Warm-Up A major criticism of President Franklin D. Roosevelts programs to combat the Great Depression was that these programs a)reduced the power of the Federal Government b)ignored the plight of homeowners with mortgages c)provided too much protection for big business d)made people dependent on the Federal Government Warm-Up A major criticism of President Franklin D. Roosevelts programs to combat the Great Depression was that these programs a)reduced the power of the Federal Government b)ignored the plight of homeowners with mortgages c)provided too much protection for big business d)made people dependent on the Federal Government Ignore #4, It is a repeat question World War II Why it Matters World War II, the most destructive war in history, resulted in the deaths of more than 40 million people. More than half of the deaths were civilians, including about 6 million Jews and many others that were killed in the Holocaust. At the end of the war, the US emerged as the strongest nation in the world and the possessor of a powerful weapon, the atomic bomb. The Impact Today World War II marked the beginning of the nations roles as a superpower. The war also transformed the American economy into an enormously productive and enduringly prosperous economy. PLAYERS World War II Rise of Dictators Hitler (Germany) Mussolini (Italy) Stalin (Soviet Union) Japan Thought they could solve Japans problems by expanding power in Asia 1931 launched an attack on the province of Manchuria in northeastern China 1937 invaded northern China, moving southward until it occupied most of the country 1940 signed a pact of alliance, known as the Axis, with Germany and Italy The United States Wanted to remain neutral Isolationist ideas became even stronger in the early 1930s Nye Committee documented profits arms factories made during World War I, giving the impression that these businesses influenced US involvement Passage of Neutrality Acts of 1935 and 1937 World War II Timeline EARLY AMERICAN INVOLVEMENT America Enters WWII FDR: Four Freedoms Fighting for the Four Freedoms (1) freedom of speech (2) freedom of worship (3) freedom from want (4) freedom from fear Early American Involvement The Neutrality Act of 1939 cash and carry basis for arms sale with Britain and France Destroyers-for-Bases Deal 1940: we give Britain old American destroyers in exchange for the right to build American bases on British-controlled Newfoundland, Bermuda, and islands in the Caribbean Early American Involvement Lend Lease Act the US would be able to lend or lease arms to any country considered vital to the defense of the United States Hemispheric Defense Zones Declared that the entire western half of the Atlantic was part of the Western Hemisphere and therefore neutral US Navy patrol the western Atlantic and reveal the location of German subs to the British Escalating Tensions: Germany September, 1941 German U-boat fired on American ship radioing the U-boats positions to the British FDR responded: shoot on sight policy toward German subs October, 1941 Germans target two American destroyers Escalating Tensions: Japan Britain needed to keep most of its navy in Asia to protect their interests there from Japan As Germany kept taking out British ships, the British had to pull some from Southeast Asia to the Atlantic Enter FDR - - introduce policies to discourage the Japanese from attacking the British empire Escalating Tensions: Japan July, 1940 Export Control Act FDR has the power to restrict the sale of strategic materials to other nations Immediately blocked the sale of airplane fuel and scrap iron to Japan 1941 FDR began sending lend-lease aid to China in an effort to assist the Chinese in preventing the Japanese from attacking elsewhere Did not work: Japanese sent troops into Indochina Escalating Tensions FDR responds froze all Japanese assets in the US; reduced the amount of oil being shipped to Japan; sent General Douglas MacArthur to the Philippines to build up American defenses there Japanese respond War in China now in jeopardy because of a lack of oil and other resources; Plans to attack the resource-rich British and Dutch colonies in Southeast Asia; Decide to seize the Philippines and to attack the American fleet at Pearl Harbor Yesterday, December 7, 1941 a date which will live in infamy the United States of America was suddenly and deliberately attacked by the naval and air forces of Japan I believe I interpret the will of Congress and of the people when I assert that we will not only defend ourselves to the uttermost, but shall never endanger us again No matter how long it may take us the American people in their righteous might will win through to absolute victory. ~ FDR Yesterday, December 7, 1941 a date which will live in infamy the United States of America was suddenly and deliberately attacked by the naval and air forces of Japan I believe I interpret the will of Congress and of the people when I assert that we will not only defend ourselves to the uttermost, but shall never endanger us again No matter how long it may take us the American people in their righteous might will win through to absolute victory. ~ FDR CHANGES ON THE HOMEFRONT America Enters WWII Mobilizing the Economy Government signed cost-plus contracts Government agreed to pay a company whatever it cost to make a product plus a guaranteed percentage of the costs as profit The more a company produced and the faster it did all the work, the more money it would make War Production Board (WPB) Authority to set priorities and production goals and to control the distribution of raw materials and supplies Still problems: clash with military who continued to sign contracts without consulting the WPB Solution: Office of War Mobilization - - settle arguments between different agencies Mobilizing the Economy Wage and Price Control Office of Economic Stabilization (OES) Regulated wages and the price of farm products Office of Price Administration (OPA) Regulated all other prices Both worked to control inflation War Labor Board worked to prevent striking Mobilizing the Economy Blue Points, Red Points Rationing (limiting the availability of many products to make sure enough were available for military use) Meat and sugar were rationed for the army Gas was rationed: driving restricted and speed limit was set at 35 miles an hour Ration coupons Blue = controlled processed foods Red = controlled meats, fats, and oils Give over enough coupons to cover your purchases Mobilizing the Economy Victory Gardens Planted gardens to produce more food Any area of land may be a garden Government encouraged Scrap Drives Collected spare rubber, tin, aluminum, and steel Donated pots, tires, tin cans, car bumpers, broken radiators, and rusting bicycles Collect bacon grease and meat drippings Mobilizing the Economy Paying for the war Federal government spent more than $300 billion Raised taxes (covered 45% of costs) Issued war bonds Buying a bond = loaning money to the government Bond can be cashed in at a future date with interest Most common = E bonds Buy for $18.75 and get $25.00 after 10 years Americans bought $50 billion worth Banks, insurance companies, and other financial institutions bought over $100 billion worth Japanese Relocation Korematsu v. United States (1944) Henry Korematsu argued that his rights had been violated. The Supreme Court ruled against him, saying the relocation was based on military urgency and not on race. Overturned in 1945 in Ex Parte Endo when it said that loyal American citizens could not be held against their will SOCIAL Effects of WWII ECONOMIC Effects of WWII Overall, the US economy grew by 4% in the 1950s, as productivity rose along with population. POLITICAL Effects of WWII Building a New World Creating the United Nations (UN) A new international political organization General Assembly Where every member nation in the world would have one vote Power to vote on resolutions, to choose non-permanent members of Security Council, and vote on UN budget Security Council 11 members, 5 of them permanent: Britain, France, China, the Soviet Union, and the US (had veto power) Responsible for international peace and security Investigate problems, propose solutions Take actions to preserve peace: use military force Building a New World Putting the enemy on trial International Military Tribunal (IMT) Nuremberg Trials, the IMT tried German leaders suspected of committing war crimes 22 leaders were prosecuted 3 acquitted, 7 given sentences, and remaining 12 sentenced to death by hanging Trials of lower-ranking government officials and military officers 24 executed and 107 given prison sentences Building a New World Putting the enemy on trial Similar trials were held in Japan Charged 25 Japanese leaders with a variety of war crimes Did not indict the Japanese emperor Feared any attempt to put him on trial would lead to an uprising Exit Slip In what ways did WWII end the Great Depression? *** 2 paragraph minimum ***