1. VOLTAGE STABILITY ENHANCEMENT IN TRANSMISSIONM LINEProject Guide:Prof. Sourabh KothariBy Vartika Shrivastava (0832EX101060) Anirudh Sharma (0832EX101008) Rajendra Thakur (0832EX101044) Rahul Soni(0832EX101043)

2. ABSTRACT The main aim of this project is to provide security to the power system. And this need is largely due to the recent trends towards operating systems under stressed conditions as a result of increasing system load without sufficient generation enhancement. In this project we are controlling the voltage instability by considering both aspects that is static and dynamic stability. By using one of the FACT device that is SVC and with the help of which we are trying to measure even minute variations in the voltage magnitude.10/24/2013 3. CONTENT Introduction Research Objective Summary of previous seminar Preface Summary of Fourth coming seminar References10/24/2013 4. INTRODUCTION The continuing interconnections of bulk power system has led to an increasing complex system. Electric utilities are reluctant to build new transmission lines for economic consideration. Hence it is very necessary to stable the voltage magnitude by considering its both static and dynamic stability aspects. Major power system breakdowns are caused by problems related to the systems static as well as dynamics responses. Control centre operators observe none of the critical advance warning since voltage magnitudes remains normal until large changes. Hence it is very important to observe and control very minute variations coming in voltage magnitude.10/24/2013 5. INTRODUCTION For controlling such kind of variations we use FACT(Flexible AC transmission) controllers that provide fast and reliable control over the transmission system parameters such as voltage, Phase angle and line impedance. And here we are using SVC(static VAR compensator) one of the FACT device for controlling voltage instability. 10/24/2013 6. Bus Admittance Matrix or Ybus First step in solving the power flow is to create what is known as the bus admittance matrix, often call the Ybus. The Ybus gives the relationships between all the bus current injections, I, and all the bus voltages, V, I = Ybus V The Ybus is developed by applying KCL at each bus in the system to relate the bus current injections, the bus voltages, and the branch impedances and admittances Calculate the bus admittance matrix for the network with the help of Newton-Raphson Method . 7. We can get similar relationships for buses 3 and 4 The results can then be expressed in matrix form IYbus V I1YA YBYA YA YCYB YD0V1YCYDV2I2YAI3YBYCYB YC0V3I40YD0YDV4For a system with n buses, Ybus is an nxn symmetric matrix (i.e., one where Aij = Aji) 8. Ybus General Form The diagonal terms, Yii, are the self admittance terms, equal to the sum of the admittances of all devices incident to bus i. The off-diagonal terms, Yij, are equal to the negative of the sum of the admittances joining the two buses. With large systems Ybus is a sparse matrix (that is, most entries are zero). Shunt terms, such as with the line model, only affect the diagonal terms.10/24/2013 9. Newton-Raphson In Power System Analysis, Newton's method (also known as the NewtonRaphson method), named after Isaac Newton and Joseph Raphson, is a method for finding successively better approximations to the roots (or zeroes) of a real valued-function. Let f(x) be a well-behaved function, and let r be a root of the equation f(x) = 0. We start with an estimate x0 of del x0 . From x0, we produce an Improved (we hope) estimate x1. From x1, we produce a new estimate x2. From x2, we produce a new estimate x3. We go on until we are `close enough' to del x or until it becomes clear that we are getting nowhere. It transform the procedure of solving non-linear differential equation into the procedure of repeatedly solving linear equation. 10. Newton-Raphson Advantages fast convergence as long as initial guess is close to solution large region of convergenceDisadvantages each iteration takes much longer than a Gauss-Seidel iteration more complicated to code, particularly when implementing sparse matrix algorithms. 11. NR Application to Power Flow We first need to rewrite complex power equations as equations with real coefficients (we've seen this earlier): Vi I i*Si*nViYikVknVik 1k 1These can be derived by defining Yik GikjBikVi Vi e jiikRecall e jiViikcos* YikVk*j sin 12. Real Power Balance Equations nSiPijQiVin* YikVk*k 1Vi Vk e jik(GikjBik )k 1nVi Vk (cosj sinikik )(GikjBik )k 1Resolving into the real and imaginary parts: nPiVi Vk (Gik cosikBik sinik )PGiPDiVi Vk (Gik sinikBik cosik )QGi QDik 1 nQi k 1 13. Newton-Raphson Power Flow In the Newton-Raphson power flow we use Newton's method to determine the voltage magnitude and angle at each bus in the power system that satisfies power balance. We need to solve the power balance equations: nVi Vk (Gik cosikBik sinik )PGiPDiVi Vk (Gik sinikBik cosik )QGi QDi0k 1 n k 10 14. Power Flow Variables For convenience, write: nPi ( x )Vi Vk (Gik cosikBik sinik )Vi Vk (Gik sinikBik cosik )k 1 nQi ( x ) k 1The power balance equations are then: Pi ( x ) PGi PDi 0 Qi ( x ) QGi QDi0 15. Power Flow Variables Assume the slack bus is the first bus (with a fixed voltage angle/magnitude). We then need to determine the voltage angle/magnitude at the other buses. We must solve f ( x ) 0, where: P2 ( x ) PG 22 xnV2 Vnf (x)PD 2 Pn ( x ) PGn PDn Q2 ( x ) QG 2 QD 2 Qn ( x ) QGn QDn 16. N-R Power Flow Solution The power flow is solved using the same procedure discussed previously for general equations: 0; make an initial guess of x, x ( v )For vWhile f (x ( v ) ) x(v v End1)Dox ( v ) [ J ( x ( v ) )] 1 f ( x ( v ) ) v 1 17. Power Flow Jacobian Matrix The most difficult part of the algorithm is determining and factorizing the Jacobian matrix, J (x) f1 (x) x1 J (x )f1 (x) x2f2 (x) x1f2 (x) x2f 2n 2 (x) x1f 2n 2 (x) x2f1(x)x2 n2f2(x)x2 n2 f 2n x2 n2 2(x) 18. Power Flow Jacobian Matrix, contd Jacobian elements are calculated by differentiating each function, fi ( x), with respect to each variable. For example, if fi ( x) is the bus i real power equation nfi ( x)Vi Vk (Gik cosikBik sinik )PGik 1 nfi( x)ifiikBik cosik )k 1 k i( x) jVi Vk ( Gik sinVi V j (Gij sinijBij cosij )(ji)PDi 19. Research Objective The increase demand for electric power requires to increase transmission capabilities. Under-deregulation electric utilities are reluctant to build new transmission due to economic considerations. The system is operated in a ways, which makes maximum use of existing transmission capabilities and which reduces transient stability. Due to increasing system loads without sufficient transmission and generation enhancements. And due to all these reasons many failures due to voltage instability in power system around the world. Hence it is very important to search out most economic and accurate method for voltage stability. 10/24/2013 20. Summary of previous seminar Introduction Research Objective Summary of previous seminar Preface Summary of Fourth coming seminar References10/24/2013 21. Preface We study different IEEE research paper and conclude from that how power system stability is maintained by using different devices and get the result how SVC is better than other controller10/24/2013 22. Summary of fourth coming seminar To study more IEEE research paper Basic Knowledge about the circuit Modelling in matlab10/24/2013