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WASH Cluster – Water in Emergencies

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Water in EmergenciesSession 9

Water Facilities & Good Practices

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WASH Cluster – Water in Emergencies

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Exercise - Meeting the Needs of the Users

1. List the different facilities connected to water provision in an emergency which the beneficiaries will use directly?

2. Select two or three types of facilities and identify the key design features which you think the users would identify as important?

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WASH Cluster – Water in Emergencies

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Water Facilities

Design features from the users’ perspective:

– Acceptable level of service – water quantity, queuing time, distance

– Accessible – to people with different levels of mobility, safe

– Culturally appropriate – level of privacy, availability of water for anal cleansing

– No protection risk – siting, distance, lighting

– Hygienic – good drainage, regular cleaning

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WASH Cluster – Water in Emergencies

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Best Practices for:

• Drainage

• Tapstands

• Handwashing facilities

• Accessibility for people with disabilities

• Bathing units

• Clothes and cooking pots washing

• Cholera treatment centres

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WASH Cluster – Water in Emergencies

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Designing to Meet the Needsof the User

Involve the different groups of users in design facilities:

– Siting / safety / protection ?

– Privacy ?

– Accessibility ?

– Cultural acceptability ?

– Water for anal cleansing ?

– Dealing with menstruation ?

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WASH Cluster – Water in Emergencies

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Designing to Meet the needs of the User

• Early stages - ad hoc questions to women and men and children if possible

• After the immediate situation is stabilised - more discussions, small focus groups, household visits– Consider gender, age and ethnicity for FGDs

• Work with communities together with - hygiene promotion staff

– What staff are available to talk to different groups

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WASH Cluster – Water in Emergencies

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Drainage ?

REDR

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WASH Cluster – Water in Emergencies

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Water-Points & Drainage of Wastewater

Burmese refugee camp in Bangladesh

Gary Campbell

Refugee camp, Zaire

S House / WEDC

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WASH Cluster – Water in Emergencies

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Water-Points & Drainage of Wastewater

Nepal, IDP camp for flood affected population

S House / OXFAM-GB

Soak-pit IDP camp, northern Uganda (to be covered)

S House / MSF-OCBA

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WASH Cluster – Water in Emergencies

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Soakpits

Davies & Lambert (1995) Engineering in Emergencies, REDR & ITDG

Not essential to cover soak pits

Uncovered soakpits - can become flooded with heavy rains if poor infiltration

Covered soakpits - easier for pipe / entrance to become blocked

Large soakpit constructed under the platform, Pakistan earthquake response

S House / OXFAM--GBThe simpler the better

High O&M

Not always possible – clayey soil

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WASH Cluster – Water in Emergencies

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Using Wastewater for Other Purposes

Wastewater can be collected for other uses:

– Animal watering

– Collection by bucket for use on small vegetable gardens

– Feed directly into a small garden

Each needs appropriate management

Cattle trough constructed for wastewater on a community water point, Zimbabwe

S House / ACF

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WASH Cluster – Water in Emergencies

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Package GS Tapstand

OXFAM equipment manuals

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WASH Cluster – Water in Emergencies

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Hand-Washing Facilities

IFRC REDR

If water supply for hand-washing is not constant:•Who will fill the water containers?

•What will be the mechanism?

•How will it be sustained?

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WASH Cluster – Water in Emergencies

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Soap

R.Scott, / WEDC

At least 250g of soap available for personal hygiene per person per

month

WASH Cluster Hygiene Project

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WASH Cluster – Water in Emergencies

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Hand-Washing Facilities

Inter-agency manual on excreta disposal in emergencies, 2007

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WASH Cluster – Water in Emergencies

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Hand-Washing

Hand-washing drum standing on soak pit near exit to latrine / bathing block, NWFP, Pakistan

Hand-washing stand in a school in Tajikistan(drainage from stand could be improved)

S House / OXFAM-GB

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WASH Cluster – Water in Emergencies

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Accessibility to Water in Emergencies

Ask disabled people, their carers and others with

limited mobility including the aged

Are there improvements which could improve ease of

access?

Work with hygiene promotion and health facility staff to

reach people who may have limited mobility

Not all people are standard sizes or have

the same mobility

All photos / drawings - WEDC

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WASH Cluster – Water in Emergencies

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Accessibility to Water in EmergenciesExample of improvements:

Add handrails, improve difficult paths

Add slopes to access facilities

Add washable seats in bathing units

Provide smaller / adapted water containers

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WASH Cluster – Water in Emergencies

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Bathing Shelters

Drainage problem from a bathing shelter, northern Uganda

User improved surface inside bathing shelter, IDP camp, northern Uganda

S House / MSF-OCBA S House / MSF-OCBA

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Bathing Units & Privacy for Menstruation

Discuss with users - particularly women & adolescent girls:

• What are their needs?

• Where should bathing units be located?

• Type of doors, locks?

• Needs for dealing with menstruation hygiene?

• Separate male / female facilities

• What is culturally appropriate?

• Will users feel secure when using?

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Bathing Units

• Hygiene• Privacy• Dignity• Safety

WASH Cluster Hygiene Project

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Pakistan earthquake response, OXFAM-GB

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Bathing Units & Privacy for Dealing with Menstruation

Screened units for toilets and bathing – Pakistan earthquake response Trial menstrual cloth washing units – located inside

latrine / bathing blocks

(these were used in one camp, not used in another)

S House / OXFAM-GB

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Clothes & Cooking Pot Washing

S House / WEDC S House / OXFAM-GB

Clothes washing slab, refugee camp, Zaire

Clothes / pot washing slab, IDP camp, Pakistan

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Cooking Pot Washing Area - Grease Trap

Davies & Lambert (1995) Engineering in Emergencies, REDR & ITDG

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Cleaning implements, foot bath &

easy to clean surfaces in latrine and cholera ward

F Polo / UNICEF

MSF-B

MSF-B

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WASH Cluster – Water in Emergencies

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CTCs – chlorinated water for bathing, clothes washing, hygiene

F Polo / UNICEF

Active chlorine

Use

0.02%Hand-washing

Bathing

0.2%Floors, objects, beds

Clothes, footbaths

2%Vomit, faeces

Dead bodies

S House / UNICEF

F Polo / UNICEF

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WASH Cluster – Water in Emergencies

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Designing facilities

to meet the needs of the

(different groups of) users

Discuss with the beneficiaries

their needs

- ask for feedback

- modify where appropriate