STAR PARTY AT UPLANDS

The High Weald Areas of Outstanding Beauty Unit and the Wadhurst Astronomical Society held a star party at Uplands College on Wednesday the 25

th of February which turned out to be an outstanding success all round. There was a large Planetarium with three

presentations during the evening together with presentations to make the public aware of how they can help in maintaining dark skies in this age of street lights and security illumination. Phil Berry was approached last year by the High Weald AONB Unit regarding the Wadhurst Dark Sky Survey and the Star Party evolved out of those first discussions. We provided about ten manned telescopes which were very popular with guests during times between clouds and planetarium shows; with estimated queues of up to thirty people looking through the telescopes. The Moon was well placed and with the terminator half way across its surface, details were revealed which many had only seen in photographs before. One small boy asked Phil if what he was looking at through the telescope was live or a recording… Jupiter came in for a lot of interest as well with the four main moons well spread out. During the evening Io was moving quite noticeably. Brian Mills gave help in recognising the constellations and much more.

The Society also had presentations in two classrooms joined together. Stellarium was being demonstrated, a number of photographs were on display and there was one table devoted to the forthcoming solar eclipse early on the 20

th of March. Also several telescopes

provided a lot of interest. Some of our members were even able to show one member of the staff how to laser-collimate his telescope who later took it outside to join the other telescopes. The evening certainly introduced a lot of interest in astronomy amongst the public. Perhaps we may see some of them at our meetings. Uplands staff made everybody very welcome and helped make the evening the success it was.

MEETINGS

FEBRUARY MEETING

Our February meeting was introduced by Phil Berry who began by welcoming new members and visitors. Then after outlining the evening’s programme he introduced our main speaker, Rob Cray.

Wadhurst Astronomical Society Newsletter March 2015

The Society telescopes being set up Photo taken by John Wayte

Two classrooms joined together for the Society to use

Rob was really the cause behind the formation of the Wadhurst Astronomical Society back in 1996. He had taught astronomy at Uplands College to a group of local mature students who formed the Society on conclusion of their course and today the Society is as strong now as it was when it began. Steps to Apollo. The Mercury and Gemini Programmes Rob Cray

Previously, Rob has given two excellent talks about the Apollo Space Programme and tonight he talked in more detail about the Mercury and Gemini programmes and the astronauts involved. We were reminded that in 1962 the Russians were already well ahead of the Americans in manned space exploration having launched Vostock 3, which had orbited the Earth for three days and rendezvoused with Vostock 4. Up until this time, the Americans had sent Shepard and Grissom into sub-orbital flights. President Kennedy gave a great speech in which he ended by saying that “Space is there, with the moon and the planets and with God’s blessing we set sail on the most hazardous adventure on which man has ever embarked”. The first American astronauts consisted of seven test pilots so the mission was given the name Mercury 7 and Rob said that the Americans didn’t talk to the Russians so their training was very intense because they didn’t know what to expect.

Training included experiencing parabolic weightless flights in aircraft, being spun in a giant centrifuge and being tested up to a staggering 14G although the normal maximum weight so far experienced is about 9G. The first American to reach orbit was John Glenn who landed back to Earth in the sea, as did all the early American Astronauts, but not all the original 7 astronauts got to fly in orbit. We were shown the early Mission Control centre, which consisted of just a few portacabins surrounded by a few radio communication dishes and the facilities inside were very basic; computers in those days were pretty fundamental.

To get into orbit, it was necessary to achieve a speed of at least 15,000 miles per hour and then the astronauts had to survive in the vacuum of space outside their craft in very low temperatures. On returning to earth, the capsule’s heat shield had to withstand temperatures of around 2,000

o C and then land safely, albeit at in water.

The original seven astronauts in the Mercury programme NASA photograph

Friendship 7 showing the cramped space

The early Mercury control centre buildings The interior of the early control centre

The design of the capsule was such that the shape left the heat shield facing the direction of re-entry and was designed to slowly lose material. Despite the high temperatures reached by the shield, the astronauts had to be kept at a temperature of about 25

oC.

Rob told us that the original contract went to McDonnell and there were three rockets used in the test flights. The Atlas rocket, the Redstone rocket with the aid of Von Braun and his team from the German V2 project and the Little Joe rocket. In those early unmanned test days, there were a number of failures where the rocket burst into flames either on the launch pad or shortly after launch, so it was vital to provide an escape system for manned flights. The Mercury mission designed a solid fuel booster to eject the capsule and the astronaut away from the rocket very quickly, but it would have meant experiencing a weight of about 20G for a very short time. Then a parachute would be used to land. We were told in more detail about John Glenn’s first flight into orbit aboard Friendship 7 using an Atlas rocket and he covered three orbits of the Earth. Part of the design for re-entry was a skirt that would be deployed beneath the heat shield just before landing to soften the impact with the water, but it was thought that this had somehow come adrift and could have prevented the shield from working properly during re-entry so it was decided to retain the retro pack that would normally have been jettisoned earlier. In the end it was found that it had been a false alarm and Glenn landed safely. Next Rob looked at the Gemini missions that looked further into keeping a man in space longer and preparing for the Apollo Missions to get Man to the Moon and back. It was necessary to make working outside the spacecraft safe and to perfect living for longer periods in space possible. Also, landing back on Earth had to work reliably. But there were many other test preparations needed for landing on and taking off from the Moon as well. Gemini 1 and 2 were unmanned missions then Grissom and White flew in Gemini 3 for about 5 hours in a successful mission. Ed White flew with McDivitt on Gemini 4 where White worked outside the spacecraft for about 30 minutes.

Following the success of the earlier Gemini missions, Gemini 5 with Copper and Conrad aboard orbited the earth for 8 days, describing it as pretty disgusting, having had to store their waste on board. Rob said they found the star fields quite disorientating and actually covered up the windows for a time. It was a successful mission and confidence was built up for the further missions to come. Gemini 6 failed to launch and also the Agina rocket they were going to attempt to dock with also failed so the next mission was Gemini 7 with Borman and Lovell who were in orbit for 14 days and managed to rendezvous with the now renamed Gemini 6A. Rob told us that to rendezvous in space is a navigational nightmare because as one craft approaches the other, speeding up to catch up puts the craft in a higher orbit, so calculations become very involved. Gemini 8 manned by Neil Armstrong and Scott successfully docked with the Agina spacecraft, but had problems after undocking when they went into a rapid spin and had to abandon the rest of the mission and return to Earth. Stafford and Cernan flew Gemini 9 with further docking experience gained and more space walks but this time using the Manual Manoeuvring Unit for the first time, enabling them to manoeuvre themselves around the spacecraft. Young and Collins flew Gemini 10 and reached a higher orbit of 500 miles and also continued more EVAs (Extra Vehicular Activities), although we were told that Michael Collins managed to lose his camera and some bits of equipment into space. Gemini 11 was flown by Conrad and Gordon and was important in practicing docking with the Agina rocket within one orbit and also use a tether between two orbiting spacecraft for the first time. This time they reached a height of 740 miles and managed to bring back micrometeorite packages that had been collected. Lovell and Buzz Aldrin flew Gemini 12. Various improvements to the handholds on the outside of the craft had been carried out and the EVAs were very successful. We were told that Buzz Aldrin took a photograph of himself and claims to have been the first person to take a ‘selfie’. They also managed to take a picture of a solar eclipse from space.

Ed White during an EVA on Gemini 4 NASA

Gemini 11 tethered to the Agina space craft NASA

Rob concluded by saying how much the mission had cost. The Mercury mission cost about $1.7 billion in today’s money and Gemini cost £7.3 billion, again in today’s money. Finally he said that if Apollo were to be repeated today, it would cost in the region of $140 billion! Snippets from the World of Science John Wayte

Mars

Mars is continuing to throw up mysteries; this time in the form of a huge plume of gas. Once again amateur astronomers have scored a point over the big boys and have become the first to spot an abnormality. Wayne Jaeschke is the amateur astronomer who seems to be taking the credit for spotting this phenomenon. What I don’t understand is that while these interesting huge plumes of gas are hot news now, they were first spotted BACK in March 2012. We get all excited when we see “Old Faithful” erupting in its regular cycle in Yellowstone Park to a magnificent height of 44 metres (145 feet) but if you stood on Mars at the foot of this plume then you would have to look up to 250 Km (155 miles).

Having made this discovery the scientists now have taken some interest and have reviewed Hubble images and discovered that these plumes are not uncommon but usually reach 100 metres; what us unusual is that this one maxed out at 250 Km. What are they? Well, the scientists are not sure. They could be plumes of water ice, carbon dioxide or dust particles. Mars does have an atmosphere but only a very weak one, about 1% of the Earth’s, and dust and ice crystals can swirl up into the sky but have never been seen at anything like these heights. There are currently 5 active satellites orbiting Mars but ironically none were in the correct position to observe these plumes. Images of over 3,500 photographs taken by amateur astronomers have been scanned together with past shots taken by Hubble. One Hubble image taken in May 7

th 1997 did show a similar plume in a similar spot.

Apparently NASA are waiting for the conspiracy theories.

MARCH MEETING Wednesday 18

th March 2015 – Chris Morris talks on “The Use of Heavenly Bodies for Astro Navigation”

FUTURE MEETINGS

Wednesday 15th April 2015 – Nik Szymanek “Shooting Stars” Wednesday 20th May – Konrad Malin-Smith talks about “Hydrogen in the Universe” Wednesday 17th June - Our Chairman, John Vale-Taylor, updates us on his journey of discovery in astrophotography Wednesday 15th July - Our Observing Director, Brian Mills FRAS, goes back to basics with “Astronomy from the Ground Up”

Mars gas plume taken from orbit NASA Hubble

ANNUAL SUBSCRIPTIONS We have now entered the Society’s new session and membership fees remain the same as they were last year. Membership for the year is £16 and £23 for two members within the same family at the same address. Children and students under 17 remain free and are always welcome. Subscriptions can be paid at the meetings, preferably by cheque made payable to “Wadhurst Astronomical Society” or can be posted to our Treasurer;

Michael Wyles at: 31 Rowan Tree Road

Tunbridge Wells Kent

TN2 5PZ

SKYWATCHER EXPLORER TELESCOPE FOR SALE Barry Atkins has a Skywatcher Explorer 130P SynScan AZ Go To telescope for sale. This is a Newtonian 130 mm parabolic mirror computerised telescope with a focal length of 650 mm and has a 25 mm and 10 mm eyepiece together with a x2 Barlow lens.

The mount is Alt-Azimuth but being computerised, sets itself up almost on its own and the telescope comes with a stainless steel tripod mount. Included is the instruction manual. Barry can be contacted on 01892 545331. An offer of around £200 is suggested.

SKY NOTES FOR MARCH 2015

Planets

Mercury was at greatest elongation towards the end of February, so is now pulling back towards the Sun. It is currently a morning object but is poorly placed due to its southerly declination and the proximity of the ecliptic to the horizon. The next apparition is, of course, an evening one which will occur in early May and will be far more favourable than currently. Venus is becoming more obvious in the western sky after sunset as its brightness reaches -4.0. On the evening of 1

st March, it lies

equidistant from Mars and Uranus below the stars of Pisces, although Mars is, in fact, actually just over the border in Cetus. The positions of all three planets, with Venus at an altitude of 20°, are shown in fig.1. As Venus continues its journey eastwards it passes within 0.1° of magnitude 5.9 Uranus on 4

th March.

Jupiter is a brilliant object in the east as soon as the Sun has set. It was at opposition early in February and is still extremely well placed for observation despite is brightness dropping very slightly. It is still moving retrograde (west to east) and will continue to do so until April when it reaches its second stationary point. Retrograde motion is not caused by Jupiter itself changing direction but is simply a line of sight effect caused by the Earth catching up and overtaking the gas giant “on the inside track” so to speak as demonstrated in fig. 3. The planets path through Leo and Cancer is shown in fig.4.

Due to the closeness of Jupiter it is worth trying to observe it with any optical aid that you have. Binoculars will show the four largest, Galilean, moons and small telescopes will give a hint of the cloud bands that encircle the planet. Saturn is still a morning object rising as it does at 01.15 GMT at the beginning of March. Due to the change to BST it still rises after midnight at the end of the month although it will technically become an evening object in April in preparation for a May opposition. Its position in the middle of the month is shown in fig. 5 with the Sun is 6° below the horizon. The north pole of the planet is tilted towards the Earth by 25° giving us excellent views of the ring system. For those of you observing Saturn, its largest moon, Titan, is at western elongation on the 13

th and 29

th. For eastern elongations the best days to view it are the 5

th and 21

st.

Lunar Occultations

In the table below I’ve listed events for stars down to magnitude 7.0 that occur before midnight although there are many others that are either of fainter stars or occur at more unsociable hours. DD = disappearance at the dark limb and RD = reappearance at the dark limb. The column headed “mm” (millimetres) shows the minimum aperture telescope required for each event. Please remember that the Society has telescopes that members can borrow, all of which are suitable for the such events. Times are in GMT unless otherwise indicated.

March Time Star Mag Ph Alt ° % illum. mm

2nd

21.15 ZC1320 6.7 DD 50 93 80

3rd

03.33 ZC1341 4.3 DD 16 94 40

4th 21.35 ZC1518 6.1 DD 39 99 70

14th 05.55

M23 open cluster

5.5 RD 19 45 40

29th 21.20 BST ZC1281 6.3 DD 52 74 60

Phases of the Moon for March

Full Last ¼ New First ¼

5th 13

th 20

th 27

th

ISS There are no evening passes of the International Space Station (ISS) this month. There are, however, a large number that occur in the early hours of the morning. The details of these can be found at www.heavens-above.com . Iridium Flares The flares that I’ve listed are magnitude -2.0 or brighter although there are a lot more that are fainter or occur after midnight. If you

wish to see a complete list, or obtain timings for somewhere other than Wadhurst, go to www.heavens-above.com . Remember that when one of these events is due, it is sometimes possible to see the satellite before and after the “flare” although, of course, it will be much fainter at those times. There are four events this month that are of magnitude 8.0 or above, which is exceptionally bright and worth trying to observe. Times are in GMT unless otherwise indicated.

Mar. Time Mag. Alt° Az.° Mar. Time Mag. Alt° Az.°

8th 18.47 -2.7 58 157 (SSE) 27

th 19.04 -8.4 65 137 (SE)

12th 20.07 -3.9 49 103 (ESE) 27

th 20.39 -8.0 44 79 (E)

17th 19.47 -4.2 54 110 (ESE) 28

th 20.38 -5.8 46 81 (E)

21st 19.31 -3.7 60 121 (ESE) 29

th 22.33 * -6.1 13 36 (NE)

22nd

19.23 -3.2 60 122 (ESE) 29th 22.36 * -3.0 15 39 (NE)

22nd

19.25 -8.3 61 122 (ESE) 31st 21.24 * -8.2 50 84 (E)

26th 20.45 -2.3 43 78 (ENE) * denotes times in BST

The Night Sky in March (Written for 22.00hrs GMT mid month) In the south Leo and Cancer lie either side of the meridian. The only stars that lie between them and the zenith belong to the faint constellations of Lynx and Leo Minor. The overhead point itself belongs to one of the fainter stars in a leg of the Great Bear. Below Cancer lies the head of Hydra, the Water Snake, whose body winds eastwards and southwards until it just touches the horizon. Sirius, the brightest star not only in Canis Major but in the entire night sky, is in the south west at an altitude of 13°.

In the west those doyens of the cold crisp winter nights, although still visible, have passed their best. Orion is making his way towards the horizon, although the celestial twins remain well placed at an altitude of 60°. Aldebaren and Capella lie almost due west. Looking north two of the stars of the Summer Triangle, Deneb and Vega, are just above the horizon. A little higher we find Cepheus on the meridian with Cassiopeia to the west and the head of Draco to the east. The smaller of the bears points to the east whilst the best known portion (the plough) of its larger namesake is very nearly overhead. Turning to the east its clear that spring is on the way because Boötes, Corona Borealis and Hercules are now all easily visible. Virgo, which as a Zodiacal constellation straddles the ecliptic, has, with the bright star Spica, cleared the horizon. What Objects Can I Look For This Month? (Fig.6) 1. Canis Major is the larger of the two mythological dogs that make up Orion’s retinue. The brightest star is found by drawing a line through the stars in the hunter’s belt and continuing it in a generally south easterly direction until it passes close to Sirius. The rest of the constellation can then be identified. 2. Lepus is the hare that sits immediately below Orion and was one of Ptolemy’s original 48 constellations. Its stars are not particularly bright but, despite that, the shape is obvious. A line from the central star in the belt down through the Orion nebula will lead you to alpha (α) at magnitude +2.5. Of course, at that low altitude, atmospheric extinction plays a considerable role in how bright a celestial body appears to be, as shown in the table.

Altitude above horizon (°) Brightness reduction by magnitude

1 3

4 2

10 1

17 0.6

21 0.4

26 0.3

32 0.2

43 0.1

Comets

Comet 2014 Q2 (Lovejoy) is still visible towards the north west and at an altitude of around 40°. The diagram in fig. 7 shows its position amongst the stars of Cassiopeia, whilst the table gives its magnitude at five day intervals.

March Mag March Mag

1st 6.4 20

th 7.5

5th 6.6 25

th 8.1

10th 7.1 30

th 8.3

15th 7.3

DSLR Evening

Unfortunately. our latest attempt at imaging from Ashdown Forest was thwarted by the weather. However, we now plan to try again on March 10

th,11

th and 12

th, so if you are interested please let me know using the e-mail address at the end of this newsletter.

Total Solar Eclipse

On the morning of March 20th the UK will see a solar eclipse that will not be bettered until 2026.

The times of the three most important stages of the event are given in the table.

Time Altitude

Begins 08.23 GMT 20°

Max Eclipse (84%) 09.31 GMT 29°

Ends 10.41 GMT 35°

A solar eclipse occurs when the Sun, Moon and Earth line up precisely, allowing the Moon’s shadow to fall on the Earth as shown in fig. 8. The small circle that is formed on the Earth’s surface by the central area of shadow, the umbra, is the only place that a total eclipse can be seen from. As the Earth rotates this dot is drawn out into a small arc, which on March 20

th, falls almost entirely on the

ocean. The only land that it crosses will be the Faroe Islands and Svalbard, which is why most astronomers hoping to see totality will be on board ships stationed somewhere within that shadow. For those of us who can’t travel (the whole of the UK lies within the outer, penumbral, shadow) we will see a very large partial eclipse with around 84% of the Sun obscured as seen from this area. The fact that eclipses occur at all is due to a stroke of pure luck. The Sun is roughly 400 times larger than the Moon but it is also 400 times further away meaning that both bodies appear to be approximately the same size. Also, the planes of rotation of the Moon around the Earth and of the Earth around the Sun are almost coincidental so that at times the three bodies can line up. I say “almost” coincidental because there is a difference of just over 5° between the two. If they were in precise alignment we would see a total solar eclipse, and a total lunar eclipse, every month, but due to this slight discrepancy the Moon almost always appears to pass either above or below the Sun when it is at “new”.

The reason that astronomers travel around the world to see total eclipses is because the brief periods of totality, usually no more than 6 or 7 minutes, allow them to study the Sun’s outer atmosphere called the Corona as shown in fig. 10. At all other times the glare from the Sun is too intense to allow this part of the Sun to be seen. Also, of course, the sight of such an event is in itself spectacular and draws large numbers of so-called “eclipse chasers”. The path of the Moon around the Earth is not circular, but an ellipse which means the apparent size of the Moon varies depending where it is in its orbit. When the Moon is closer to us, and consequently appears larger, the period of totality is longer than when the Moon is more distant and therefore smaller. When the Moon is at its furthest from us it is actually too small to entirely hide the Sun’s disk and in these cases a ring of bright sunlight remains during “totality”. This type of eclipse is called “annular” because an annulus of the Sun remains visible as shown in the photograph in fig.11.

Watching the eclipse requires some care to avoid damaging your eyes. The easiest way to observe without optical aid is to use “eclipse glasses” which consist of cardboard frames with special filters. These protect your eyes from not only the visible light but also from infra-red light which could seriously damage your sight. One of the simplest ways is to use “pinhole projection” which requires just two pieces of card, one with a very small hole in it. The rays of sunlight are allowed to pass through the hole in the front card whilst the other card (preferably white) is held up behind it as shown in the diagram. The image will be small, but the further away the second card is held then the larger the image will be. The image, incidentally, will be inverted rather like a pinhole camera.

If you intend to use a telescope or binoculars, they must have a filter securely fitted at the object glass end of the tube, NEVER rely

solely on a filter at the eyepiece. This is prone to crack or melt because of the heat focussed on it. The only time that you wouldn’t have a filter on a telescope or binoculars is if you are using them for solar projection. In these cases it is imperative that someone is in charge of the instrument to stop an unwary child, or adult, from looking directly at the Sun. The projection method allows the sunlight to pass through the telescope and fall on a card held behind it to reveal the image. Remember that if your telescope has a finder you must keep a cover on the object glass and DON’T use it to align the telescope initially!

Special types of telescope are available, the most popular of which is the Personal Solar Telescope (PST), which allows direct viewing of the Sun in Hα (Hydrogen alpha) light. The advantage of this type of instrument is that any solar prominences occurring at the time will also be visible.

If you wish to purchase eclipse glasses then do so from reputable retailers, two of which are shown below although there are others. They cost between £2.50 and £3. http://www.firstlightoptics.com or http://www.harrisontelescopes.co.uk British Summer Time

Don’t forget that Greenwich Mean Time ends at 01.00hrs on Sunday 29th March.

Brian Mills

NASA SPACEPLACE

The heavyweight champion of the Cosmos By Dr. Ethan Siegel As crazy as it once seemed, we once assumed that the Earth was the largest thing in the entire universe. 2,500 years ago, the Greek philosopher Anaxagoras was ridiculed for suggesting that the Sun might be even larger than the Peloponnesus peninsula, about 16% of modern-day Greece. Today, we know that planets are dwarfed by stars, which themselves are bound together by the billions or even trillions into galaxies. But gravitationally bound structures extend far beyond galaxies, which themselves can bind together into massive clusters across the cosmos. While dark energy may be driving most galaxy clusters apart from one another, preventing our local group from falling into the Virgo Cluster, for example, on occasion, huge galaxy clusters can merge, forming the largest gravitationally bound structures in the universe. Take the "El Gordo" galaxy cluster, catalogued as ACT-CL J0102-4915. It’s the largest known galaxy cluster in the distant universe. A galaxy like the Milky Way might contain a few hundred billion stars and up to just over a trillion (1012) solar masses worth of matter, the El Gordo cluster has an estimated mass of 3 × 1015 solar masses, or 3,000 times as much as our own galaxy! The way we've figured this out is fascinating. By seeing how the shapes of background galaxies are distorted into more elliptical-than-average shapes along a particular set of axes, we can reconstruct how much mass is present in the cluster: a phenomenon known as weak gravitational lensing. That reconstruction is shown in blue, but doesn't match up with where the X-rays are, which are shown in pink! This is because, when galaxy clusters collide, the neutral gas inside heats up to emit X-rays, but the individual galaxies (mostly) and dark matter (completely) pass through one another, resulting in a displacement of the cluster's mass from its center. This has been observed before in objects like the Bullet Cluster, but El Gordo is much younger and farther away. At 10 billion light-years distant, the light reaching us now was emitted more than 7 billion years ago, when the universe was less than half its present age. It's a good thing, too, because about 6 billion years ago, the universe began accelerating, meaning that El Gordo just might be the largest cosmic heavyweight of all. There's still more universe left to explore, but for right now, this is the heavyweight champion of the distant universe! Learn more about “El Gordo” here: http://www.nasa.gov/press/2014/april/nasa-hubble-team-finds-monster-el-gordo-galaxy-cluster-bigger-than-thought/ El Gordo is certainly huge, but what about really tiny galaxies? Kids can learn about satellite galaxies at NASA’s Space Place http://spaceplace.nasa.gov/satellite-galaxies/.

Image credit: NASA, ESA, J. Jee (UC Davis), J. Hughes (Rutgers U.), F. Menanteau (Rutgers U. and UIUC), C. Sifon (Leiden Observatory), R. Mandelbum (Carnegie Mellon U.), L. Barrientos (Universidad Catolica de Chile), and K. Ng (UC Davis). X-rays are shown in pink from Chandra; the overall matter density is shown in blue, from lensing derived from the Hubble space telescope. 10 billion light-years distant, El Gordo is the most massive galaxy cluster ever found.

CONTACTS

General email address to contact the Committee

wadhurstastro@gmail.com Chairman John Vale-Taylor

Secretary & Events Phil Berry 01892 783544 Treasurer Mike Wyles

Editor Geoff Rathbone 01959 524727 Director of Observations Brian Mills 01732 832691 email: BRIAN@wkrcc.co.uk

Committee Members Paul Treadaway Jim Cooper John Lutkin Eric Gibson John Wayte Wadhurst Astronomical Society website:

www.wadhurstastro.co.uk SAGAS web-sitewww.sagasonline.org.uk Any material for inclusion in the April 2015 Newsletter should be with the Editor by March 28

th 2015