CivilRights

Civil rights are still denied to all minorities.

Civil rights have been achieved by all.

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175Copyright © by Pearson Education, Inc., or its affiliates. All rights reserved.

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21 Civil Rights: Equal Justice Under Law

Why are there ongoing struggles for civil rights?

A. Discrimination once limited the civil rights of minorities in the United States. What are civil rights? Write four examples of civil rights in the web diagram below.

Warmup

Name: __________________________________

B. On the scale below, where would you rate the level of the nation’s civil rights coverage today? Explain your answer.

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Cause Effect(s)onMinorityGroup1. Plessy v. Ferguson, 1896, legalizes

race-based discrimination.

2. Westward expansion leads to the forced relocation of Native Americans to reservations.

3. White Americans resent Chinese contract laborers who work in mines and on railroads.

4. Japan bombs Pearl Harbor, bringing the United States into World War II.

5. Women are placed in a separate “sphere” of society by men.

174Copyright © by Pearson Education, Inc., or its affiliates. All rights reserved.

175Copyright © by Pearson Education, Inc., or its affiliates. All rights reserved.

ChapTEr 21 Why are there ongoing struggles for civil rights? Name: __________________________________

Exploration

I. DiscriminationFind OutA. The Declaration of Independence declares that “all men are created equal,” and the

14th Amendment guarantees “equal protection of the laws” to all Americans. Still, discrimination of minorities was the norm until civil rights acts were passed in the 1950s. In the chart below, use information in your print or online textbook to show the effects of discrimination.

What Do You Think? B. In his “Letter From Birmingham Jail,” civil rights leader Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr., wrote:

“Oppressed people cannot remain oppressed forever. The yearning for freedom eventually manifests itself.” In what ways did the struggle for civil rights manifest itself?

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176Copyright © by Pearson Education, Inc., or its affiliates. All rights reserved.

177Copyright © by Pearson Education, Inc., or its affiliates. All rights reserved.

ChapTEr 21 Why are there ongoing struggles for civil rights? Name: __________________________________

II. Challenging SegregationFind OutA. Use your print or online textbook to define or describe the following:

1. segregation: _____________________________________________________________

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2. Jim Crow laws: ___________________________________________________________

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3. separate-but-equal doctrine: _________________________________________________

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4. integration: ______________________________________________________________

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5. de jure segregation: ________________________________________________________

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6. de facto segregation: _______________________________________________________

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B. What important issue did each case decide regarding segregation in public schools?

1. Missouri ex rel. Gaines v. Canada, 1938

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2. Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka, 1954

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3. Alexander v. Holmes County Board of Education, 1969

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4. Swann v. Charlotte-Mecklenburg Board of Education, 1971

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Gender-BasedDistinctions

Found Unconstitutional Found Constitutional

Example: Example:

Example: Example:

Example: Example:

176Copyright © by Pearson Education, Inc., or its affiliates. All rights reserved.

177Copyright © by Pearson Education, Inc., or its affiliates. All rights reserved.

ChapTEr 21 Why are there ongoing struggles for civil rights? Name: __________________________________

C. In what other areas has legally-enforced racial segregation been eliminated? List four examples below.

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D. List three examples of gender-based distinctions that the Supreme Court has found unconstitutional. Then list three examples that were upheld.

E. On what two grounds will the Supreme Court uphold a law that treats women differently from men?

1. ______________________________________________________________________

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2. ______________________________________________________________________

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What Do You Think? F. Do you think women should have to register for the draft? Why or why not?

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178Copyright © by Pearson Education, Inc., or its affiliates. All rights reserved.

179Copyright © by Pearson Education, Inc., or its affiliates. All rights reserved.

ChapTEr 21 Why are there ongoing struggles for civil rights? Name: __________________________________

B. What is affirmative action, and what is its purpose?

Definition: _________________________________________________________________

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Purpose: __________________________________________________________________

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III. Civil Rights LawsFind OutA. Explain how the federal legislation below and on the next page guarantee the civil rights

of African Americans, other minorities, and women.

1. Civil Rights Act of 1964

2. Civil Rights Act of 1968

3. Title IX

What Do You Think? C. What does the passage of civil rights and voting rights laws suggest about how public

attitudes about discrimination against African Americans have changed over time?

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CivilRightsLeader:_____________________________________Ideals:

Struggles:

Successes:

1868 States ratify the 14th Amendment, including the Equal Protection Clause.

178Copyright © by Pearson Education, Inc., or its affiliates. All rights reserved.

179Copyright © by Pearson Education, Inc., or its affiliates. All rights reserved.

Research a civil rights leader in this country, including his or her ideals, struggles, and successes. Write your research notes on the worksheet below.

apply What You’ve Learned activity

Name: __________________________________ChapTEr 21 Why are there ongoing struggles for civil rights?

On another sheet of paper, create an annotated time line of civil rights legislation in this country from Reconstruction to today. Include brief descriptions of each law or act. In addition, include several quotes from famous civil rights leaders.

Mag_EQJ_Unit5.indd 179 12/16/08 3:28:58 PM

180Copyright © by Pearson Education, Inc., or its affiliates. All rights reserved.

181Copyright © by Pearson Education, Inc., or its affiliates. All rights reserved.

ChapTEr 21 Why are there ongoing struggles for civil rights? Name: __________________________________

Essay

Why are there ongoing struggles for civil rights?The civil rights movement led to profound legal and social changes for American minorities. Today, de jure segregation is prohibited in the United States, but de facto segregation still exists in some schools and housing.

What Do You Think?What is your opinion? Write a response to the Essential Question, How can the judiciary balance individual rights with the common good? Consider your thoughts on the information above, the Guiding Questions in your textbook, and the activities you have completed in your Journal. See page 219 for a rubric on writing an Essential Question essay.

We know through painful experience that freedom is never voluntarily given by the oppressor; it must be demanded by the oppressed. . . . For years now I have heard the word ‘Wait!’ It rings in the ear of every Negro with piercing familiarity. This ‘Wait’ has almost always meant ‘Never.’ We must come to see, with one of our distinguished jurists, that ‘justice too long delayed is justice denied.’

— Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr., “Letter From Birmingham Jail,” 1963

Don’t ForgetYour answer to this question will help you think about the Unit 5 Essential Question: What should be the role of the judicial branch?

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