volume 2 road traffic sign applications

VOLUME 2

ROAD TRAFFIC SIGN

APPLICATIONS

DIGITISED VERSION – May 2012

SOUTHERN

AFRICAN

DEVELOPMENT

COMMUNITY

SARTSM – VOL 2

WARNING SIGNS

JUNE 2012

CHAPTER 1

SECTIONS

3.0 Contents

3.1 Introduction

3.2 Road Layout Signs

3.3 Direction of Movement Signs

3.4 Symbolic Signs

3.5 Hazard Marker Signs

3.6 Warning Sign Combinations

3.7 National Variants

INTRODUCTION

MAY 2012

SECTIONS

1.0 Contents

1.1 General

1.2 Chapters

TITLE

SOUTH AFRICAN ROAD TRAFFIC SIGNS MANUAL Volume 2 Chapter 1

ISBN STATUS DOT FILE DATE

Digitised Version 000/0/0/0 Digitised May 2012

CARRIED OUT BY

Transport and Traffic Technology Africa (Pty) Ltd P O Box 1109 SUNNINGHILL 2157

COMMISSIONED BY

Department of Transport

Private Bag X193

PRETORIA

0001

ORIGINAL AUTHOR PUBLISHER ENQUIRIES

D Bain Director-General: Transport Private Bag X193 PRETORIA 0001

It is impossible for a publication of this nature to free of errors. It would be appreciated if errors be brought to the notice of -

Director-General: Transport


Infrastructure Network Management

Private Bag X193

PRETORIA

0001

COPYRIGHT

This publication is protected by copyright under the Bern Convention. In terms of the Copyright Act No. 98 of 1978, no part of this publication may be produced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording or by any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher. © National Department of Transport 1999, 2012

KEYWORDS

ROAD SIGN, ROAD MARKING, REGULATORY, WARNING

COST: VOLUME 2

VOLUME SET R

Chapter 1 R Chapter 11 R Chapter 2 R Chapter 12 R Chapter 3 R Chapter 13 R Chapter 4 R Chapter 14 R Chapter 5 R Chapter 15 R Chapter 6 R Chapter 16 R Chapter 7 R Chapter 17 R Chapter 8 R Chapter 18 R Chapter 9 R Chapter 19 R Chapter 10 R

CONTENTS 1.0.1

MAY 2012 SARTSM – VOL 2 INTRODUCTION

CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION

CONTENTS

1.0.1 Sections and Subsections

Number Title Page No. 1.0 CONTENTS 1.0.1

1.0.1 Sections and Subsections 1.0.1

1.0.2 Figures 1.0.1

1.0.3 Tables 1.0.1

1.1 GENERAL 1.1.1

1.1.1 Background 1.1.1

1.1.2 Structure and Layout 1.1.1

1.1.3 Terminology 1.1.4

1.1.4 Traffic Control Devices 1.1.5

1.1.5 Road Traffic Sign Classification 1.1.5

1.1.6 Principles of Road Traffic Signing 1.1.5

1.1.7 Placement of Traffic Control Devices 1.1.6

1.1.8 Sign Sizes 1.1.8

1.1.9 Specification and Manufacture 1.1.8

1.1.10 Environmental Impact 1.1.8

1.1.11 Awareness and Education 1.1.8

1.2 CHAPTERS 1.2.1

1.2.1 General 1.2.1

1.0.2 Figures

Figure No. Title Page No. Fig 1.1 Typical Page Layout and Text Conventions 1.1.2

Fig 1.2 Typical Figure Page Layout 1.1.3

Fig 1.3 Key to Colour Coding 1.1.4

Fig 1.4 Road Traffic Sign Classification 1.1.7

Fig 1.5 Lateral and Vertical Clearances for Small Single Support Signs 1.1.11

Fig 1.6 Lateral and Vertical Clearances for Larger Multiple Support Signs 1.1.12

Fig 1.7 Positioning of Hazard Markers 1.1.13

Fig 1.8 Positioning of Route marker Signs 1.1.14

Fig 1.9 Lateral and Vertical Clearance for Overhead Sign Structures 1.1.15

Fig 1.10 Typical Problems and Aspects of Longitudinal Positioning of Signs 1.1.16

1.0.3 Tables

Table No. Title Page No. Table 1.1 Minimum Road Traffic Sign Sizes 1.1.9

Table 1.2 Retroreflective Materials for Road Signs 1.1.10

Table 1.3 Volume 2 Chapter Subjects 1.2.1

GENERAL 1.1.1


CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION

1.1 GENERAL

1.1.1 Background

1 Volume 2 of the South African Road Traffic Signs Manual was

not published with Volumes 1, 3 and 4 in 1993, because it

required significant development work and this would have

resulted in a delay in the publishing of the other Volumes. In the

intervening period the South African Road Traffic Signs

Manual, Volumes 1 and 4, has been integrated with the

Southern African Development Community Road Traffic

Manual to form the harmonized Third Edition of the latter

Manual. During this process all road signs, road markings and

traffic signals approved by the Road Traffic Signs Technical

Committee since 1993 have been incorporated into the Third

Edition. Where appropriate these new road signs, road

markings and traffic signals are included in the coverage of the

chapters of Volume 2.

2 The coverage of Volume 2, namely chapter subjects and

chapter contents, was determined by task groups appointed by

the Road Traffic Signs Technical Committee and by the

Committee itself. The potential scope for coverage, particularly

in some subject areas, is huge. In order to contain the scope to

manageable proportions, individual practices of road authorities

are not recorded where these differ. Instead a more generic

range of examples, which should be capable of being used by

any road authority, are included in the chapters. Precise

adherence to the details of the examples is not mandatory.

3 As a result of the method of development of the content of

Volume 2 it has been decided to make the chapters available

on an individually bound basis, in an inexpensive format, for a

period of 12 to 24 months to gauge the reaction of users.

Subject to this reaction and the level of comment received, the

chapters may be amended and / or finalised and printed in a

format to match the rest of the Manual.

4 At the time of publishing a decision has not been made by the

Southern African Development Community representatives

whether to adopt Volume 2 or not.

1.1.2 Structure and Layout

1 Notwithstanding the fact that SADC has not accepted Volumes

2 and 3 of the Manual at the time of publishing the Volumes

have been prepared to the same standards and the style of

layout as Volumes 1 and 4. In Volume 2 references to traffic

regulations relate to South African law, and where signface

examples indicate destination names, these give South African

examples.

2 Ultimately the Third Edition of the Southern African

Development Community Road Traffic Signs Manual is likely to

comprise:

Volume 1: Uniform Traffic Control Devices: Detailing signing

policies and design principles together with specific information

on the meaning and individual application of all traffic control

devices.

Volume 2: Traffic Control Device Applications: This volume

covers the use of sets of signs, markings and signals for

specific applications.

Volume 3: Traffic Signal Design: Detailing in depth

requirements for the selection and installation of traffic signals

and their methods of control.

Volume 4: Traffic Signs Design: Dimensional detail for all road

signs and their signface components.

3 Whilst the primary function of this volume is to give guidance to

users on how to combine the use of road signs of all classes

with road markings and traffic signal (rather than dealing with

these individually as in Volume 1), different chapters offer

additional guidance to varying degrees. In some instances the

chapters repeat and combine elements of Volume 1 and

Volume 4 chapters with guidance on how to apply the signs,

markings and signals. This aspect is covered in more depth in

Section 1.2.

4 The text is subdivided into the following numbered components

(the examples indicate Chapter 8):

(a)Chapters - 8;

(b) Sections - 8.1;

(c) Subsections - 8.1.1;

(d) Paragraphs - 8.1.1.1;

(e) Figures - 8.1;

(f) Details (within Figures) - 8.1.1;

(g) Tables - 8.1.

These numbers should be used for reference purposes. They

are used as such throughout the text.

5 The page layout includes a "header" at the top in which the

section name and page number are indicated. Page numbers

are restarted in each section e.g. 8.1.1, 8.3.1 etc. A "footer" is

located at the bottom of the page and this indicates the date of

publication (or re-publication in the case of future

amendments), the name of the manual and the volume

number, and the chapter name. Figures 1.1 and 1.2 illustrate

the above elements.

6 Since the Volume is being published by individual chapters

each chapter has been given a Contents section covering all

Section and Subsection topics, all Tables and all Figures. No

overall index will be published at this stage.

7 The text in the Manual is primarily provided in Arial 8.5 point

typeface.

8 A range of text conventions have been used to place emphasis

where this has been deemed necessary. The conventions used

and their functions are as follows:

SARTSM – VOL 2 INTRODUCTION MAY 2012

GENERAL 1.1.2

Fig 1.1 Typical Page Layout and Text Conventions

MAY 2012


GENERAL 1.1.3

Fig 1.2 Typical Figure Page Layout

MAY 2012


GENERAL 1.1.4

(a) bold italic - to indicate the significance of a specific road

traffic sign;

(b) bold - to place particular emphasis on a word or section of

text, including titles and section headings;

(c) italic - to indicate the name of a chapter or other document

referred to in the text AND to indicate foreign terms used in

the text;

(d) UPPERCASE (or CAPITAL) letters - as a lower level of

emphasis, but particularly to indicate the specific names

given to road traffic signs.

The use of CAPITAL letters may be superimposed in the BOLD

ITALIC or BOLD conventions (see Figures 1.1. and 1.2).

9 Figures are used extensively to provide guideline examples of

typical situations involving the application of road traffic signs.

Many such situations have a specific longitudinal nature to

them which is difficult to cater for within a standard A4 page

format. A3 figure pages have therefore been widely used

throughout this Volume. Even an A3 page presents limitations

when trying to illustrate a length of road some 100's of metres

in length. For this reason figures are not drawn to scale and are

commonly distorted so that the width or cross-section of a road

is exaggerated in comparison to the length, in order to improve

clarity.

10 This volume of the Manual is not printed in colour. It is

important, however, that designers and manufacturers are

aware of the correct colours for signs, signals and markings.

important, however, that designers and manufacturers are

aware of the correct colours for signs, signals and markings.

Where it is particularly appropriate road traffic sign examples

used to illustrate the various types of sign, signal and marking

have been shaded in a black and white coding of the required

colours. This coding is illustrated in Figure 1.3.

11 The basic principles of the road traffic sign colour coding

system are shown in colour in Volume 1, Chapter 1, Section

1.4, where a limited number of colour pages are indicated, and

in the Contents sections of several Volume 1 chapters.

1.1.3 Terminology

1 A considerable effort has been made to obtain a close

correlation between the language of the Manual with that used

in legislation. Being a guideline document this is less evident in

Volume 2 than in Volume 1, where the significance of all road

traffic signs is covered in detail. Legal meanings and definitions

are, however, very important to the correct application of road

traffic signs and where this is relevant in a Volume 2 chapter,

these meanings or definitions are quoted in the text (see

Chapters 2 and 3).

2 For those users of this Volume who are not familiar with the

more formal use of certain words in Volumes 1 and 4, the

interpretations attached to these words is repeated in the

following paragraphs. An understanding of these interpretations

is important in the context of possible legal action against road

authorities and their agents.

Fig 1.3 Key to Colour Coding


GENERAL 1.1.5

3 There are three words used throughout the Manual dealing with

the function, design and application of traffic control devices,

the interpretation of which is fundamental to the use of the

Manual. These words are the very common words "SHALL",

"SHOULD" and "MAY". The meanings attached to these words

for the purpose of interpreting the Manual shall be:

(a) "SHALL" - a mandatory condition - when this word is used

it means that the condition or conditions referred to must be

compiled with;

(b) "SHOULD" - an advisory condition - when this word is used

it is advisable or recommended to comply with the condition

or conditions referred to (see also "RECOMMENDED" in

paragraph 1.1.3.5);

(c) "MAY" - a permissive condition - the conditions referred to

are optional.

The legal significance of these terms must be understood by

users of the Manual. It is very likely that authorities will be

subject to greater levels of legal action in the future. Failure to

adhere to the intention of the Manual as indicated above could

affect the outcome of such action to the detriment of the

authority.

4 The word "SHALL" is used in two ways. "SHALL" is used to

refer to the actions required of road users and in this context

the provisions of the regulations take legal precedence.

"SHALL" is also used to refer to actions required of authorities

in the use of traffic control devices. In many instances such

mandate is also provided for in the regulations.

5 When the word "SHOULD" is used the condition referred to is

open to a measure of interpretation. This is recognised in the

Manual where, occasionally, the word "RECOMMENDED" is

used in place of "SHOULD". "RECOMMENDED" should be

understood to have a stronger implication than "SHOULD". If

an authority chooses not to conform to the recommended

action, it would be well advised to record why it has chosen not

to do so.

6 The use of the word "MAY" is much wider and less specific

than the other two words. It is used directly in relation to the

actions road users and/or authorities can take, at their

discretion, with regard to the function and use of road traffic

signs. "May" is also widely used in a general sense throughout

the text of the Manual.

7 The word "yellow" is used throughout the manual in place of

"amber" with respect to traffic signal indications. "Yellow" is the

more common international term.

8 Traffic control devices include all road traffic signs and other

devices, including delineation devices, used to regulate, warn,

guide or inform road users. Traffic control devices are thus

used to achieve an acceptable level of road safety by providing

for the orderly and predictable movement of all traffic, vehicular

and pedestrian, throughout all levels of the road network.

9 Road traffic signs, by legal definition, include all prescribed road

signs, road markings and traffic signals, and are to be used

solely for the purpose of traffic control and are not an

advertising medium.

1.1.4 Traffic Control Devices

1 The chapters in this Volume deal with the use of a very wide

range of interrelated traffic control devices. How effective this

use or application is, relies on an understanding of a range of

basic requirements which should be fulfilled when traffic control

devices are used. These requirements are covered in detail in

Volume 1, Chapter 1.

2 In order that they may best fulfil their required function traffic

control devices shall:

(a) fulfil a need;

(b) command attention;

(c) convey a clear, simple meaning at a glance;

(d) command the respect of road users;

(e) allow adequate time to the correct response from road

users.

3 To achieve these objectives, traffic control devices should

exhibit high levels of:

(a) conformity;

(b) accuracy of signface display;

(c) uniformity of signface display;

(d) consistency of sign use practice;

(e) continuity of message display.

4 In terms of Section 82 of the Act, the Minister may authorise the

use of an experimental traffic control device for a limited period

of time so that the suitability and effectiveness may be

determined. No new sign or symbol shall be used without prior

approval. A draft sign or symbol design may be submitted, but

should not be used until it has been refined and approved in

terms of the standard design rules.

5 It is desirable, in the interests of uniformity, that the need for a

new symbol, sign or marking be submitted, with motivation to:

The Secretary

Route Numbering and Road Traffic Signs Sub-Committee

c/o Department of Transport

Private Bag X193

Pretoria

0001.

1.1.5 Road Traffic Sign Classification

1 Full details of the manner in which road traffic signs are

classified and sub-classified, together with their numbering

structure are given in Volume 1, Chapter 1.

2 The great majority of road signs may be used in a

PERMANENT or TEMPORARY form, although there are a few

road signs which shall only be used in one or other form. This is

made obvious in Volume 1. At the time of order, temporary sign

numbers should always include the first letter "T".

Manufacturers in particular, however, should ensure that their

orders are sufficiently clear in this regard prior to manufacture.

3 To assist users of Volume 2, the basic road traffic sign

classification is illustrated in Figure 1.4.


GENERAL 1.1.6

1.1.6 Principles of Road Traffic Signing

1 All road traffic signs shall conform to the requirements of

paragraph 1.1.4.3. The guidelines given in the Manual conform,

in general terms, to the following basic principles or

assumptions:

(a) give a positive message in preference to a negative

message whenever such a choice is available;

(b) use symbols or diagrams in preference to words;

(c) signs should preferably have the same appearance by day

and by night (use of retroreflective material);

(d) limit the amount of information given at any one time to

what can reasonably be observed and processed by road

users; however,

(e) when two required messages are linked or complement

each other, such as a regulatory message and a warning

message, it will commonly improve the effectiveness of

message transfer to mount the relevant signs together;

(f) the overall approach to signing should embody the

principles of positive guidance (see Section 1.8);

(g) all candidate destination names cannot be displayed at any

given point;

(h) pre-trip planning is essential;

(i) regional, area or district names are not a precise enough

source if information.

2 The design and use of guidance signs further requires a

disciplined approach to the understanding and application of

principles as follows:

(a) navigation (see Volume 1, Chapters 4 and 8):

(i) primary aids:

route maps

route numbers

interchange (EXIT) and junction numbers

selective destination display to provide orientation

distance to high speed exits;

(ii) sign information functions:

location (you are here)

direction

orientation

confirmation;

(b) system efficiency:

(i) functional requirements (see paragraph 1.1.4.3);

(ii) criteria to meet the required functions;

(c) signface design function (see Volume 1, Chapter 4):

(i) clear and simple message transfer to enable road users

to:

see sign (conspicuity)

recognise sign function (class identification)

read the sign (legibility)

interpret the message (comprehension)

make a decision

act on a decision timeously;

(ii) important message transfer factors:

amount of information

length of words

similarity of words

letter/background contrast

upper/lower case letters

letter size and style

legibility distance/reading time

angle of display;

(d) information display (see Volume 1, Chapter 4):

(i) use standard symbols rather than words;

(ii) display a standard quantity of information in a standard

way;

(iii) limit total amount of information.

3 For full details of the principles of road traffic signing, refer to

Volume 1, Chapter 1, and to the chapter appropriate to the

class of sign under consideration. In particular, when

considering the selection of appropriate destination names for

use on guidance and/or direction signs refer to Volume 1,

Chapters 4 and 8. Destination names should not be selected

on a localised basis. Their selection should be as a result of a

broader consideration of the road network as a whole.

4 The following criteria are important in deciding which

destination will be most effective:

(a) availability at the destination of motorist services;

(b) ability to provide navigational orientation (familiarity);

(c) the next destination;

(d) the proximity of other destinations;

(e) importance in terms of:

(i) population;

(ii) regional centre (economic activity);

(iii) traffic generation;

(iv) transient tourist population;

(f) junction or termination of routes.

1.1.7 Placement of Traffic Control Devices

1 In general in this volume, when it is relevant to give specific

dimensions relating to the placement of signs, the information

given is limited to longitudinal dimensions. These are most

commonly referred to:

(a) the distance from a junction or hazard; or

(b) the distance between successive signs which form a

sequence of signs (or markings) e.g. temporary signing at

roadworks.

2 Traffic control devices and their supports shall be placed for the

purpose of regulating, warning, guiding and informing road

users only on the authority of a public body or official having

jurisdiction. No traffic control device or its support shall bear

any advertising message or any other message not essential to

the control of traffic, with the exception of STREET NAME signs

GL1 and SUBURB NAME signs GL2 (see Volume 1, Chapter

1, Section 1.9).

GENERAL 1.1.7


Fig 1.4 Road Traffic Sign Classification


GENERAL 1.1.8

3 Details of the orientation, lateral and vertical placement of signs

are given in Figures 1.5 to 1.10. Figure 1.10 illustrates a

number of common pitfalls or difficulties relating to the

placement of signs which need to be avoided or overcome.

4 Ministers, Administrators, or duly authorised officials, have the

power in terms of Road Traffic Legislation, to remove, or order

the removal of any non-prescribed or unauthorised sign.

1.1.9 Sign Sizes

1 Minimum sizes for various road traffic sign types are prescribed

in Legislation. In the case of regulatory and warning road signs

the minimum sizes are linked to increments in speed limit.

2 The minimum size prescribed in Legislation normally refers to

the overall size of the road traffic sign in the form of a height,

length or diameter. In some cases the minimum dimension

applies to one component (a traffic signal aspect), or to only

one of the dimensions (the width of a road marking line).

3 Authorities shall not use signs of sizes less than those

prescribed. To facilitate awareness of these sizes the minimum

dimensions are listed in Table 1.1.

1.1.9 Specification and Manufacture

1 For full details relating to specification and manufacture of road

traffic signs refer to Volume 1, Chapter 1, Section 1.5. A limited

amount of the material given in that section is repeated here.

2 The South African Bureau of Standards has a number of

"Specifications" (CKS) and "Standard Specifications" (SABS)

which are relevant to the manufacture and appearance of road

traffic signs. The most relevant of these are:

(a) SANS 1519-1:2006 and 1519-2:2004 Road Signs;

(b) SANS 731-1:2006 and 731-2:2006 Road Marking Paint;

(c) CKS 192 - 1981: Drop-on Type Reflectorised

Road-Marking Paint;

(d) CKS 501 - 1981: Road Marking Paint, High Build,

Non-Skid;

(e) SANS 1442:2008 Roadstuds;

(f) SANS 1459:2004 Traffic Lights.

Where these specifications do not include a colour

specification, such as for paints, this is covered by:

(a) SANS 1091:2004 National Colour Standards for Paint; or

(b) CKS 279 - 1971: Colours for Paints.

3 Designers, authorities and manufacturers must ensure that

their specifications and manufacturing methods result in road

traffic signs which comply with the SABS colour specifications,

or similar specifications, and that they remain within accepted

tolerance levels for the expected life of the sign. Authorities in

particular should monitor performance in this regard since early

colour failure could have serious cost implications.

4 Many road signs and road markings are specified with

retroreflective materials. Certain parts of some road signs shall

be retroreflective and for others the use of retroreflective

materials is optional. These requirements are summarised in

Table 1.2.

5 Retroreflective material is available in many grades of quality.

Three of these grades are specified in SABS 1519 for use on

road signs, namely Class I, Class II and Class III. Whilst there

are obvious initial cost implications to the cost of Class I, II or

III materials in preference to materials with a shorter life and

poorer retroreflective properties, it is strongly recommended

that purchasers of road signs specify at least Class I materials,

even for temporary signs. This will almost certainly result in a

sign life which is cost effective over time.

6 When specifying the manufacture of a road sign which requires

the superimposition of one colour of retroreflective material on

another, care must be taken to ensure that adequate luminance

and contrast rates are achieved from the sign for the message

to be legible. As a general rule a contrast ratio of the

coefficients of retroreflection of colours placed on each other is

recommended as follows:

(a) for small finely detailed areas (letters and symbols) - a

minimum ratio for light-to-dark of 7 to 1, with a preference

for 10 to 1 or more;

(b) for large areas (arrows or blocks) a minimum ratio of 3,5 to

1, with a preference for 5 to 1.

Recommended retroreflective material class combinations are

given in Table 1.2.

1.1.10 Environmental Impact

1 The provision of a road traffic sign represents a conflict of

interests. On the one hand it is considered necessary to

communicate a message to road users and in order to do this,

the necessary road traffic sign is designed to intrude into the

field of view of road users. On the other hand this field of view

may have some particular environmental or aesthetic value.

2 This conflict of interests is, in practice, rarely avoidable in the

interests of road safety. However, its effect should be

recognised and considered, particularly in visually sensitive

environments and the impact minimised if possible. In almost

any environment the over-supply of road traffic signs, or

indeed any other form of sign, can be considered to have

an unacceptable environmental impact.

1.1.11 Awareness and Education

1 The extent of change in the sign system incorporated in this

Edition makes it obligatory on all authorities to co-ordinate

awareness and educational campaigns directed at:

(a) road users;

(b) road authority officials;

(c) traffic officers;

(d) those involved in vehicle driver training;

(e) traffic control device manufacturers;

(f) international visitors.

2 Awareness and educational effort should be directed at the

operational principles of the signing system.


GENERAL 1.1.9

TABLE 1.1 MINIMUM ROAD TRAFFIC SIGN SIZES TABLE 1.1

Road Traffic Sign Function Min. External Dimensions (mm)

Type Speed Limit (km/h)

60 80 100 120

Road Signs Circular Regulatory General 600 900 1200 1200 (Diameter) Overhead 900 1200 1200 1600 Parking/Stopping 450 900 1200 1200 Rectangular Regulatory General 600 x 900 x 1200 x 1200 x (Height x Width) 450 675 900 900 Overhead 900 x 1200 x 1200 x 1600 x 675 900 900 1200 Parking/Stopping 445 x 900 x 1200 x 1200 x 338 675 900 900 Bus & Minibus Stop 450 x 600 x 800 x 900 x 225 300 400 450 Triangular Regulatory and Warning 900 1200 1200 1500 (Side Length) Sign R2.1 - plate Yield to Pedestrians 300 x 450 x 600 x 750 x (Height x Width) 225 338 450 563 Signs W401 and W402 Hazard Marker/Delineator 600 x 600 x 800 x 800 x (Height x Width) 150 150 200 200 Signs W403 and W404 Railway Crossing 800 1200 1200 1200 (Diagonal) Signs W405 to W410 Hazard Marker 450 450 600 600 (Height) Sign TW411 Barricade 200 x 300 x 400 x 400 x (Height x Width) 1200 1800 2400 2400 Traffic Signals Circular Disc Aspect Signal Indications (including symbols) 210 210 210 210 Road Markings Longitudinal Regulatory, Warning and (Width) Guidance 100 100 100 100 Longitudinal Regulatory (Length) Urban 9000 9000 9000 9000 Rural 12000 12000 12000 12000

NOTES: (1) A tolerance of 5% below all minimum external road sign

dimensions is permitted. (2) A tolerance of 10% below the minimum width of a

longitudinal road marking is permitted. (3) A tolerance if 10% below the minimum diameter of a

traffic signal disc is permitted. (4) A STOP sign R1 or any of its derivatives shall conform to

the minimum external dimensions given for the same size circular regulatory sign, except that such sign used for a scholar patrol may have a minimum diameter of 450 mm. Signs R1.3 and R1.4 shall be the same size as one side of the STOP sign R1 with which they are used.

(5) A sign for pedestrians and/or cyclists may have a

minimum diameter of 300 mm. (6) A KEEP LEFT sign R103 used on the vertical face of a

bollard may have a minimum diameter of 300 mm. (7) A ONE-WAY ROADWAY sign R4.1, R4.2 or R4.3 shall

have a minimum short side of 450 mm and a minimum long side of 600 mm.

(8) A PEDESTRIAN PRIORITY sign R5 shall have a minimum side length of 450 mm.

(9) An exclusive secondary message sign shall have the same length as the diameter or width of the upper primary sign with which it is used.


GENERAL 1.1.10

TABLE 1.2 RETROREFLECTIVE MATERIALS FOR ROAD SIGNS TABLE 1.2

Permanent Road Signs (1) Sign Segment Recommended Class of Retroreflective Material

Type

Border Symbols Letters Background Border I Letters Background

REGULATORY

Control

4

4

4

4

I

I

Command 4 4 4 4 I I

Prohibition 4 8 8 4 I I

Reservation 4 4 4 84 I 8I

Comprehensive 4 4 4 4 I

De-restriction 4 4 4 4 I I

WARNING Advance

4

8

8

4

I

I

Hazard 4 4 4 I I

GUIDANCE Location

8

84

8

4

8

I

Route Marker 4 4 4 4 I I

Trailblazer 4 4 4 4 I I

Direction 4 4 4 84(3) I 8I

Freeway Direction 4 4 4 4 III I

Tourism 4 4 4 84 (3) I 8I

Local Direction

Diagrammatic

4

4+block

8

8

8

8

84

4

8

I(2)

2))

8I

8I Pedestrian 8 8 8 84 8 8I

INFORMATION 4 4 4 84 I 8I

KEY

4Retroreflective 8Semi-matt 84Optional

NOTES:

(1) All temporary road signs shall have a retroreflective

background, and semi-matt border, symbol, arrows or

letters.

(2) Check luminance factor before specifying higher than

Class I. (3) Certain signs are specified as retroreflective (see

Volume 4 Chapters 2, 3, 5, 6, 7 and 13).

GENERAL 1.1.11


Fig 1.5 Lateral and Vertical Clearances for Small Single Support Signs

GENERAL 1.1.12


Fig 1.6 Lateral and Vertical Clearances

For Larger Multiple Support Signs

1.1.13 GENERAL


Fig 1.7

Positioning of Hazard Markers


GENERAL 1.1.14

Fig 1.8

Positioning of Route Marker Signs

1.1.15 GENERAL


Fig 1.9 Lateral and Vertical Clearances for Overhead Sign Structures

GENERAL 1.1.16


Fig 1.10 Typical Problems and Aspects of

Longitudinal Positioning of Road Signs

CHAPTERS 1.2.1


1.2 CHAPTERS

1.2.1 General

1 Table 1.3 lists the principal subjects of each chapter in Volume

2. The subject matter of each chapter is expanded upon in later

subsections.

2 In general terms the chapters in Volume 2 are intended to

cover the "application" of various road signs, road markings

and traffic signals in combination with each other, as

appropriate to specific road environment situations. In most

instances these "applications" are commonly used, although

occasionally they are relatively rare.

3 When the development of Volume 2 started, there were

no preconceptions regarding how individual chapters would deal

with their subject matter, except that those which had previously

been distributed as "Road Signs Notes" were likely to follow the

coverage of the "Road Signs Notes". In the main the purpose of the

chapters is to provide examples of the use of road traffic signs in

terms of the chapter subject area's application requirements. In

reality some of the chapter subjects do not specifically cover

"applications".

TABLE 1.3 VOLUME 2 CHAPTER SUBJECTS TABLE 1.3

Chapter Number Subject

1 Introduction

2 Road Marking Applications

3 Regulatory and Warning Signs and Markings Applications

4 Tourism Signing

5 Freeway Signing

6 Toll Route Signing

7 Signing for Railway Crossings

8 Public Transport Signing

9 Urban Guidance Signing

10 Rural Guidance Signing

11 Signing for Heavy Vehicles

12 Signing for Traffic Calming

13 Roadworks Signing

14 Signing for Pedestrian Environments

15 Structural Details of Road Signs

16 Road Signs Management

17 Road Sign Materials

18 Road Marking Materials

19 Variable Message Signs


CHAPTERS 1.2.2

4 The various subjects have tended to be treated in one of three

basically different ways, according to the needs of the subject

as perceived during the development of Volume 2. The

chapters can be grouped under methods of treatment as

follows:

(a) basic sets of example "applications" - Chapters 3, 5 to 12,

and 14;

(b) coverage not based on "application" examples - Chapters

15 to 19;

(c) more in-depth coverage including significant repetition of

material from Volume 1 and/or Volume 4, including a wide

range of example "applications" - Chapters 2, 4 and 13 (two

of these chapters, namely Chapters 4 and 13 replace

long-standing Road Signs Notes 3 and 13 respectively).

5 The chapters dealing essentially with sets of application

examples are commonly structured in two parts. With the

exception of Chapter 3: Regulatory and Warning Signs and

Markings Applications, the first part illustrates specific road

traffic signs relevant to the chapter subject, and the second part

covers the example applications. Chapter 3 does not include a

listing of regulatory and warning signs and road markings since

the example applications could commonly apply to many of the

large number of such signs and markings. Chapter 5: Freeway

Signing deals fairly generically with many of its examples

because these cover the use of guidance signs in standard

sequences. In particular, the examples dealing with the

upward-pointing arrow system, for overhead direction signs,

cover standard sign sequences and illustrate a range of arrow

clusters appropriate to each sequence.

6 The subject matter dealt with in Chapters 15 to 19 is not

appropriate to being covered by example applications.

Chapters 15 to 18 deal with sign manufacture, road sign

management systems, and sign and marking materials in much

greater detail and in a more in-depth technical manner than is

given in Volumes 1 and/or 4. Chapter 19: Variable Message

Signs, does illustrate a number of typical applications but

primarily covers a systems approach to the use of variable

message signs and more technical detail of variable message

sign design (see also Volume 1, Chapter 9).

7 Chapter 2: Road Marking Applications covers an extensive

range of examples of road marking applications but also

includes material on the principles of road marking and the

basic design parameters such as module dimensions and

patterns from Volume 1, together with dimensional details of all

unique markings, arrows and symbols from Volume 4. Special

coverage is given to options for the use of PAINTED ISLAND

marking RM5. Another special feature of this chapter is

provided in the form of Table 2.3 which lists all markings by

number, type and dimensions, with representative areas of

each marking. The latter may be used to estimate quantities for

road marking contracts with reasonable levels of accuracy.

8 Chapter 4: Tourism Signing similarly covers the subject in

greater depth than other chapters. At the time of writing there

are still matters of policy relating to tourism signing which are

under consideration, or have been requested for

re-consideration. The chapter includes new information on:

(a) the structure of tourism organisations;

(b) the processing of requests for tourism signs;

(c) the management of requests for tourism signs;

(d) a re-structured tourism sign classification;

(e) the tourism signing of high density tourism areas.

In addition the tourism signface layout and dimension rules

covered in Volumes 1 and 4 are repeated for guidance. These

have been condensed into a set of figures for convenient

reference.

The coverage of tourism signing in Chapter 4 is centred on

rural tourism signing practices. The majority of the information

given is also relevant to the design and provision of tourism

signs in urban environments, subject to the policies and rules

specific to urban tourism signing. These aspects are covered in

Volume 2, Chapter 9: Urban Guidance Signing. Chapter 4

currently includes a section on tourism signing warrants which

is incomplete.

9 At the time of publication, work on the development of tourism

signing warrants and certain identified tourism symbol

requirements is incomplete. The committee structure dealing

with these aspects has recommended that all Tourism Direction

and Local Direction signing warrants, both rural and urban be

collated in a single document rather than separately in Chapter

4 and 9. This concept has been developed in principle, in the

form of a "Supplement 4-9" but is not yet complete, or

approved. The conceptual layout of "Supplement 4-9" includes

an illustration of all symbols. The listing of symbols currently in

Chapter 4 may therefore be deleted when the Chapter is

finalised (see paragraph 1.1.1.3). In making the proposal for a

"Supplement 4-9" the intention was to create a document which

would directly meet the needs of those responsible for

assessing compliance with warrants, and which would also be

easy to update if new symbols and warrants are required in the

future.

10 Chapter 13: Roadworks Signing is like other chapters in that it

illustrates the range of available temporary signs and has a

large number of temporary signing applications for use at

roadworks sites. Because the use of temporary signs at

roadworks is not covered in Volume 1, this chapter gives

information on the following principles relating to signing at

roadworks:

(a) traffic management;

(b) setting of speed limits at roadworks;

(c) temporary delineation;

(d) contract specification.

SOUTHERN

AFRICAN

DEVELOPMENT

COMMUNITY

SARTSM – VOL 2

WARNING SIGNS

JUNE 2012

CHAPTER 2

SECTIONS

3.0 Contents

3.1 Introduction

3.2 Road Layout Signs

3.3 Direction of Movement Signs

3.4 Symbolic Signs

3.5 Hazard Marker Signs

3.6 Warning Sign Combinations

3.7 National Variants

ROAD MARKING APPLICATIONS

MAY 2012

SECTIONS

2.0 Contents

2.1 Introduction

2.2 General Principles

2.3 Road Marking Applications in Rural Situations

2.4 Road Marking Applications in Urban Situations

2.5 Road Marking Applications for Freeways

2.6 Road Marking Applications for Parking Applications

2.7 Enhanced Standard Details

TITLE

SOUTH AFRICAN ROAD TRAFFIC SIGNS MANUAL Volume 2 Chapter 2

ISBN STATUS DOT FILE DATE

Digitised Version 000/0/0/0 Digitised May 2012

CARRIED OUT BY

Transport and Traffic Technology Africa (Pty) Ltd P O Box 1109 SUNNINGHILL 2157

COMMISSIONED BY


Private Bag X193

PRETORIA

0001

ORIGINAL AUTHOR PUBLISHER ENQUIRIES

D Bain Director-General: Transport Private Bag X193 PRETORIA 0001

It is impossible for a publication of this nature to free of errors. It would be appreciated if errors be brought to the notice of -

Director-General: Transport


Infrastructure Network Management

Private Bag X193

PRETORIA

0001

COPYRIGHT

This publication is protected by copyright under the Bern Convention. In terms of the Copyright Act No. 98 of 1978, no part of this publication may be produced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording or by any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher. © National Department of Transport 1999, 2012

KEYWORDS

ROAD SIGN, ROAD MARKING, REGULATORY, WARNING

COST: VOLUME 2

VOLUME SET R

Chapter 1 R Chapter 11 R Chapter 2 R Chapter 12 R Chapter 3 R Chapter 13 R Chapter 4 R Chapter 14 R Chapter 5 R Chapter 15 R Chapter 6 R Chapter 16 R Chapter 7 R Chapter 17 R Chapter 8 R Chapter 18 R Chapter 9 R Chapter 19 R Chapter 10 R

CONTENTS 2.0.1

MAY 2012 SARTSM – VOL 2 ROAD MARKINGS

CHAPTER 2: ROAD MARKING APPLICATIONS

CONTENTS

2.0.1 Sections and Subsections

Number Title Page No.

2.0 CONTENTS 2.0.1

2.0.1 Sections and Subsections 2.0.1

2.0.2 Figures 2.0.2

2.0.3 Tables 2.0.4

2.1 INTRODUCTION 2.1.1

2.1.1 General 2.1.1

2.1.2 Objectives 2.1.1

2.1.3 Coverage of This Chapter 2.1.1

2.1.4 Road Marking Classification 2.1.2

2.1.5 Figure Conventions 2.1.2

2.2 GENERAL PRINCIPLES 2.2.1

2.2.1 General 2.2.1

2.2.2 Figure Dimensions 2.2.1

2.2.3 General Principles of Road Marking Dimensions 2.2.1

2.2.4 Basic Design Principles 2.2.2

2.2.5 Specifications 2.2.10

2.2.6 Roadstuds 2.2.10

2.2.7 Materials and Maintenance 2.2.14

2.2.8 Temporary Markings 2.2.14

2.2.9 Warrants

2.3 ROAD MARKING APPLICATIONS IN RURAL SITUATIONS 2.3.1

2.3.1 General 2.3.1

2.3.2 Section Coverage 2.3.1

2.3.3 Specifications and Materials Quantities 2.3.1

2.3.4 Rural Longitudinal Road Markings 2.3.2

2.3.5 Basic Junction Marking 2.3.7

2.3.6 Dual Carriageway Road Marking 2.3.15

2.3.7 Three Lane Cross-Sections 2.3.20

2.3.8 Rural Painted Island Markings 2.3.25

2.4 ROAD MARKING APPLICATIONS IN URBAN SITUATIONS 2.4.1

2.4.1 General 2.4.1

2.4.2 Section Coverage 2.4.1

2.4.3 Specifications and Materials Quantities 2.4.1

2.4.4 Urban Longitudinal Road Markings 2.4.2

2.4.5 Basic Urban Junction Marking 2.4.6

2.4.6 Road Marking in Central Business Districts 2.4.14

2.4.7 Road Marking for Pedestrian Applications 2.4.19

2.4.8 Reversible Lane Applications 2.4.25

2.4.9 Less Common Urban Road Marking Applications 2.4.27

2.4.10 Some Road Marking Do’s and Don’ts 2.4.30

2.0.2 CONTENTS

SARTSM – VOL 2 ROAD MARKINGS MAY 2012

Number Title Page No.

2.5 ROAD MARKING APPLICATIONS FOR FREEWAYS 2.5.1

2.5.1 General 2.5.1

2.5.2 Longitudinal Freeway Markings 2.5.2

2.5.3 Exclusive or Dedicated Exit Lanes 2.5.2

2.5.4 Weaving Section Markings 2.5.2

2.5.5 Heavy Vehicle Crawler Lanes 2.5.2

2.5.6 Lane Drops on Freeways 2.5.2

2.5.7 Off-and-On-Ramp markings 2.5.10

2.5.8 Crossroad Marking Treatment 2.5.16

2.5.9 Arrestor Bed Markings 2.5.20

2.510 Shoulder Marking for SOS Telephone Points 2.5.22

2.6 ROAD MARKING APPLICATIONS FOR PARKING ENVIRONMENTS 2.6.1

2.6.1 General 2.6.1

2.6.2 Parallel Parking 2.6.2

2.6.3 Exclusive Parking Bays 2.6.7

2.7 ENHANCED STANDARD DETAILS 2.7.1

2.7.1 General 2.7.1

2.7.2 Painted Islands 2.7.1

2.7.3 Other Dimensional Details 2.7.8

2.7.4 Arrow Types 2.7.12

2.7.5 Symbol Types 2.7.27

2.7.6 Word Letters 2.7.40

2.0.2 Figures

Figure No. Title Page No.

Fig 2.1 Regulatory Road Markings - 1 2.1.3





Fig 2.6 Warning Road Markings - 1 2.1.8

Fig 2.7 Warning Road Markings - 2 2.1.9

Fig 2.8 Guidance Road Markings - 1 2.1.10

Fig 2.9 Guidance Road Markings - 2 2.1.11

Fig 2.10 Figure Conventions 2.1.13

Fig 2.11 Typical Modules for Broken Line Markings 2.2.3 Fig 2.12 Lateral Alignment of Road Line Markings 2.2.4 Fig 2.13 STOP and YIELD Sight Distance Considerations 2.2.5 Fig 2.14 Line Combinations Incorporating No Overtaking Markings 2.2.7 Fig 2.15 No Overtaking Lines for Vertical Curves 2.2.8 Fig 2.16 No Overtaking Lines for Horizontal Curves 2.2.9 Fig 2.17 Basic Details of Roadstuds on Two-Lane Two-Way Roadways 2.2.12 Fig 2.18 Roadstuds on Multi-Lane Roads 2.2.13 Fig 2.19 Rural Broken Line Module Characteristics 2.3.3 Fig 2.20 Longitudinal Line Combinations – 1 (Rural) 2.3.4 Fig 2.21 Longitudinal Line Combinations – 2 (Rural) 2.3.5 Fig 2.22 Access Across No Overtaking/No Crossing Lines 2.3.6 Fig 2.23 Basic Junction Marking – 1 (Rural) 2.3.8 Fig 2.24 Basic Junction Marking – 2 (Rural) 2.3.9 Fig 2.25 Basic Junction Marking – 3 (Rural) 2.3.10 Fig 2.26 Basic Junction Marking – 4 (Rural) 2.3.11 Fig 2.27 Multi-Lane Junction Marking – 1 (Rural) 2.3.12


CONTENTS 2.0.3


Fig 2.28 Multi-Lane Junction Marking – 2 (Rural) 2.3.13

Fig 2.29 Multi-Lane Junction Special Aspects 2.3.14

Fig 2.30 Beginning/End of Dual Carriageway - 1 2.3.16




Fig 2.34 Climbing Lane – Drop Fast Lane 2.3.21

Fig 2.35 Climbing Lane – Drop Slow Lane 2.3.22

Fig 2.36 3 Lane/2 Way – Overtaking Opportunity 2.3.23

Fig 2.37 Application of LANE REDUCTION ARROWS WM6 2.3.24

Fig 2.38 Painted Island – Rural Applications - 1 2.3.26

Fig 2.39 Painted Island – Rural Applications - 2 2.3.27

Fig 2.40 Urban Broken Line Combinations 2.4.3

Fig 2.41 Longitudinal Line Combinations – 1 (Urban) 2.4.4

Fig 2.42 Longitudinal Line Combinations – 2 (Urban) 2.4.5

Fig 2.43 Basic Intersection Marking – 1 (Urban) 2.4.7

Fig 2.44 Basic Intersection Marking – 2 (Urban) 2.4.8

Fig 2.45 Multi-Lane Junction Markings – 1: Typical Un-signalised Junction (Urban) 2.4.9

Fig 2.46 Multi-Lane Junction Markings – 2: Signalised Junction 2.4.10

Fig 2.47 Turning Guide Line GM2 Details - 1 2.4.11

Fig 2.48 Turning Guide Line GM2 Details - 2 2.4.12

Fig 2.49 Box Junction – Examples 2.4.13

Fig 2.50 Central Business District Streets – 1: Basic Lane Markings 2.4.15

Fig 2.51 Central Business District Streets – 2: Two-Way Street Details 2.4.16

Fig 2.52 Central Business District Streets – 3: Two-Way Street Details 2.4.17

Fig 2.53 Examples of Specific Applications of Road Marking Types (Urban) 2.4.18

Fig 2.54 Pedestrian Crossings – 1: At Junctions 2.4.20

Fig 2.55 Pedestrian Crossings – 2:Mid-Block 2.4.21

Fig 2.56 Pedestrian Crossings – 3: Compromise Application for School Crossing at Junction with or 2.4.22

without Scholar Patrol

Fig 2.57 Pedestrian Refuge Islands 2.4.23

Fig 2.58 Specific Details of Pedestrian related Applications of Road Markings 2.4.24

Fig 2.59 Reversible Lane Applications 2.4.26

Fig 2.60 Less Common Applications - 1 2.4.28

Fig 2.61 Less Common Applications - 2 2.4.29

Fig 2.62 Road Marking Do’s and Don’ts 2.4.31

Fig 2.63 Freeway Broken Line Module Characteristics 2.5.3

Fig 2.64 Longitudinal Line Combinations – 1 (Freeway) 2.5.4

Fig 2.65 Longitudinal Line Combinations – 2 (Freeway) 2.5.5

Fig 2.66 Exclusive Exit Lanes 2.5.6

Fig 2.67 Weaving Lanes 2.5.7

Fig 2.68 Crawler Lane – Heavy Vehicles 2.5.8

Fig 2.69 Lane Drop – Fast Lane/Slow Lane 2.5.9

Fig 2.70 Typical Off-Ramp 2.5.11

Fig 2.71 Typical On-Ramp 2.5.12

Fig 2.72 Multi-Lane Ramps – Diamond or Parclo 2.5.13

Fig 2.73 Special Ramp Configurations - 1 2.5.14

Fig 2.74 Special Ramp Configurations - 2 2.5.15

Fig 2.75 Crossroad Ramp Terminal Treatment - 1 2.5.17

Fig 2.76 Crossroad Ramp Terminal Treatment – 2 2.5.18

Fig 2.77 Crossroad Treatment – 3 (Freeway) 2.5.19

Fig 2.78 Arrestor Bed Details 2.5.21

Fig 2.79 SOS Telephone Shoulder Layout 2.5.23

Fig 2.80 90o Parking - including Motor Cycle Parking 2.6.2

Fig 2.81 60o Parking 2.6.3

Fig 2.82 45o Parking – including Motor Cycle Parking 2.6.4

Fig 2.83 Parallel Parking 2.6.5


2.0.4 CONTENTS


Fig 2.84 Parallel “Envelope” Parking 2.6.6

Fig 2.85 Disabled Persons and Exclusive Parking Bays 2.6.8

Fig 2.86 Loading Bays and Exclusive Parking bays 2.6.9

Fig 2.87 RM5 – Painted Islands – 1 – Basic Bar Details 2.7.2

Fig 2.88 RM5 – Painted Islands – 2 – Basic “Dividing” Island/Chevron Bar and Hollow Bar Details 2.7.3

Fig 2.89 RM5 – Painted Islands – 3 – Types/Applications of Painted Island Markings 2.7.4

Fig 2.90 RM5 – Painted Islands – 4 2.7.5



Fig 2.93 RM10 – Box Junction 2.7.9

Fig 2.94 RM11 – Zig Zag Zone Lines 2.7.10

Fig 2.95 WM10 – Speed Hump 2.7.11

Fig 2.96 RM8 – Mandatory Direction Arrows – 1;WM7 - Mandatory Direction Arrow Ahead - 1 2.7.13



Fig 2.99 RM15 – Traffic Circle Mandatory Arrows - 1 2.7.16

Fig 2.100 RM15 – Traffic Circle Mandatory Arrows - 2 2.7.17

Fig 2.101 WM6 – Lane Reduction Arrows - 1 2.7.18

Fig 2.102 WM6 – Lane Reduction Arrows - 2 2.7.19

Fig 2.103 WM8 – No Overtaking Ahead Arrows - 1 2.7.20

Fig 2.104 WM8 – No Overtaking Ahead Arrows - 2 2.7.21

Fig 2.105 WM11.1 – End of Exclusive Use Lane Arrows – Option to Turn 2.7.22

Fig 2.106 WM11.2 – End of Exclusive Use Lane Arrows – Straight-on Option 2.7.23

Fig 2.107 GM3 – Bifurcation Arrows - 1 2.7.24

Fig 2.108 GM3 – Bifurcation Arrows - 2 2.7.25

Fig 2.109 GM4 – Information Arrows 2.7.26

Fig 2.110 RM17.1 – Bicycle Lane Symbol; GM6.1 – Bicycle Symbol 2.7.28

Fig 2.111 GM6.2 – Airport Symbol 2.7.29

Fig 2.112 GM17.3 – Disabled Persons Parking Bay Symbol; GM6.3 – Disabled Persons Symbol 2.7.30

Fig 2.113 RM17.4 – High Occupancy Vehicle Lane Symbol; GM6.4 – High Occupancy Vehicle 2.7.31

(HOV) Symbol

Fig 2.114 RM7.1 – Details of Oval Symbol for use with EXCLUSIVE PARKING BAY Marking RM7 2.7.32

Fig 2.115 RM7.1 – Letter Details - 1 2.7.33





Fig 2.120 WM1 – Railway Crossing Ahead Symbol 2.7.38

Fig 2.121 WM5 – Yield Control Ahead Symbol 2.7.39

Fig 2.122 GM7 – STOP Marking - 1 2.7.41

Fig 2.123 GM7 – STOP Marking - 1 2.7.42

Fig 2.124 GM7 – Letters - 1 2.7.43

Fig 2.125 GM7 – Letters - 2 2.7.44

Fig 2.126 GM7 – Letters - 3 2.7.45

Fig 2.127 GM7 – Letters - 4 2.7.46

Fig 2.128 GM7 – Letters - 5 2.7.47

2.0.3 Tables

Page No.

Table No. Title

Table 2.1 Nominal taper Rates for Longitudinal Lines 2.2.6

Table 2.2 Recommended Longitudinal Roadstud Spacing 2.2.11

Table 2.3 Summary of Road Marking Dimensions (even numbered fol-out pages) 2.2.6 – 16

INTRODUCTION 2.1.1


CHAPTER 2: ROAD MARKING APPLICATIONS

2.1 INTRODUCTION 2.1.1 General

1 Road markings comprise a group of traffic control devices

within the definition of the term Aroad traffic signs@. Road

markings incorporate a wide range of devices which may be

embedded in, or applied or attached to, the road surface,

kerbing or objects within the roadway for the purpose of

regulating, warning or guiding traffic. Road markings also

delineate the limits of the roadway and all or portions of the

travelled way. Delineation devices such as roadstuds, guardrail

retroreflectors and traffic cones are therefore classified as road

markings.

2 This chapter is intended to assist both road marking designers

in the drawing office and field staff responsible for the actual

implementation of the details produced in the drawing office.

One main purpose of the material covered is therefore to make

designers aware, by means of typical drawings, of the range of

road marking "tools" available and how they can and should be

used in conjunction with each other. Whilst there is always a

desire amongst enthusiastic designers to produce their own

style of drawing it is recommended that the figure illustration

conventions used in this chapter be incorporated into working

drawings so that a standard drawing content and method of

display of information may ultimately evolve.

3 In the above context a significant proportion of road marking

field work is commonly undertaken without site specific

drawings, because it involves the application of basic principles

and standards. The second main purpose of this chapter is

therefore to assist with such field work.

4 Road markings, particularly longitudinal markings, play a

valuable role in maintaining the continuity of visual information

to drivers. The provision of continuous road markings along a

road is practical whereas the provision of continuous visual

information by means of road signs is not. Such road markings

are thus important to the driving task and in particular to the

task of vehicle control in terms of the disciplined use of road

space (see Volume 1, Chapter 1, Sections 1.7 and 1.8).

2.1.2 Objectives

1 The objectives to be aimed for in providing road markings are:

(a) road safety;

(b) conformity of practice;

(c) good traffic management leading to optimum road capacity;

(d) provision of the correct marking first time. 2 The application of road markings to the road surface, and

the subsequent maintenance of them, represents an on-going

budgetary problem for all road authorities. It is therefore the

objective of this chapter to provide sufficient information and

guidance to those involved with road markings to create an

awareness of the need to ensure the effectiveness of the

markings they provide.

2.1.3 Coverage of This Chapter

1 Individual road markings and their functions and basic

dimensions are detailed in Volume 1, Chapter 7. These basic

dimensions are summarised in this chapter in Table 2.1.

Detailed dimensions of individual road markings, such as

arrows and symbols, previously included in Volume 4,

Chapter12, have been incorporated into this chapter to

enhance the completeness of the coverage of the chapter. The

specification of road markings and the materials from which

they are created is limited. Details of specifications are given in

Chapters 1 and 7 of Volume 1.

2 Due to the subject matter of various other chapters in this

Volume of the Manual there is potential for overlap in the

coverage of different chapters. Whilst duplication has not be

avoided entirely it has been kept to a minimum.

3 The typical examples of road marking applications given in this

chapter concentrate on combinations of road markings, and ,

where appropriate, their dimensional relationship, and deal less

with road signs or traffic signals than other chapters. Indications

of road signs or traffic signals are generally limited to the

display of the appropriate sign number or traffic signal symbol.

4 Road markings appropriate to specific subjects are covered in a

diagrammatic manner in the figures in the following chapters:

(a) Chapter 7: Signing for Railway Crossings;

(b) Chapter 8: Public Transport Signing;

(c) Chapter 11: Signing for Heavy Vehicles;

(d) Chapter 12: Signing for Traffic Calming;

(e) Chapter 14: Signing for Pedestrian Environments.

The figures in these chapters do not normally give dimensional

details. Not all of the concepts covered by these figures are

dealt with in this chapter. As a general rule, however, if

designers wish to develop concepts that are not covered in

detail, it is very likely that a sufficient number of similar

concepts are covered by the typical application examples, for

these to act as a toolbox of components. Designers can utilise

these to suit their needs (see Subsection 2.1.5).

5 Chapter 3 deals with regulatory and warning road signs and

markings and therefore has similar coverage, in many ways, to

this chapter. Where there is an overlap in coverage this chapter

concentrates on the road markings, including dimensional

detailing, and the figures are closer to a scale representation of

the roadway. Chapter 3 tends to give a diagrammatic coverage

highlighting the relationship between signs and markings, with

only nominal dimensional information.

SARTSM – VOL 2 ROAD MARKING MAY 2012

INTRODUCTION 2.1.2

6 The provision of road traffic signs must be considered during

the geometric design of a road or intersection of roads. Whilst

this must be undertaken with due regard to the relationship

between the signs and markings, it is generally recommended

that consideration of the road markings be undertaken as an

integral part of the design and this should occur early in the

design process. This approach is likely to highlight any

geometric deficiencies before completion of the design.

7 The examples of typical road marking details given in this

chapter have been broadly grouped into the following

categories:

(a) Section 2.2 - Basic Principles;

(b) Section 2.3 - Rural Situations;

(c) Section 2.4 - Urban Situations;

(d) Section 2.5 - Freeways;

(e) Section 2.6 - Parking Environments.

8 In grouping typical applications into rural, urban and freeway,

specific examples have been placed in the most appropriate

group. Many such examples may also be appropriate to

another group. In general the examples are not repeated under

these circumstances. This does not mean that the principles,

for example, applied to an example of the marking of a rural

climbing lane are not appropriate to a climbing lane to be

provided within an urban area. What should be adapted to the

urban environment are those design components which vary

with speed, space or specific urban standards i.e. line marking

modules. The same type of situation may occur in terms of

details which are grouped as freeway examples but which may

also be appropriate on a high speed at-grade road. Whenever

possible, attention will be drawn to such examples in the text.

9 Specific details of the many arrows, symbols and letters used

as road markings are given in Section 2.7 - Enhanced Standard

Details.

10 It is important that the geometric elements of road marking be

considered in the context of the geometry of the road on which

they are to be marked. This will be highlighted when

appropriate in relevant subsections.

2.1.4 Road Marking Classification

1 Road markings are made up of the following types;

(a) transverse markings (approximately at right angles to the

roadway centre line);

(b) longitudinal markings;

(c) arrows;

(d) painted islands;

(e) symbols;

(f) words, letters and/or numerals;

(g) parking markings;

(h) roadstuds;

(i) other delineation devices.

2 Road markings are classified by their functional purpose. In this way a particular type of marking such as an arrow, which is identical in shape to another arrow, may take on a different function according to the manner in which it is used or

according to its colour. It should be noted that whilst different

markings are applied in different colours, specific colours are

not linked generically to specific functions i.e. whilst (with one

minor exception) yellow is only used for regulatory markings,

all regulatory markings are not yellow in colour. The exception

to the use of yellow occurs when SYMBOL MARKINGS GM6

and/or WORD MARKINGS GM7 are used with a regulatory

marking, under which circumstances it is recommended that

the GM6 and/or GM7 markings also be marked in yellow.

Approved legal road marking styles, patterns, and symbols are

illustrated in Figures 2.1 to 2.9, and full details of their

characteristics are listed in Table 2.1.

3 The functional classification of road markings is as follows:

(a) regulatory markings;

(b) warning markings;

(c) guidance markings;

(d) roadstuds;

(e) other delineation devices.

4 The following rules apply in general to the wide range of road

markings:

(a) broken longitudinal lines are permissive in character;

(b) continuous solid longitudinal lines are restrictive in

character;

(c) double continuous solid longitudinal lines indicate maximum

levels of restriction;

(d) an increase in the width of a line and/or in the density of a

broken line is an indication of increased emphasis in the

message being given by the marking.

5 Broken line markings are not random patterns of lines and

gaps. Each such marking type has specific dimensions and the

patterns are repeated at regular intervals as MODULES (see

Table 2.1 and Figures 2.11 and 2.12).

2.1.5 Figure Conventions

1 Illustration of complex road markings, incorporating the level of

detail required to achieve the objectives of this chapter, can

result in complex and difficult to read figures when these are

confined to an A4, or even an A3 page format. In order to limit

the figure complexity much of the information is given by means

of a number of conventions, some of which are exclusive to this

chapter. These conventions are shown in Figure 2.10.

2 An effort has been made to ensure that the figures are as

realistic as possible, at the expense of being absolutely true to

scale. In almost all instances which depict a lengthy section of

roadway the lateral scale has been exaggerated in relation to

the longitudinal scale. In the longitudinal direction the scale of

"lines" and "gaps" has been made as true as practical.

Wherever possible road markings have been shown in hollow

outline rather than solid (although the hollow shapes may be

shaded to illustrate a particular colour).

3 Apart from Figures 2.1 to 2.9, which illustrate all the available

road marking types, the figures which detail typical applications

are generally treated in one of three ways, as follows:

(continued on page 2.1.12)


INTRODUCTION 2.1.3

Fig 2.1 Regulatory Road Markings - 1


INTRODUCTION 2.1.4



INTRODUCTION 2.1.5



INTRODUCTION 2.1.6



INTRODUCTION 2.1.7



INTRODUCTION 2.1.8

Fig 2.6 Warning Road Markings - 1


INTRODUCTION 2.1.9

Fig 2.7 Warning Road Markings - 2


INTRODUCTION 2.1.10

Fig 2.8 Guidance Road Markings - 1

volume 2 road traffic sign applications

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