College Football Part II - Violence and Brutality in Football

• Unsurprisingly, the frequency of player injuries, on-campus student violence, and the growing commercialism of the game attracted widespread _____________from __________, ________, and ____________throughout the country.

• Many university presidents aligned with their faculty members in ________ _________to the place of football on college campuses.

Violence and Brutality in Football

• Led by Harvard University President Charles Elliot (1834–1926), opponents argued that college football ___________the _____of the student body by _______ _________and _________, encouraged habitual violations of the rules, and diverted time from a student's ________and daily life.

University of Michiganalumni team 1899(Courtesy of the Library of Congress)

Violence and Brutality in Football• By condemning the game's win-at-all cost commercial

spirit and calling for moderation and reform, opponents argued that college football proved __________with the ________ ________ of _ ____________.

• Some faculty members took their opposition of the college gridiron to the extreme by _________ __________ altogether. In the 1890s alone, schools such as Trinity (later _____), __________, _________, and _________abolished football for varying lengths of time.

Violence and Brutality in Football

• In 1893 even U.S. _______________________ was forced to _______the year's Army-Navy annual football contest due to the game's ______________ ______________.

• Fearing a student revolt, or simply recognizing the _________of the ________ ________ and ______ ________ associated with the game, university presidents turned a blind eye to the evils of college football.

Violence and Brutality in Football• Future U.S. President _________ _________ (1858–

1919), defended the game on the grounds that it supposedly helped built the necessary __________ and ________needed for a new ________and ________lifestyle.

• Based on a belief in _______ _________ and its “___________________” ideology, many of the nation's leaders claimed that college football instilled the __________and ________ ________ needed for ________men to ______ themselves, their country, and the _______.

Geographical Diffusion of Football• From its roots and early development in the

prestigious _____ ________ schools of the Northeast, college football spread to every region of the country.

• Throughout the _______and the ______, college campuses caught football fever. In March 1892 a game between ______and __________even signaled the arrival of football in the ____ ________.

Geographical Diffusion of Football

• ________large and small took up the game in part due to the ______of the ________ _____ and in part as a means by which to emulate the powerful eastern institutions such as ________, _________, and ______.

• The geographical diffusion of college football led to the development of ______________of play.

• While established _______ _______ relied heavily on their ________, budding _______ ________adopted an ____-_____ _________style. Similar regional differences were witnessed in the ______, where schools developed their game around a ______, _____-__________ brand of attack.

• The growth of college football throughout the country also led to the establishment of regionalconferences, the ____of whichwas the ________ _________ (predecessor to the Big Ten),established in 1896.

Geographical Diffusion of Football

• The power enjoyed by prestigious Eastern schools such as _____was gradually being threatened, namely by the __________of ________, _________, and ________.

• Despite the rising democratization of thecollege game, footballremained a predominately _______ _________ in the1890s.

Geographical Diffusion of Football

• _______ ________ Were in the minority on both college campuses and the college gridiron, although a handful of talented black athletes played on some of the leading college teams in the nation.

• The most prominent African American player of the day:__________________, a native-born Virginian and son of former slaves, who played for and captained both Harvard University and Amherst College in Massachusetts.

African Americansin College Football

African Americansin College Football

• He was chosen to Walter Camp's prestigious “______-_________” team in 92’ and 93’, and was later named the most dominating “______ _____” of the entire decade.

• Other prominent black football players included: ________ __________ __________ _______ and ________ ______