volcano flavors
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Volcano Flavors. Mmmmmm …. Volcanoes…. Eyjafjallajökull. Today’s Agenda :. What causes a Volcano? Magma vs. Lava Viscosity Flow Rate and Silica Content Explosivity Anatomy 3 Types of Volcanoes (Flavors!) Types of Lava Rocks FAQ. Causes of Volcanoes: - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
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Volcano Flavors
Mmmmmm…. Volcanoes….
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Eyjafjallajökull
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Today’s Agenda:What causes a Volcano?Magma vs. LavaViscosityFlow Rate and Silica ContentExplosivityAnatomy3 Types of Volcanoes (Flavors!)Types of Lava RocksFAQ
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Causes of Volcanoes:1) Convergence (continental & island arcs)2) Divergence (mid-ocean ridges and continental rift valleys)3) Hotspot / plume (oceanic island chains)
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Magma vs. Lava?Magma is melted rock with gasses
inside that is BELOW the surface.
Lava is what we call the melted rock when it escapes into the AIR. Gas is usually released from the lava while it cools into a rock.
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ViscosityViscosity = ThicknessHigh Viscosity = Very Thick, ChunkyLow Viscosity = Very Thin, Runny
HighViscosity
LowViscosity
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Flow RateHow fast lava flows some distance over some time
depends on its viscosity.
High flow rate = fast, fluid, thin = Low ViscosityLow flow rate = slow, chunky, thick = High
Viscosity
Flow Rate = Distance Lava Flows / Time
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Silica ContentThe Elements Silicon and Oxygen combine to
make Silica
Silica is the most common element in the Earth’s Crust
Silica is lightweight and makes magma and lava thicker
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ExplosivityIn pairs, discuss the answers to the following
questions. Be ready to share with the class.
1. Why do some volcanoes explode more violently than others?
2. If a volcano has thick lava (high viscosity) will it be more or less explosive than a volcano with thin lava (low viscosity)?
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Volcano Anatomy
Magma Chamber
Main Vent
Side Vent
Dike
Tephra
Ash
Caldera
Fissures
Lava
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3 Main Types of VolcanoesShield Volcano
Composite / Stratovolcano
Cinder Cone
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Shield Volcano
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Properties of a Shield Volcano
Low Viscosity LavaLow Silica Content in LavaLava flows very far and fastNot very explosive – actually quiet and gentleBecause the Lava is not very viscous, gasses
escape easily from the lavaGently Sloping sides, very wide baseFlows continuously for a long time
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Example: Mauna Loa, HawaiiLargest active volcano in the world
Stands 5.5 miles high
Flavor: Chocolate Syrup
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Video of a Shield Volcano
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Composite / Stratovolcano
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Properties of a Composite or Stratovolcano
Medium Viscosity LavaMedium Silica Content in LavaLava flows slow and not very farVERY explosive and dangerousGasses are trapped by the viscous lava and build
up pressureSteep sides because the lava doesn’t flow farLayers of lava and ash built upon each otherUnpredictable bursts of activity
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Examples: Mt. St. Helens andMt. Rainier, Washington State
Makes up the largest percentage of Earth’s volcanoes (60%)
Flavor: Marshmallow Fluff
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Video of Composite / Stratovolcano
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Cinder Cone
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Properties of aCinder Cone
High Viscosity magmaVery high Silica ContentMost of the volcano is formed by ash and small
lava chunksLava does not flow, but builds up in one spotMedium-High explosivity, massive amounts of ashVery steep sidesDevelops very quickly and is unpredictable
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Example: Paricutin, Mexico1943, Grew 300 ft in 5 days
Flavor: Cookie Crumble
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Video of a Cinder Cone
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Basalt Andesite Rhyolite
• Dark Color
• Low Silica Content (less than 52%)
• Low Viscosity Lava
• High Flow Rate (can travel far)
• Hottest eruptive temp (1700+ °F)
• Intermediate lava
• Med Silica Content (57%)
• Med Viscosity Lava
• Intermediate Flow Rate (flows more than rhyolite, but not as easily as basalt)
•Medium Temperature (1400-1700°F)
• Light Color
• High Silica Content(more than 68%)
• High Viscosity Lava
• Low Flow Rate (barely flows)
• Low eruptive temp(1,200-1,400 °F)
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Which lava rocks form at each type of volcano?
Basalt = Shield Volcanoes
Andesite = Composite/Stratovolcano
Rhyolite = Cinder Cones
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Eyjafjallajökull
What kind of Volcano is this?
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Olympus Mons
Biggest Volcano in our Solar System
What type of volcano is this?
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Bonus Answers to FAQ:Q: How deep do volcanoes go?A: The magma chambers we can detect are
usually between 1 and 10 kilometers deepQ: How deep can you travel into a volcano?A: We do not have the ability to travel in magma.
Yet.Q: How old are volcanoes?A: This varies. Many can last for millions of years.
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Q: Why do volcanoes have craters?A: Several reasons: When the magma chamber
empties, the ground above it collapses. Also, big explosions can blow material away from the volcano, leaving behind a crater. Fun fact: this doesn’t always happen at the top.
Q: What can we gain from volcanoes?A: Volcanic ash is temporarily unpleasant, but
leaves behind very fertile farming land in the long run.
Q: If all the volcanoes in the world erupted, would we die?
A: Yes.
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Q: How/why do volcanoes become dormant (no longer active)?
A: When the magma chamber empties or solidifies, there is no more magma to rise out of the volcano. Also, if it is a hot spot volcano, it can move away from the hot spot.
Q: How much would a volcano cost if you could buy it?A: While it’s active, probably pretty cheap. But if you
wait until it is dormant, it’ll be very expensive. Good farming land and all…
Q: How many active volcanoes are there?A: The best guess is 1511 volcanoes have erupted in
the last 10,000 years and should be considered active
This number is from the Smithsonian Institution book, “Volcanoes of the World: Second Edition” compiled by Tom Simkin and Lee Siebert.
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My favorite Question:Q: What I want to know about volcanoes is
why is it that volcanoes erupt lava? Why can’t it just be like water or something else?
A: When water is heated and erupts from the surface, we call it a geyser. Water flows away or evaporates and doesn’t leave much behind so it cannot make a volcano. When rock melts and erupts, it solidifies and leaves behind lava that forms the volcano.
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Geyser