wade and tavris © 2005 prentice hall 11-1 invitation to psychology carol wade and carol tavris...

Wade and Tavris © 2005 Prentice Hall

11-1

Invitation To Psychology

Carol Wade and Carol TavrisPowerPoint Presentation by

H. Lynn BradmanMetropolitan Community College-Omaha


11-2

Psychological Disorders


11-3

Psychological Disorders

• Defining and Diagnosing Disorder• Anxiety Disorders• Mood Disorders• Personality Disorders• Dissociative Identity Disorder• Drug Abuse and Addiction• Schizophrenia


11-4

Defining and Diagnosing Disorder


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Defining and Diagnosing Disorder

• Dilemmas of Definition• Diagnosis: Art or Science?


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Dilemmas of Definition

• Possible Models for Defining Disorders:– Mental disorder as a violation of cultural standards.– Mental disorder as maladaptive or harmful behavior.– Mental disorder as emotional distress.

• Mental Disorder: – Any behavior or emotional state that causes an

individual great suffering or worry, is self-defeating or self-destructive, or is maladaptive and disrupts the person’s relationships or the larger community.


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Diagnostic and Statistical Manual

• Axis I: Clinical Syndromes • Axis II: Personality Disorders • Axis III: General Medical Conditions • Axis IV: Psychosocial and Environmental

Conditions • Axis V: Global Assessment of Functioning

Scale


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Concerns About Diagnostic System

• The danger of overdiagnosis

• The power of diagnostic labels

• Confusion of serious mental disorders with normal problems

• The illusion of objectivity


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Projective Tests

• Projective Tests:– Psychological tests used to infer a person’s

motives, conflicts, and unconscious dynamics on the basis of the person’s interpretations of ambiguous stimuli.


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Projective Tests

• Rorschach Inkblot Test: – A projective

personality test that asks respondents to interpret abstract, symmetrical inkblots.

A sample inkblot


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Objective Tests

• Inventories: – Standardized objective questionnaires

requiring written responses; they typically include scales on which people are asked to rate themselves.

• Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI): – A widely used objective personality test.


11-12

Anxiety Disorders


11-13

Anxiety Disorders

• Anxiety and Panic• Fears and Phobias• Obsessions and Compulsions


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Anxiety and Panic

• Generalized Anxiety Disorder: – A continuous state of anxiety marked by

feelings of worry and dread, apprehension, difficulties in concentration, and signs of motor tension.

• Panic Disorder: – An anxiety disorder in which a person

experiences recurring panic attacks, feelings of impending doom or death, accompanied by physiological symptoms such as rapid breathing and dizziness.


11-15

Posttraumatic Stress Disorder

• Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD):– An anxiety disorder in which a person who

has experienced a traumatic or life-threatening event has symptoms such as psychic numbing, reliving the the trauma, and increased physiological arousal.


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Fears and Phobias

• Phobia: An exaggerated, unrealistic fear of a specific situation, activity, or object.


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Obsessions and Compulsions

• Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD):– An anxiety disorder in which a person feels

trapped in repetitive, persistent thoughts (obsessions) and repetitive, ritualized behaviors (compulsions) designed to reduce anxiety.


11-18

Mood Disorders


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Mood Disorders

• Depression and Bipolar Disorder• Theories of Depression


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Depression

• Major Depression: – A mood disorder involving disturbances in

• emotion (excessive sadness), • behavior (loss of interest in one’s usual

activities),• cognition (thoughts of hopelessness), • and body function (fatigue and loss of

appetite).


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Symptoms of Depression

• Depressed mood • Reduced interest in almost all activities • Significant weight gain or loss, without dieting • Sleep disturbance (insomnia or too much sleep) • Change in motor activity (too much or too little) • Fatigue or loss of energy • Feelings of worthlessness or guilt • Reduced ability to think or concentrate • Recurrent thoughts of death

DSM IV Requires 5 of these within the past 2 weeks


11-22

Gender, Age, and Depression

• Women are about twice as likely as men to be diagnosed with depression.– True around the world

• After age 65, rates of depression drop sharply in both sexes.


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Theories of Depression

• Biological explanations emphasize genetics and brain chemistry.

• Social explanations emphasize the stressful circumstances of people’s lives.

• Attachment explanations emphasize problems with close relationships.


11-24

Theories of Depression

• Cognitive explanations emphasize particular habits of thinking and ways of interpreting events.

• “Vulnerability-Stress” explanations draw on all four explanations described above.


11-25

Bipolar Disorder

• Bipolar Disorder: – A mood disorder in

which episodes of depression and mania (excessive euphoria) occur.

Mood


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Personality Disorders


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Personality Disorders

• Problem Personalities• Antisocial Personality Disorder


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Problem Personalities

• Personality Disorder: – Rigid, maladaptive patterns that cause personal

distress or an inability to get along with others.

• Narcissistic Personality Disorder: – A disorder characterized by an exaggerated sense of

self-importance and self-absorption.

• Paranoid Personality Disorder: – A disorder characterized by habitually unreasonable

and excessive suspiciousness and jealousy.


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Antisocial Personality Disorder

• Antisocial Personality Disorder (APD): – A disorder characterized by antisocial

behavior such as lying, stealing, manipulating others, and sometimes violence; and a lack of guilt, shame and empathy.

– Sometimes called psychopathy or sociopathy.


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Emotions and Antisocial Personality Disorder

• People with APD were slow to develop classically conditioned responses to anger, pain, or shock.

• Such responses indicate normal anxiety.


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Dissociative Identity Disorder


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Dissociative Disorders

• Dissociative Disorders: – Conditions in which consciousness or identity

is split or altered.

• Dissociative Identity Disorder: – A controversial disorder marked by the

appearance within on person of two or more distinct personalities, each with its own name and traits; commonly known as “Multiple Personality Disorder (MPD).”


11-33

Flaws in MPD Diagnosis

• Flaws in Underlying Research• Pressure and Suggestions by Clinicians• Influence of the Media


11-34

Drug Abuse and Addiction


11-35

Drug Abuse and Addiction

• Biology and Addiction• Learning, Culture, and Addiction• Debating the Causes of Addiction


11-36

Biology and Addiction

• Some people have a biological vulnerability to addiction.

• This may be due to their metabolism, biochemistry, or personality traits.


11-37

Biology and Addiction

• Heavy drug abuse also changes the brain in ways that make addiction more likely


11-38

Learning, Culture, and Addiction

• Addiction patterns vary according to cultural practices and the social environment.

• Policies of total abstinence tend to increase addiction rates rather than reduce them.

• Not all addicts have withdrawal symptoms when they stop taking a drug.

• Addiction does not depend on the properties of the drug alone, but also on the reason for taking it.


11-39

Drugs and Vietnam Veterans

• US Soldiers who tested “drug positive” in Vietnam showed a dramatic drop in drug use when they returned to civilian life.

• This contradicts what the biomedical model of addiction would predict.


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Debating the Causes of Addiction

• Problems with drugs are more likely when:– A person has a physiological vulnerability to a drug.– A person believes she or he has no control over the

drug.– Laws or customs encourage people to take the drug in

binges, and moderate use is neither tolerated nor taught.

– A person comes to rely on a drug as a method of coping with problems, suppressing anger or fear, or relieving pain.

– Members of a person’s peer group use drugs or drink heavily, forcing the person to choose between using drugs or losing friends.


11-41

Schizophrenia


11-42

Schizophrenia

• Symptoms of Schizophrenia• Theories of Schizophrenia


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Symptoms of Schizophrenia

• Bizarre Delusions• Hallucinations and Heightened Sensory

Awareness• Disorganized, Incoherent Speech• Grossly Disorganized and Inappropriate

Behavior


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Delusions and Hallucinations

• Delusions: – False beliefs that often accompany

schizophrenia and other psychotic disorders.

• Hallucinations: – Sensory experiences that occur in the

absence of actual stimulation.


11-45

Positive and Negative Symptoms

• Positive Symptoms– Cognitive, emotional, and behavioral

excesses

• Examples of Positive Symptoms– Hallucinations– Bizarre Delusions– Incoherent Speech– Inappropriate/Disorganized Behaviors


11-46

Positive and Negative Symptoms

• Negative Symptoms– Cognitive, emotional, and behavioral deficits

• Examples of Negative Symptoms– Loss of Motivation– Emotional Flatness– Social Withdrawal– Slowed speech or no speech


11-47

Theories of Schizophrenia

• Genetic predispositions• Structural brain abnormalities• Neurotransmitter abnormalities


11-48

Theories of Schizophrenia

• Prenatal abnormalities• Adolescent abnormalities in brain development

MRI scans show that aperson withSchizophrenia (left) is more likely than a healthy person (right) to have enlarged ventricles.


11-49

Genetic Vulnerability to Schizophrenia

• The risk of developing schizophrenia (i.e., prevalence) in one’s lifetime increases as the genetic relatedness with a diagnosed schizophrenic increases.

wade and tavris © 2005 prentice hall 11-1 invitation to psychology carol wade and carol tavris...

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