by Jean Monnet Programme of the EC, EEAS and Asia Europe Foundation (ASEF). She also leads a research project studying NATO perceptions in Asia Pacific (supported by the NATO Science for Peace and Security Programme). Her contribution to the field of EU external perceptions has been recognised by scholars in the field of EU international identity and public diplomacy, and research design and methods have been replicated around the world. Associate Professor Chaban widely publishes on the topic of EU external perceptions (for her full list of publication please, see http://www.canterbury.ac.nz/spark/researcher.aspx?researcherid=87469).

Prof. Martin Holland Prof. Martin Holland holds New Zealand’s only Jean Monnet Chair (ad personam) and is a Director of both the National Centre

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for Research on Europe at the University of Canterbury and of European Union Centres Network in New Zealand. He is an active member of a number of international EU research networks. Professor Holland has taught at the University of Canterbury since 1984: in 2000 he established the National Centre for Research on Europe, New Zealand’s only dedicated EU tertiary level centre.Professor Holland is internationally recognised for his work on EU Development Policy, Common Foreign and Security Policy and Perceptions of the EU. He heads the multinational “EU External Perceptions Project” which was recognized by DG Education and Culture as one of the top 20 “Jean Monnet Success Stories” and has supervised trans-national projects on perceptions of the EU in Asia, Africa and the Pacific. He has held a number of notable awards, including: a Jean Monnet Fellowship, European University Institute, 1987; Alexander von Humboldt Fellowship, Freiburg, 1992-4; Rockerfeller Bellagio Fellowship, 2000; Jean Monnet Chair of European Integration and International Relations, 2002-6; and a Jean Monnet Chair ad personam since 2008.He is the author of over one hundred articles as well as twenty-three books (single-authored, co-authored and edited collections), two recent titles being “Development Policy of the EU” (with M. Doidge, Palgrave, 2012) and Communicating Europe in the Times of Crisis: External Perceptions of the European Union (Ed. with N. Chaban, Palgrave-McMillan, 2014).

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Team UkraineProf. Svitlana Zhabotynska

Prof. Svitlana Zhabotynska obtained her Candidate of Sciences (PhD) degree from Kyiv State Institute for Foreign languages (1982), and her Doctor of Linguistics (Habilitation) degree from Moscow State Linguistic University (1993) and Kyiv National Linguistic University (2000). Since 1990, she has been doing research in the field of cognitive linguistics that studies the nature of interaction between language and the mind. As a Senior Fulbright Scholar, she stayed with the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign (1995), and the University of California at San Diego (2000-2001) where she was exposed to the accomplishments of various American schools of linguistic pragmatics, cognitive linguistics, and neurolinguistics. She is the author of Semantics of Lingual Networks, a conception that develops methodology for construal of linguistic and-non-linguistic information. Her 150 scholarly publications in the field of cognitive linguistics and cognitive science focus on the conceptual foundations of various linguistic phenomena (part-of-speech systems, derivational morphology, lexical meaning, lexical fields, syntax, text and discourse organization), and their application in the language classroom. Of late, the spheres of her particular interest have been political linguistics (the use of language as weapons in the information war), and neurological foundations of language acquisition and bilingualism. At her home university, among other classes, she teaches theoretical linguistics, research methodologies of cognitive linguistics, and conceptual modeling for language acquisition. She guest-lectures a lot at different universities inside and outside Ukraine.

Prof. Galina Yavorska Prof. Galina Yavorska graduated from the Faculty of Russian Language and Literature at the Shevchnko State University in Kyiv in 1975. Since 1976 she was working at the Department of General Linguistics and Slavic Languages at the Potebnya Institute of Linguistics, Academy of Sciences of Ukraine. In 1988 she acquired her PhD degree (Candidate of Sciences) in General Linguistics, Sociolinguistics, Psycholinguistics and in 2000 she acquired the Second PhD (Doctor of sciences) degree in General Linguistics. Since 2001 till 2010 she was working at the National Institute for International Security. Since 2010 she is working as a chief researcher of Foreign Policy and International Security Department at the National Institute for Strategic Studies. She was appointed a full professor in National Security in 2010. She has published extensively on various aspects of lexical sematics, semantically oriented typology, cognitive semantics. The other important direction in her work focuses on the interplay of language and society, including sociolinguistic and political discourse analysis approaches. Galina Yavorska is also an expert in global and regional security issues, esp. in EU’s Neighbourhood Policy.Galina Yavorska was involved in cross-cultural and cross-linguistics research on lexical typology (color names, pain metaphors, social terms in Slavic and other Indo-European languages), she has published works on the Ukrainian political discourse and the perception of EU/Europe in Ukrainian texts through the prism of conceptual metaphors. She was a participant of a whole number of international research projects promoting the results of her work at various conferences.

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Team Israel/Palestine

Dr. Sharon Pardo Dr. Sharon Pardo (Ph.D., Ghent University, Faculty of Political and Social Studies) is a Jean Monnet Chair ad personam in European studies in the Department of Politics and Government at Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, and the Chair of the National Jean Monnet Centre of Excellence – the Centre for the Study of European Politics and Society (CSEPS). He is the co-editor of Europe and the World book series by Lexington Books. Pardo is an adjunct fellow at the National Centre for Research on Europe (NCRE), University of Canterbury, New Zealand, and a member of the Board of the Israel Council on Foreign Relations (ICFR). His research interests focus on the legal and political dimensions of European Union foreign and security policy. Pardo also has significant interest in the development of the Euro-Mediterranean region and in Israeli-European Union relations. He has published widely on these issues and is the author of Normative Power Europe Meets Israel: Perceptions and Realities (Lanham, MD: Lexington Books, 2015), and the co-author (with Joel Peters) of Israel and the European Union: A Documentary History (Lanham, MD: Lexington Books, 2012) and Uneasy Neighbors: Israel and the European Union (Lanham, MD: Lexington Books, 2010). Pardo teaches on the European integration process and public international law.

Ms. Hila Zahavi Ms. Hila Zahavi is a PhD student in the Department of Politics and Government at Ben-Gurion University of the Negev (BGU), Israel. Her main interest is the European Union, focused on the European Higher Education Area, Higher Education Policies, and Normative Power. Her MA research focused on the relationship between Europe and Israeli human right NGOs. Her PhD research focuses on the Normative Power theory and the Othering theory in international relations and its implementation in the Global Strategy of Bologna process. From 2010 to 2013 Ms. Zahavi has been functioning as the Tempus coordinator at BGU, which tried to examine the possible implementation of elements of the Bologna Process in Israel. In 2012 she was a founding member of the Bologna Training Center at Ben-Gurion University of the Negev. Today she is the Director of Academic Development in The Centre for the Study of European Politics and Society – National Jean Monnet Centre of Excellence, at Ben-Gurion University of the Negev.

Technische Universität DarmstadtProf. Michèle Knodt JM Professor Knodt specialises in European Multi-Level Governance,

European External Energy Governance and interest intermediation and directs the Jean Monnet Centre of Excellence “EU in Global Dialogue (CEDI). She coordinates another project on EU’s democracy promotion in the South-Caucasus and Central Asia founded by the Volkswagen Foundation with 8 partners out of the two regions. Financed by the German Foreign Ministry she just started a project on “Civil Society of the Eastern Partnership in Dialogue: Mutual Perceptions of the Eastern Partnership Countries, Russia and the EU” as a leader with partners out of the 6 Eastern Partnership countries. As a leader of Energy Centre at TU Darmstadt, she pioneered a vision of energy as a cross-

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cutting issue. She broadens the research perspective by analysing the norms, discourses and roles/identities that shape the modes of external energy governance. She is currently coordinating an international research project on EU External Energy Governance towards the emerging powers incorporating 11 partners in EU and four ‘emerging powers’. She is a part of a German Research Foundation Group (DGF) on local knowledge formation on climate and energy policy and Co-Coordinator of an EU Project on ‘Images of the EU as a global energy actor as seen through the eyes of BRICS’. She has created valuable contacts with key practitioners in the EU energy area and civil society.

University of Leuven

Prof. Stephan Keukeleire Prof. Stephan Keukeleire is a Jean Monnet Professor in European Integration and European Foreign Policy at ‘Leuven International and European Studies’ (LINES) of the KU Leuven (University of Leuven, Belgium), Director of its “Master of European Studies: Transnational and Global Perspectives” and co-director of its “Master in European Politics and Policies’. He is also the co-ordinator of the Jean Monnet Centre of Excellence on ‘The EU, Foreign Policy and Global Governance’ in Leuven and one of the co-promoters of the Jean Monnet ‘ANTERO’ Network and of the Jean Monnet Multilateral Research Group on ‘The EU as a Diplomatic Actor’. He is a visiting professor at the Department of EU International Relations and Diplomacy Studies of the College of Europe in Bruges, where he teaches the course “The EU as a Foreign Policy Actor”. He is the (co-)author of many publications on EU foreign policy, including the widely used textbook “The Foreign Policy of the European Union” (Palgrave Macmillan, 2014, 2nd ed.), which in 2015 will also appear in a Chinese translation. He is the coordinator of the specialized Online Resource Guide “Exploring EU Foreign Policy” (www.eufp.eu).

Assis. Prof. Lien Verpoest

Assis. Prof. Lien Verpoest (Gent, 1977) studied Slavonic & Eastern European Studies (K.U. Leuven and Saint Petersburg State University) and International Relations & Conflict Management (Lund University, Sweden and KU Leuven). She also obtained an interuniversitary MA in Eastern European Studies from the universities of Ghent, Brussels and Leuven. As a research fellow at the Institute for International and European Policy (K.U. Leuven), she wrote her PhD dissertation on State Isomorphism in the Slavic Core of the CIS: Geopolitical Pluralism in Russia, Ukraine and Belarus. She currently works an Assistant Professor in Slavic and East European Studies at KU Leuven and teaches courses on Russian and Polish Politics and Society. Her research focuses on the East Slavic region (Russia, Ukraine and Belarus) and covers post-Soviet foreign policy and East-West relations, more in specific the relations between different regional organisations on the Eurasian continent (the EU’s Eastern Partnership, the Eurasian Economic Union, ODKB, etc) .

Irina Petrova Irina Petrova is a PhD candidate at the Leuven International and European Studies (LINES) Institute and an academic assistant at the master programme ‘Master of European Studies: Transnational and Global Perspectives’ at the University of Leuven. Irina holds master’s

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degrees in Modern and Contemporary History from Bryansk State University (Russia) and Public Policy from Willy Brandt School of Public Policy, University of Erfurt (Germany). She worked in an NGO European Movement International, division ‘Foreign affairs, enlargement and security policy’ and Friedrich Ebert Shifting project ‘Towards a new order: foreign policy tools of the EU and how to reshape them’. Irina’s research concentrates on comparative analysis of the EU and Russia’s foreign policy strategies in the Eastern Partnership countries

Royal Holloway, University of LondonProf. Ben O’Loughlin Dr. Ben O’Loughlin is Professor of International Relations and Co-

Director of the New Political Communication Unit at Royal Holloway, University of London. He completed his doctorate at the University of Oxford in 2005. Ben is an expert in international political communication. He has completed a number of projects explaining how power and influence operate in relations between media, policymakers and publics. In recent years he has built up the theory strategic narratives in the book Strategic Narratives: Communication Power and the New World Order (New York: Routledge, 2013) and in a volume of case studies entitled Forging the World: Strategic Narratives and International Relations (Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 2016).

Ben is co-editor of the Sage journal Media, War & Conflict. He has published research in leading journals including Journal of Communication, Journalism, International Affairs, and Review of International Studies. In 2013-14 he was Specialist Advisor to the House of Lords Committee on Soft Power and UK Influence and published the report Power and Persuasion in the Modern World. His research on media and conflict has been supported by grants from the Economic and Social Research Council, UK Technology Strategy Board, the Centre for the Protection of National Infrastructure, the European Commission and the British Council.

Prof. Sarunas Liekis Prof. Liekis is specializing is Middle East and East Central European Affairs. The researcher is capable of conducting research and participating in the projects also to conduct applied research – providing results for academia, governmental institutions and NGO's.

Research Consultants

Assoc. Prof. Svetlana Beltyukova

Assoc Prof. Svetlana Beltyukova holds a PhD in Research, Evaluation, Statistics and Measurement and an additional PhD in Linguistics. She is a tenured associate professor at the University of Toledo, Ohio, USA, where

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she has taught doctoral courses in quantitative and mixed-method research design, multivariate statistics, and nonparametric statistics for almost 15 years. She has published in top tier journals (e.g., JAMA, JSLHR, JPAE), advocating for increasing the rigor of research with psychometric evidence from the use of the Rasch measurement model. She has been a passionate collaborator across a wide range of disciplines and organizational settings, specializing in comprehensive research and survey design and data analytical support.

Prof. Christine Fox Dr. Christine Fox is a full professor at The University of Toledo, where she has taught doctoral courses in survey design, measurement, and statistics for more than 20 years. Her expertise is in designing and analyzing measures for use in high-stakes decision making. She is best known for her co-authored book, “Applying the Rasch Model: Fundamental Measurement in the Human Sciences” that has been cited in scholarly articles over 3,000 times since its first edition in 2001.

Support Staff

Rebecca Morgan Ms. Rebecca Morgan is the European Union Centres Network and Jean Monnet Project Coordinator at the National Centre for Research on Europe. Based at the University of Canterbury, Rebecca leads a project team who are experienced in managing large research projects from a variety of externally funded sources.

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5. SHORT DESCRIPTION OF THE PROJECT

The project “Crisis, Conflict and Critical Diplomacy: EU Perceptions in Ukraine and Israel/Palestine (C3EU)” focused on EU images in key issue areas of economy, politics, foreign policy, energy, climate change, RS&I, civil society and culture/education.

The European Commission and the EEAS aim to more effectively engage with 3rd country publics and stakeholders. Ukraine and Israel/Palestine are currently embroiled in conflicts set in differing contexts which threaten the EU’s eastern and southern edges. It is critical that Europe diagnoses and understands EU perceptions in these volatile strategic neighbours and tracks expectations. C3EU traces perceptions towards the EU as well as broader visions of Europe as producers of diplomatic outcomes in conflicted societies.

Under new leadership, the EEAS has prioritized public diplomacy as a foreign policy instrument. In a multipolar world where public diplomacy is actively used by established and emerging powers, coherent EU action is needed. The intensity of the two conflicts makes EU public diplomacy much more critical than in non-conflict situations. C3EU provides empirical information to revise public diplomacy based on an assessment of EU perceptions. C3EU allows for the EU to reconceptualise policy towards Ukraine and Israel/Palestine and re-launch its image.

C3EU involves experts from leading EU perceptions studies and employs an internationally tested methodology to assess which EU messages resonate within divided societies and which target audiences are the most influenced by the EU. Framed by Strategic Narrative Theory, C3EU studies formation, projection and reception of EU narratives in Ukraine and Israel/Palestine.

Policy- and solution-oriented, C3EU longitudinal perceptions analysis covers the period from Euromaidan and ATO (Ukraine) and Operation Protective Edge (Israel) (2013-16) and informs about internal and external EU narratives disseminated in Ukraine and Israel/Palestine – for which audiences and with what reception. C3EU will trace external views on the EU’s: exit from its crisis; new leadership; response to the Ukrainian and Israeli/Palestine conflicts; attraction as a destination for migration, investment, business and education; appeal as an effective Normative Power; structural support and civil society outreach; current and future critical diplomacy when dealing with Ukraine and Israel/Palestine; and role as a legitimate and credible partner.

C3EU combines leading scholars with early-career researchers and draws on multidisciplinary expertise in EU external perceptions, CFSP, ENP, governance, IR, media, communication, cognitive and linguistic studies.  The research strategy examines:

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i) official policy discourse towards the EU;ii) EU media framing;iii) EU perceptions among policy-makers;iv) youth; andv) makes policy recommendations.

A systematic account of EU perceptions in Ukraine and Israel/Palestine will equip Europe with operational and programming level tools. C3EU will focus on:

1) the perceived strengths of the EU and the range of EU messages to build on these perceptions;

2) key target local audiences which are the most receptive to EU messages, presently and in the future;

3) protocols of assessing EU critical diplomacy effectiveness towards Ukraine and Israel/Palestine; and

4) initiatives to improve EU perceptions in conflict situations.

C3EU employs an innovative comprehensive approach using tested qualitative and quantitative methods to generate an accurate assessment of EU diplomatic engagement with Ukraine and Israel/Palestine under crises and provides a comprehensive avenue to improve EU perceptions. Ultimately, C3EU will provide EU stakeholders with unique information to elaborate relevant policies and devise outreach initiatives to influence target audiences in the most effective and cost-efficient manner.

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6. WORKSHOP LOGISTICS

Please, keep all tickets for reimbursement.

6.1. Arrival

Public Transport Options to reach hotel from Airport.

6.2. Accommodation

Sofitel Hotel http://www.accorhotels.com/gb/hotel-5282-sofitel-brussels-europe/index.shtml

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Hotel address:Place Jourdan 11040 BRUSSELSBELGIUM

6.3. Organisational aspects of the project

1. As Natalia informed you, the C3EU Launch Meeting will take place in Brussels, on November 8-9. On Sunday, November 8, our meeting will be a full day, commencing at 9am, while on Monday we will finish at lunchtime. Consequently we would ask people to arrive on Saturday, November 6, in time for a project dinner that evening at 6pm: the project will cover travel to Brussels where needed, TWO nights’ accommodation and all local meals costs. The meeting programme will be sent separately (Natalia has sent the preliminary programme already).

2. The C3EU management preference (based on our experience of other trans-national projects) is that we will pre-pay all costs and not involve reimbursements. This will help us manage the costs more efficiently as well as avoid the seemingly inevitable delays associated with reimbursements. Incidental costs (e.g. bus from/to the airport) may be able to be reimbursed – but only if you provide Rebecca original receipts. As always, we ask you to be as economical as possible.

3. Please be aware that the NCRE at Canterbury is the financial partner for this JM grant and all monies paid to us are in Euro and then converted into NZ$ (hence our preference to avoid reimbursements as exchange rate fluctuations can be quite significant).

4. In order to pre-pay for travel, we will work though our NZ-based University travel agent (Orbit) who will book your all air/train tickets. In this light, if you have not done so already, please send to Natalia and Martin (and copied to Rebecca) the following:a) A completed Orbit Travel Profile by September 1st. This is a mandatory

requirement imposed by our University and no travel arrangements can be booked without this documentation. Natalia has already sent this to you.

b) Your travel preferences for the November Launch Meeting in Brussels - if you haven’t yet communicated them following Natalia’s email. Please, be as specific as you want – dates, airline choice, etc. Our UC travel agent is usually able to accommodate such requests.

Travel booked this way also comes with insurance as well as 24/7 freephone back-up.

5. For those who may require visas to travel to Brussels, please contact Rebecca who can organise any necessary letters of invitation.

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6. We will also need confirmation from your employer of the number of work days allocated to the project as well as a simple record of this for reporting purposes. The timesheets (based on other existing EU grants) will be presented and explained by Rebecca during our November meeting. This is to match the grant “in-kind” commitments (and does not involve any “real” money). There is no urgency for this.

7. In terms of contracts, we do not intend to add to our administrative burden and will not require any except for:a) those of you employing early-career researchers who will need to organise

their contracts in line with your normal university practice; and b) any sub-contracts.

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