VirginiaVirginiaVirginiaVirginia

The The London London Company, Company,

Joint-Stock Joint-Stock Company- Company- spread out spread out the riskthe risk

The The London London Company, Company,

Joint-Stock Joint-Stock Company- Company- spread out spread out the riskthe risk

Profit motive- make $

The Charter of the Virginia Company:The Charter of the Virginia Company: Guaranteed to colonists the same Guaranteed to colonists the same

rights as Englishmen as if they had rights as Englishmen as if they had stayed in England.stayed in England.

Chesapeake BayChesapeake BayChesapeake BayChesapeake Bay

Geographic/environmental Geographic/environmental problems??problems??

Jamestown Fort & Jamestown Fort & SettlementSettlement Map Map

Jamestown Fort & Jamestown Fort & SettlementSettlement Map Map

Jamestown, 1607• Goal of the colony was to make money for the

London Joint-Stock Company• Ill-prepared, too many gentlemen• John Smith became the leader (non-gentleman) by

necessity, started a work for food program• Smith captured by the Indians• Pocahontas threw herself on Smith to prevent his

beheading?• John Rolfe made the colony profitable with tobacco

& later married Pocahontas • Where self-government & slavery began in America• Significance, 1st permanent English settlement in

the new world

Jamestown Fort & Jamestown Fort & SettlementSettlement

(Computer Generated)(Computer Generated)

Jamestown Fort & Jamestown Fort & SettlementSettlement

(Computer Generated)(Computer Generated)

Jamestown HousingJamestown HousingJamestown HousingJamestown Housing

Jamestown Jamestown SettlementSettlementJamestown Jamestown SettlementSettlement

Jamestown Chapel, Jamestown Chapel, 16111611

Jamestown Chapel, Jamestown Chapel, 16111611

English Migration: 1610-1660English Migration: 1610-1660English Migration: 1610-1660English Migration: 1610-1660

River Settlement River Settlement PatternPattern

River Settlement River Settlement PatternPattern

Large Large plantationplantations [>100 s [>100 acres].acres].

Widely Widely spread spread apart [>5 apart [>5 miles].miles].

PROBLEMS???PROBLEMS???

Jamestown Colonization Pattern:Jamestown Colonization Pattern:1620-16601620-1660

High Mortality RatesHigh Mortality RatesHigh Mortality RatesHigh Mortality Rates

The “Starving Time”:The “Starving Time”:1607: 104 colonists1607: 104 colonists

By spring, 1608: 38 survivedBy spring, 1608: 38 survived

1609: 300 more immigrants1609: 300 more immigrants

By spring, 1610: 60 survivedBy spring, 1610: 60 survived

1610 – 1624: 10,000 immigrants1610 – 1624: 10,000 immigrants

1624 population: 1,2001624 population: 1,200

Adult life expectancy: 40 yearsAdult life expectancy: 40 years

Death of children before age 5: Death of children before age 5: 80%80%

““Widowarchy”Widowarchy”““Widowarchy”Widowarchy”

High mortality High mortality among among husbands and husbands and fathers left fathers left many women many women in the in the Chesapeake Chesapeake colonies with colonies with unusual unusual autonomy and autonomy and wealth!wealth!

Captain John Smith:Captain John Smith:The Right Man for the Job??The Right Man for the Job??Captain John Smith:Captain John Smith:The Right Man for the Job??The Right Man for the Job??

There was no talk…but dig There was no talk…but dig goldgold, , wash wash goldgold, refine , refine goldgold, load , load goldgold……

PocahontasPocahontasPocahontasPocahontas

A 1616 A 1616 engravingengraving

Pocahontas “saves” Pocahontas “saves” Captain John SmithCaptain John Smith

Chief PowhatanChief PowhatanChief PowhatanChief Powhatan

Led a Led a Confederacy of Confederacy of a tribes in the a tribes in the areaarea

Powhatan Powhatan probably sawprobably sawthe English the English as allies in as allies in his struggles his struggles to control to control other Indian other Indian tribes in the tribes in the region.region.

Typical PowhatanTypical PowhatanIndian VillageIndian Village

Typical PowhatanTypical PowhatanIndian VillageIndian Village

Indian FoodsIndian FoodsIndian FoodsIndian Foods

Relations between Indians & settlers Relations between Indians & settlers grew worse.grew worse.

General mistrust because of different General mistrust because of different cultures & languages.cultures & languages.

English raided Indian food supplies English raided Indian food supplies during the starving times.during the starving times.

1610-1614 1610-1614 First Anglo-Powhatan First Anglo-Powhatan WarWar

De La Warr had orders to make war De La Warr had orders to make war on the Indians.on the Indians.

Raided villages, burned houses, took Raided villages, burned houses, took supplies, burned cornfields.supplies, burned cornfields.

Culture Clash in the Culture Clash in the ChesapeakeChesapeake

Culture Clash in the Culture Clash in the ChesapeakeChesapeake

Smith’s Smith’s Portrayal Portrayal

of of Native Native

AmericansAmericans

Smith’s Smith’s Portrayal Portrayal

of of Native Native

AmericansAmericans

1614-1622 1614-1622 peace between Powhatans and the peace between Powhatans and the English.English.

1614 peace sealed by the marriage of 1614 peace sealed by the marriage of Pocahontas to Englishman John Rolfe.Pocahontas to Englishman John Rolfe.

1622-1644 1622-1644 periodic attacks between Indians periodic attacks between Indians and settlers.and settlers.

Brought on by English tobacco land Brought on by English tobacco land expansion into Indian landsexpansion into Indian lands

1622 1622 Indians attacked the English, killing Indians attacked the English, killing 347 [including John Rolfe].347 [including John Rolfe].

Virginia Co. called for a “perpetual war” Virginia Co. called for a “perpetual war” against the Native Americans.against the Native Americans.

Raids reduced native population and Raids reduced native population and drove them further westward.drove them further westward.

Culture Clash in the Culture Clash in the ChesapeakeChesapeake

Culture Clash in the Culture Clash in the ChesapeakeChesapeake

Powhatan UprisingPowhatan Uprisingof 1622of 1622

Powhatan UprisingPowhatan Uprisingof 1622of 1622

1644-1646 1644-1646 Second Anglo-Powhatan War Second Anglo-Powhatan War

Last effort of natives to defeat English.Last effort of natives to defeat English.

Indians defeated again.Indians defeated again.

Peace Treaty of 1646Peace Treaty of 1646

Removed the Powhatans from their Removed the Powhatans from their original land.original land.

Formally separated Indian and English Formally separated Indian and English settlement areas.settlement areas.

Set the precedent of separating Set the precedent of separating cultures and moving the Indians West cultures and moving the Indians West for other English settlements.for other English settlements.

Culture Clash in the Culture Clash in the ChesapeakeChesapeake

Culture Clash in the Culture Clash in the ChesapeakeChesapeake

John RolfeJohn RolfeJohn RolfeJohn Rolfe

What finally made the colony What finally made the colony prosperous??prosperous??

Tobacco PlantTobacco PlantTobacco PlantTobacco Plant

““Brown Gold”Brown Gold”

Early Colonial TobaccoEarly Colonial TobaccoEarly Colonial TobaccoEarly Colonial Tobacco

16181618 — Virginia produces 20,000 pounds of tobacco.

16221622 — Despite losing nearly one-third of its colonists in an Indian attack, Virginia produces 60,000 pounds of tobacco.

16271627 — Virginia produces 500,000 pounds of tobacco.

16291629 — Virginia produces 1,500,000 pounds of tobacco.

Tobacco Prices: 1618-Tobacco Prices: 1618-17101710

Tobacco Prices: 1618-Tobacco Prices: 1618-17101710

Why did tobacco prices decline so Why did tobacco prices decline so precipitously?precipitously?

Indenture Indenture Contract:Contract: 5-7 years.5-7 years.

Promised Promised “freedom dues” “freedom dues” [land, supplies, [land, supplies, money]money]

Forbidden to Forbidden to marry.marry.

1610-1614: only 1610-1614: only 1 in 10 outlived 1 in 10 outlived their indentured their indentured contracts!contracts!

# 1 labor source # 1 labor source in early Americain early America

Indentured ServitudeIndentured ServitudeIndentured ServitudeIndentured Servitude

Indentured Indentured

ServitudeServitude

Indentured Indentured

ServitudeServitude

Headright System:Headright System:

Each Virginian got 50 acres for each Each Virginian got 50 acres for each person whose passage they paid, led person whose passage they paid, led to a more hierarchical societyto a more hierarchical society

Tobacco’s effect on Virginia’s Tobacco’s effect on Virginia’s economy:economy:

Vital role in putting VA on a firm Vital role in putting VA on a firm economic footing.economic footing.

Ruinous to soil when continuously Ruinous to soil when continuously planted.planted.

Chained VA’s economy to a single Chained VA’s economy to a single crop.crop.

Tobacco promoted the use of the Tobacco promoted the use of the plantation system.plantation system.

Need for cheap, abundant labor.Need for cheap, abundant labor.

Virginia: “Child of Virginia: “Child of Tobacco”Tobacco”

Virginia: “Child of Virginia: “Child of Tobacco”Tobacco”

Why was Why was 16191619 a pivotal year a pivotal year

for the for the Chesapeake Chesapeake settlement?settlement?

Why was Why was 16191619 a pivotal year a pivotal year

for the for the Chesapeake Chesapeake settlement?settlement?

VirginiaVirginiaHouse of BurgessesHouse of Burgesses

VirginiaVirginiaHouse of BurgessesHouse of Burgesses

The House of Burgesses The House of Burgesses established in established in 16191619 & began to & began to assume the role of the House of assume the role of the House of Commons in EnglandCommons in England

Control over finances, militia, etc.Control over finances, militia, etc.

By the end of the 17By the end of the 17cc, H of B was , H of B was able to initiate legislation.able to initiate legislation.

1624 1624 James I revoked the charter of James I revoked the charter of the bankrupt VA Company & VA the bankrupt VA Company & VA became a royal colony, under the king’s became a royal colony, under the king’s direct control!direct control!

Growing Political PowerGrowing Political PowerGrowing Political PowerGrowing Political Power

In class essay, open notes

Analyze the causes of the development of slavery in Britain’s North American colonies in the period of 1607-1776

Analyze the origins and development of slavery in Britain’s North American

colonies in the period 1607 and 1776.

• Underline your thesis statement at the end of the first paragraph.

• Skip Lines between paragraphs, indent fully

• Intro: give background info• Conclusion: talk about the near future

impact, world context, and histiography• DO NOT use present tense (is -> was)• DO USE I, our, we, us, my, mine, you• DO NOT conclude by saying that’s why

things are the way they are today.• You must finish by the end of class so

that you know how long you have to write timed essay tests this year.

English Tobacco English Tobacco LabelLabel

English Tobacco English Tobacco LabelLabel

First Africans arrived in Jamestown in First Africans arrived in Jamestown in 16191619..

Their status was not clear Their status was not clear perhaps perhaps slaves, perhaps indentured servants.slaves, perhaps indentured servants.

Slavery not that important until the end Slavery not that important until the end of the 17of the 17cc..

0

20000

40000

60000

80000

100000

1607 1630 1650 1670 1690

White

Black

The Atlantic Slave TradeThe Atlantic Slave TradeThe Atlantic Slave TradeThe Atlantic Slave Trade

• Africa and the Atlantic Slave Trade– Upwards of 13 million people sold into

slavery from Africa to the New World– Profitability of sugar plantations in the

Caribbean drove the 17th-century trade– Height of the transatlantic slave trade

came during the 18th century– Middle Passage: voyage from Africa to

America

“Between the mid-fifteenth and the late nineteenth centuries, perhaps as many as 13 million men, women, and children crossed the Atlantic as slaves—a number not equaled by voluntary European migrants to the Americas until as late as the 1880s”(63).

The “Middle Passage”The “Middle Passage”The “Middle Passage”The “Middle Passage”

Beginning in 1662 Beginning in 1662 “Slave Codes”“Slave Codes”

Made blacks [and their children] Made blacks [and their children] property, or property, or chattelchattel for life of white for life of white masters.masters.

In some colonies, it was a crime to In some colonies, it was a crime to teach teach a slave to read or write.a slave to read or write.

Conversion to Conversion to Christianity did Christianity did not qualify the not qualify the slave for slave for freedom.freedom.

SLAVERY SLAVERY

DEVELOPED IN EVERY COLONY!DEVELOPED IN EVERY COLONY!

Colonial SlaveryColonial SlaveryColonial SlaveryColonial Slavery

• After years of research, Ancestry.com has determined that Obama is the 11th great-grandson of John Punch, the first documented slave in American history.

• "Two of the most historically significant African Americans in the history of our country are amazingly directly related," said Ancestry.com genealogist Joseph Shumway.

• Ancestry.com also points out that "remarkably, the connection was made through President Obama's Caucasian mother's side of the family."

• John Punch, an indentured servant in Colonial Virginia, was punished for trying to escape in 1640 by being declared a slave for life -- the first documented case of slavery.

• More from Ancestry.com:• President Obama is traditionally viewed as an African-American because

of his father's heritage in Kenya. However, while researching his Caucasian mother, Stanley Ann Dunham's lineage, Ancestry.com genealogists found her to have African heritage as well, which piqued the researchers' interest and inspired further digging into Obama's African-American roots.

What is more expensive to

buy, indentured servants or

African slaves?

• By late 17th c., large numbers of frustrated By late 17th c., large numbers of frustrated former indentured servants (freedmen) former indentured servants (freedmen) existedexisted

• Most lived in western Virginia; resented Most lived in western Virginia; resented planter aristocrats from the east. planter aristocrats from the east.

• Many too poor to own land; could not find Many too poor to own land; could not find wives, forced to squat for lands in western wives, forced to squat for lands in western part of the colony.part of the colony.

• Indians violently resisted white expansion Indians violently resisted white expansion in western Virginia. in western Virginia.

• Freedmen angry that governor of Virginia Freedmen angry that governor of Virginia didn't protect white settlers from attacks.didn't protect white settlers from attacks.

• Governor BerkeleyGovernor Berkeley & the House of & the House of Burgesses were generally friendly toward Burgesses were generally friendly toward Indians b/c he monopolized the fur trade Indians b/c he monopolized the fur trade with them with them

Nathaniel Bacon’s Nathaniel Bacon’s Rebellion: 1676Rebellion: 1676

Nathaniel Bacon’s Nathaniel Bacon’s Rebellion: 1676Rebellion: 1676

• Nathaniel BaconNathaniel Bacon, an aristocrat , an aristocrat in western Virginia and member in western Virginia and member of House of Burgesses, upset of House of Burgesses, upset not part of the inner circle not part of the inner circle

• mobilized a militia to protect mobilized a militia to protect whites from Indians.whites from Indians.

• Bacon's militia massacred Bacon's militia massacred Indians and set fire to Indians and set fire to Jamestown, forcing Governor Jamestown, forcing Governor Berkeley out of the city. Berkeley out of the city.

• Bacon’s rebels opposed to Bacon’s rebels opposed to aristocrats and Indians. aristocrats and Indians.

• Bacon subsequently died of Bacon subsequently died of disease and Berkeley crushed disease and Berkeley crushed the rebellionthe rebellion

Nathaniel Bacon’s Nathaniel Bacon’s Rebellion: 1676Rebellion: 1676

Nathaniel Bacon’s Nathaniel Bacon’s Rebellion: 1676Rebellion: 1676

Nathaniel BaconNathaniel Bacon

Governor William BerkeleyGovernor William Berkeley

Governor Berkeley’sGovernor Berkeley’s“Fault Line” East West “Fault Line” East West

DivideDivide

Governor Berkeley’sGovernor Berkeley’s“Fault Line” East West “Fault Line” East West

DivideDivide

• Planters saw white indentured servants as Planters saw white indentured servants as too difficult to control andtoo difficult to control and significantly significantly increased importation of black slaves while increased importation of black slaves while reducing numberreducing number of indentured servants. of indentured servants.

• Planter elite increasingly played the "race Planter elite increasingly played the "race card": encouraged poor whites to card": encouraged poor whites to discriminate against blacks. Planters feared discriminate against blacks. Planters feared blacks and poor whites could form an blacks and poor whites could form an alliance again in the future.alliance again in the future.

• Showed East-West (Rich-Poor, Coastal-Showed East-West (Rich-Poor, Coastal-Inland, Landed-Landless) divide common to Inland, Landed-Landless) divide common to most rebellions in US historymost rebellions in US history

• Practice rebelling against British Authority? Practice rebelling against British Authority? Controversial ideaControversial idea

SignificanceSignificance::SignificanceSignificance::

1717c c PopulationPopulationin the Chesapeakein the Chesapeake

1717c c PopulationPopulationin the Chesapeakein the Chesapeake

0

20000

40000

60000

80000

100000

1607 1630 1650 1670 1690

White

Black

WHY this large increase in black WHY this large increase in black popul.??popul.??

MarylandMarylandMarylandMaryland

Charles I granted a Charles I granted a royal charter to royal charter to GeorgeGeorgeCalvert, Lord Calvert, Lord BaltimoreBaltimore

A A proprietary, proprietary, Calvert Calvert ruled over it like a ruled over it like a feudal lordfeudal lord

Eventually, growth of Eventually, growth of Protestants meant Protestants meant Catholics became a Catholics became a minority; Catholics minority; Catholics feared loss of political feared loss of political power and religious power and religious freedomsfreedoms

The Settlement of The Settlement of MarylandMaryland

The Settlement of The Settlement of MarylandMaryland

Colonization of Colonization of MarylandMaryland

Colonization of Colonization of MarylandMaryland

St Mary’s City St Mary’s City (1634)(1634)St Mary’s City St Mary’s City (1634)(1634)

Currency in Early Currency in Early MarylandMaryland

Currency in Early Currency in Early MarylandMaryland

Toleration Act of 1649Toleration Act of 1649

Guaranteed toleration to all Christians but Guaranteed toleration to all Christians but instituted death penalty for anyone instituted death penalty for anyone denying the divinity of Jesus (e.g. Jews & denying the divinity of Jesus (e.g. Jews & atheists) atheists)

• In one way, it was less tolerant In one way, it was less tolerant than before the law was passed!!than before the law was passed!!

Motive: Catholics sought to protect their Motive: Catholics sought to protect their faith by granting a certain degree of faith by granting a certain degree of religious freedomreligious freedom..

Eventually, Maryland became controlled Eventually, Maryland became controlled by Protestants. The Church of England by Protestants. The Church of England (Anglican Church) was established in the (Anglican Church) was established in the colony and taxes went to support it. colony and taxes went to support it.

A Haven for CatholicsA Haven for CatholicsA Haven for CatholicsA Haven for Catholics

MD Toleration Act, MD Toleration Act, 16491649MD Toleration Act, MD Toleration Act, 16491649

The Toleration Act of 1649The Toleration Act of 1649The Toleration Act of 1649The Toleration Act of 1649

...whatsoever person or persons shall from ...whatsoever person or persons shall from henceforth upon any occasion of offence otherwise henceforth upon any occasion of offence otherwise in a reproachfull manner or way declare call or in a reproachfull manner or way declare call or denominate any person or persons whatsoever denominate any person or persons whatsoever inhabiting, residing, traficking, trading or inhabiting, residing, traficking, trading or comercing within this province or within any ports, comercing within this province or within any ports, harbours, creeks or havens to the same belonging, harbours, creeks or havens to the same belonging, an Heretick, Schismatick, Idolator, Puritan, an Heretick, Schismatick, Idolator, Puritan, Independent Presbyterian, Antenomian, Barrowist, Independent Presbyterian, Antenomian, Barrowist, Roundhead, Separatist, Popish Priest, Jesuit, Roundhead, Separatist, Popish Priest, Jesuit, Jesuited Papist, Lutheran, Calvenist, Anabaptist, Jesuited Papist, Lutheran, Calvenist, Anabaptist, Brownist or any other name or term in a Brownist or any other name or term in a reproachful manner relating to matters of Religion reproachful manner relating to matters of Religion shall for every such offence foreit and lose the sum shall for every such offence foreit and lose the sum of ten shillings Sterling or the value thereof to be of ten shillings Sterling or the value thereof to be levied on the goods and chattels of every such levied on the goods and chattels of every such offender and offenders...offender and offenders...

and if they could not pay, they were to be and if they could not pay, they were to be "publickly whipt and imprisoned without bail" until "publickly whipt and imprisoned without bail" until "he, she, or they shall satisfy the party so offended "he, she, or they shall satisfy the party so offended or grieved by such reproachful language...." or grieved by such reproachful language...."

The CarolinasThe Carolinas

Settling the “Lower Settling the “Lower South”South”

Settling the “Lower Settling the “Lower South”South”

The Carolinas • Impact of the British West Indies (Caribbean),

especially Barbados, developed sugar plantation economies

• West Indies increasingly relied on mainland British America for foodstuffs

• As sugar plantations began to crowd out small farmers, many came to Carolina with their slaves to farm.

• Goals: grow foodstuffs for sugar plantations in Barbados

• Rice became main cash crop in Carolina for export; by 1710 blacks outnumbered whites

• Charles Town (Charleston) became most active seaport in the South.

Port of Charles Port of Charles Town, SCTown, SC

Port of Charles Port of Charles Town, SCTown, SC

City with aristocratic feel.

The primary export.

Crops of the Crops of the Carolinas: Carolinas: RiceRice

Crops of the Crops of the Carolinas: Carolinas: RiceRice

American Long American Long Grain RiceGrain Rice

Crops of theCrops of theCarolinas: IndigoCarolinas: Indigo

Crops of theCrops of theCarolinas: IndigoCarolinas: Indigo

In colonial times, the main use for indigo was as a dye for spun cotton threads that were woven into cloth for clothes.

Rice & Indigo ExportsRice & Indigo Exportsfrom SC & GA: 1698-1775from SC & GA: 1698-1775

Rice & Indigo ExportsRice & Indigo Exportsfrom SC & GA: 1698-1775from SC & GA: 1698-1775

Stono Video: 47:30

Stono Rebellion (1739) • Slaves in SC, led by an Angolan named Jemmy,

tried to march to Spanish Florida & Fort Mosaic after Spanish authorities offered freedom to any slave who reached there.

• Took place on a Sunday, during harvest time and malaria season when there was the least amount of supervision

• Ran into the Lt. Governor, he sounded the alarm

• Stopped by militia after 25 whites killed; eventually scores of slave rebels killed by militia and settlers.

• Largest slave revolt in history of the 13 colonies

• Significance: slave system became more strictly controlled into Black Codes, prevented, free movement of blacks

The Emergence of The Emergence of North CarolinaNorth Carolina

The Emergence of The Emergence of North CarolinaNorth Carolina

• Created officially in 1712 as a refuge for poor whites and religious dissenters from Carolina and Virginia and thus became more democratic and less aristocratic than most Southern Colonies

GeorgiaGeorgia

18c Southern Colonies18c Southern Colonies18c Southern Colonies18c Southern Colonies

Georgia became last British Georgia became last British American colony founded (1733). American colony founded (1733).

Georgia became last British Georgia became last British American colony founded (1733). American colony founded (1733).

A.    Founded by James Oglethorpe, a military general, given a royal charter as a proprietary colony -Utopian vision for the colony as a haven for debtors -Originally slavery, drinking, gambling… were outlawed, yet few migrated -Became a royal colony, restrictions ended, more migrated, adopted plantation slavery from SC

The Port City of Savannah The Port City of Savannah The Port City of Savannah The Port City of Savannah

Georgia--The “Buffer” ColonyGeorgia--The “Buffer” ColonyGeorgia--The “Buffer” ColonyGeorgia--The “Buffer” Colony

•Primary motive for the king was to create a buffer state against Spanish and Indian incursions from the South.

-Catholic Spain in Florida hated the mass of Protestants on their borders.

The End

2-11

Bacon’s Rebellion: 1676Bacon’s Rebellion: 1676Bacon’s Rebellion: 1676Bacon’s Rebellion: 1676

In class essay, open notes

• How did economic, geographic, and social factors encourage the growth of slavery as an important part of the economy of southern colonies between 1607 and 1775? Pages 9-18 in the packet

• How did economic, geographic, and social factors encourage the growth of slavery as an important part of the economy of southern colonies between 1607 and 1775?

• 1st Paragraph– Do not start by restating the prompt– Instead define key terms or give background info.– Last sentence should be an underlined thesis statement that lists your major points of

your essay in the order you will talk about them.• 2nd

– Use specific facts/terms (who, what, when, where, why, how) + plus analysis which links the facts back to the prompt

• 3rd-same as above

• 4th- same as above

• 5th Conclusion– Do not say that this is why things are the way they are today and the US is great– Instead, summarize your paper, do historiography, or talk about the near future after

this time period • Overall, do not use present tense (is should become was) and I, we, our, us should become

the British colonies • Please skip lines between paragraphs, should be about 2.5 pages long