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NAPAUL PUBLISHERS, INC. - - © 2015 ALL RIGHTS RESERVED Vol. 3 No. 28; April 10, 2015 13 Broad St., Hudson Falls, NY 12839 www.addigest.com • e-mail: [email protected] • Ph: 518-858-2786 CIVIL WAR EDITION FLOAT INTO SPRING WITH GORGEOUS MUSIC AT THE COURTHOUSE Float into spring on the glorious notes of classical music giants including Beethoven, Schumann, Bach and Mozart. Now in its sixth year, the Salem Courthouse Community Center is pleased to present its distinguished series of chamber music concerts on three Sundays at 3:00 pm: April 26, May 17 and June 14. These events provide local audiences with the opportunity to hear the finest mu- sic in an elegant atmosphere. Music director and pianist, Daniel Shulman, and his wife, violinist and violist, Kaori Washiyama, will delight audiences by collaborat- ing on several pieces. The couple’s son, Adam, will also perform with his father. Mr. Shulman is a former head of the conducting program at the California Institute of Arts, and a faculty member of CCNY and C.W. Post College. He frequently performs on pi- ano in Asia and throughout the United States. Ms. Washiyama is a competition winner who directs her own chamber music series in Japan and has appeared frequently on both coasts of this country. She is on the faculty of Bennington College. Among the other participating musicians are Melanie Dexter, vio- lin, member of the Vermont Symphony and Bennington String Quar- tet; Joana Genova, violin, well known for her prominent role in the Manchester Music Festival; Nathaniel Parke, cello, faculty mem- ber of Williams College and principal cellist of the Berkshire Sym- phony Orchestra; Josh Rodriguez, violin, member of the Glens Falls Symphony and faculty at Skidmore College; and Jonah Thomas, cello, recent graduate of Juilliard School and frequent performer in the Courthouse Series. The first concert on April 26 will feature: Bach’s Concerto for Piano and Strings in F Minor; Schubert’s Sonata for Piano in G Major; Kodaly’s Intermezzo for String Trio; and Mozart’s Con- certo for Piano and Strings in A Major. Once again, this series has been partially funded by a grant awarded by LARAC. The tickets are $20 each or $45 for the series of three concerts. To reserve your tickets, please call the Courthouse at 518-854-7053. A top priority of the Office of the State Comptroller is to help authority officials manage their authorities efficiently and effectively.The Comptroller oversees the fiscal affairs of authorities statewide, as well as authorities’ compliance with relevant statutes and observance of good business practices. The Glens Falls Housing Authority (Authority) is located in the City of Glens Falls (City) in Warren County. The Authority was established pursuant to Section 486 of New York State Public Housing Law (Law) to provide low rent housing for qualified individuals in accordance with relevant provisions of Law and the rules and regulations prescribed by the Federal Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD). The Authority’s 2014 fiscal year operating expenditures totaled approximately $5.7 million. These costs were funded mainly by rental income from tenants and subsidies from HUD. The Authority has three senior citizen high-rise apartment buildings (high-rise) that contain 256 public housing units and one low-income families’ apartment complex (apartment complex) with 50 public housing units. In addition, the Authority administers approximately 660 Section 8 Housing Choice Vouchers. A Board of Commissioners (Board) is comprised of seven Commissioners. The City’s Mayor appoints five Commissioners and the tenants elect the other two Commissioners. The Board is responsible for the general management and control of the Authority’s financial affairs. The objective of the audit was to assess the Authority’s internal controls over tenant rents. The audit addressed the following related question: • Did the Board develop and implement adequate internal controls over the rent payments received from tenants? We examined the Authority’s financial transactions related to tenant rents for the period April 1, 2013 through August 31, 2014. This is a federal program to assist very low income families, the elderly and persons with disabilities with housing in the private market place. Tenant Rents The Board is responsible for establishing internal controls to properly safeguard the Authority’s assets. It is important for the Board to establish policies and procedures to provide assurance that tenant rents are adequately supported, safeguarded, accounted for and deposited. Internal controls also include segregating duties so that one employee does not control all phases of a transaction. When it is not practical to segregate duties, Authority officials should implement effective compensating controls such as having management review the work performed by staff. To maximize internal controls over a computerized accounting system, an employee should be granted the minimum rights needed to properly complete the job assignment. Additionally, an audit trail report should be reviewed on a regular basis to ensure that employees are processing transactions that are part of their assigned job duties. Further, such a review should be performed by someone who is not involved with the day-to-day rental collection accounting program (computer program) operations. RECENT AUDIT OF GLENS FALLS HOUSING AUTHORITY BY NYS COMPTROLLER’S OFFICE: Well-designed internal controls over tenant rents also provide for timely supervision of those charged with handling money and a reliable accountability of cash collected. In addition, rents collected should be deposited as soon as possible to minimize the risk of theft or loss. Issuing receipts for the rents collected is another important control over the rent collection process because it provides documentation for the rents paid to both the tenant and Authority officials. The Board did not adopt adequate procedures for processing tenant rents collected to ensure payments were safeguarded and deposited in a timely manner. Authority officials need to improve internal controls to better safeguard these receipts. We found that the duties within the Authority’s office were not adequately segregated and the compensating controls put in place were insufficient. Additionally, receipts were not issued to apartment complex tenants for rent collected and rent money was not adequately secured in the Authority’s office. Further, the assistant had full access rights within the Authority’s computer program and was responsible for reviewing audit trail reports. Finally, rent payments paid in cash totaling more than $4,400 were deposited five or more business days after they were collected. As a result of these weaknesses, errors may occur, go undetected and remain uncorrected. Although our testing found relatively small exceptions, without implementing control procedures to adequately safeguard tenant rents there is an increased risk that errors or irregularities could occur and go undetected. Recommendations: The Board should adopt written procedures for tenant rents that: 1. Properly segregate the job duties for tenant rent collection among the office employees or provide additional managerial oversight over the process. 2. Ensure the timely deposit of tenant rents. 3. Ensure receipts are issued for all tenant rents collected. Authority officials should ensure that: 4. The clerk’s file cabinet is securely locked and no other Authority employees have access. 5. User access rights in the computer program are assigned to employees based on their job assignments. 7 The rents collected were composed of $13,316 in checks and $1,113 in cash. Refer to Appendix B for further information on our sample selection. 8 Fees include collections for tenants locking themselves out of their apartment, storage and key replacements. 6. Employees’ individual passwords are kept confidential. 7. Someone other than the assistant periodically reviews the audit trail report. (Editors’ note: Although this report relates to Warren County, the legal authority of the Comptoller’s Office over all municipalities is demonstrated by this report. You may find a complete version of this report along with other reports relating to your municipality by going to www [email protected] .us. ) Principal performers: Kaori Washiyama and Dan Shulman. BARBARA HAMEL WILL PRESENT AT WOMEN’S HEALTH DAY. Barbara Hamel will present a workshop at the Salem Area Woman’s Club’s 21st Annual Women’s Health Day “By Women For Women” in conjunction with Glens Falls Hospital on Saturday, April 25th at Salem Washington Academy. In addition to keynote speaker Eliza- beth Cockey there will be six workshop choices during this day long event.Barbara Hamel will present the workshop titled “Find- ing Balance In Your Life”. She says that we often “fall down” when trying to incorporate exercises into our busy lifestyles. Bar- bara is a local Physical Therapist and will show participants simple exercises that can be added into everyday activities. These exer- cises will assist in improving flexibility, strength and balance reac- tions. Barbara Hamel, PT, is the owner of Helping Hands Physical Therapy in Greenwich, NY. Barbara and her staff treat a wide range of ages and disabilities. Health Day attendees will enjoy a continental breakfast with registration between 8 and 9 AM. A baked goods table will be available all day. After lunch chances for door prizes, generously contributed by many local businesses, will be drawn. Pre-registration for Women‘s Health Day is required and must be received by mid-April. Space is limited for the indi- vidual workshops. Event information packets including registration forms have been mailed to past participants of Women‘s Health Day. For more information about the events of the day, or for a registration form, please contact Chairman Lois Sheaff at 677-5562. BASKET PARTY: BPOE # 2223 ELKS AUXILIARY will be hosting the Annual Basket Party on Sunday April 12th. This fund raiser supports Scholar- ships for our 5 schools in our district- Argyle, Cam- bridge, Greenwich, Salem and Schuylerville. In the past we have been able to award 10 Scholarships at $250.00 each to se- lected Students. If you would like to donate a Basket or an item to add to a basket or a gift certificate, please call Charmane Dow at 692- 9060 or Audrey McShane at 692-9828 to make arrangements for pick up or drop off at the Elks lodge anytime after 4 PM Monday – Saturday. If you have any empty baskets for reuse, please drop them off at the Lodge also. UPCOMING EVENTS IN WASHINGTON COUNTY ALL YOU CAN EAT BREAKFAST: The Buskirk Volunteer Fire Department Inc will be holding their Monthly All You Can Eat Breakfast at the fire house on Sunday April 12th from 730 am – 11am. Pack up the family and have the best breakfast in town with your family and friends and support the dedicated volunteers of your community. This monthly breakfast will be held the 2nd Sun- day of each month thru May CHICKEN BBQ: The Men’s Auxiliary of VFW Post 7291 is having a Chicken BBQ on Saturday April 18 from 2 to 4 pm at the Post on Abeel Avenue in Greenwich. Dinner includes ½ chicken, baked potato, baked beans, roll and dessert. Tickets are $12 and can be purchased from any Auxiliary member or at the Post. Or- ders available for take out only. GUN HUNTER SAFETY COURSE Salem –A one-day Gun Hunter Safety Course will be held at the Salem Fish and Game Club (316 Sportsman Way, Salem) on Saturday, April 11th starting 8:30am. Registration is required via the DEC website (http:// dec.ny.gov/) prior to April 2nd. Students must pick up a home- study package at the club on April 2nd between 6 and 7pm and complete the package before the class. (932-4802) for info.

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Washington County News 4/10/15

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  • NAPAUL PUBLISHERS, INC. - - 2015 ALL RIGHTS RESERVED

    Vol. 3 No. 28;April 10, 2015

    13 Broad St.,Hudson Falls,

    NY 12839

    www.addigest.com e-mail: [email protected] Ph: 518-858-2786

    CIVIL WAR EDITION

    FLOAT INTO SPRING WITHGORGEOUS MUSIC AT

    THE COURTHOUSEFloat into spring on the glorious notes of classical music giantsincluding Beethoven, Schumann, Bach and Mozart. Now in itssixth year, the Salem Courthouse Community Center is pleased topresent its distinguished series of chamber music concerts on threeSundays at 3:00 pm: April 26, May 17 and June 14. These eventsprovide local audiences with the opportunity to hear the finest mu-sic in an elegant atmosphere.

    Music director and pianist, Daniel Shulman, and his wife, violinistand violist, Kaori Washiyama, will delight audiences by collaborat-ing on several pieces. The couples son, Adam, will also performwith his father. Mr. Shulman is a former head of the conductingprogram at the California Institute of Arts, and a faculty memberof CCNY and C.W. Post College. He frequently performs on pi-ano in Asia and throughout the United States. Ms. Washiyama is acompetition winner who directs her own chamber music series inJapan and has appeared frequently on both coasts of this country.She is on the faculty of Bennington College.Among the other participating musicians are Melanie Dexter, vio-lin, member of the Vermont Symphony and Bennington String Quar-tet; Joana Genova, violin, well known for her prominent role in theManchester Music Festival; Nathaniel Parke, cello, faculty mem-ber of Williams College and principal cellist of the Berkshire Sym-phony Orchestra; Josh Rodriguez, violin, member of the Glens FallsSymphony and faculty at Skidmore College; and Jonah Thomas,cello, recent graduate of Juilliard School and frequent performer inthe Courthouse Series.The first concert on April 26 will feature: Bachs Concerto forPiano and Strings in F Minor; Schuberts Sonata for Piano in GMajor; Kodalys Intermezzo for String Trio; and Mozarts Con-certo for Piano and Strings in A Major. Once again, this series hasbeen partially funded by a grant awarded by LARAC. The ticketsare $20 each or $45 for the series of three concerts. To reserveyour tickets, please call the Courthouse at 518-854-7053.

    A top priority of the Office of the State Comptroller is to helpauthority officials manage their authoritiesefficiently and effectively.The Comptroller oversees the fiscalaffairs of authorities statewide, as well asauthorities compliance with relevant statutes and observance ofgood business practices.The Glens Falls Housing Authority (Authority) is located in theCity of Glens Falls (City) in Warren County. The Authority wasestablished pursuant to Section 486 of New York State PublicHousing Law (Law) to provide low rent housing for qualifiedindividuals in accordance with relevant provisions of Law and therules and regulations prescribed by the Federal Department ofHousing and Urban Development (HUD).The Authoritys 2014 fiscal year operating expenditures totaledapproximately $5.7 million. These costs were funded mainly byrental income from tenants and subsidies from HUD. The Authorityhas three senior citizen high-rise apartment buildings (high-rise)that contain 256 public housing units and one low-income familiesapartment complex (apartment complex) with 50 public housingunits. In addition, the Authority administers approximately 660Section 8 Housing Choice Vouchers. A Board of Commissioners(Board) is comprised of seven Commissioners. The Citys Mayorappoints five Commissioners and the tenants elect the other twoCommissioners. The Board is responsible for the generalmanagement and control of the Authoritys financial affairs.The objective of the audit was to assess the Authoritys internalcontrols over tenant rents. The audit addressed the following relatedquestion: Did the Board develop and implement adequate internal controlsover the rent payments received from tenants?We examined the Authoritys financial transactions related to tenantrents for the period April 1, 2013 through August 31, 2014.This is a federal program to assist very low income families, theelderly and persons with disabilities with housing in the privatemarket place.Tenant RentsThe Board is responsible for establishing internal controls to properlysafeguard the Authoritys assets. It is important for the Board toestablish policies and procedures to provide assurance that tenantrents are adequately supported, safeguarded, accounted for anddeposited. Internal controls also include segregating duties so thatone employee does not control all phases of a transaction. When itis not practical to segregate duties, Authority officials shouldimplement effective compensating controls such as havingmanagement review the work performed by staff.To maximize internal controls over a computerized accountingsystem, an employee should be granted the minimum rights neededto properly complete the job assignment. Additionally, an audit trailreport should be reviewed on a regular basis to ensure thatemployees are processing transactions that are part of theirassigned job duties. Further, such a review should be performedby someone who is not involved with the day-to-day rentalcollection accounting program (computer program) operations.

    RECENT AUDIT OF GLENS FALLS HOUSING AUTHORITYBY NYS COMPTROLLERS OFFICE:

    Well-designed internal controls over tenant rents also provide fortimely supervision of those charged with handling money and areliable accountability of cash collected. In addition, rents collectedshould be deposited as soon as possible to minimize the risk of theftor loss. Issuing receipts for the rents collected is another importantcontrol over the rent collection process because it providesdocumentation for the rents paid to both the tenant and Authorityofficials.The Board did not adopt adequate procedures for processing tenantrents collected to ensure payments were safeguarded and depositedin a timely manner. Authority officials need to improve internalcontrols to better safeguard these receipts. We found that the dutieswithin the Authoritys office were not adequately segregated andthe compensating controls put in place were insufficient. Additionally,receipts were not issued to apartment complex tenants for rentcollected and rent money was not adequately secured in theAuthoritys office. Further, the assistant had full access rights withinthe Authoritys computer program and was responsible for reviewingaudit trail reports. Finally, rent payments paid in cash totaling morethan $4,400 were deposited five or more business days after theywere collected.As a result of these weaknesses, errors may occur, go undetectedandremain uncorrected.Although our testing found relatively small exceptions, withoutimplementing control procedures to adequately safeguard tenantrents there is an increased risk that errors or irregularities couldoccur and go undetected. Recommendations:The Board should adopt written procedures for tenant rents that:1. Properly segregate the job duties for tenant rent collectionamong the office employees or provide additional managerialoversight over the process.2. Ensure the timely deposit of tenant rents.3. Ensure receipts are issued for all tenant rents collected.Authority officials should ensure that:4. The clerks file cabinet is securely locked and no otherAuthority employees have access.5. User access rights in the computer program are assigned toemployees based on their job assignments.7 The rents collected were composed of $13,316 in checks and$1,113 in cash.Refer to Appendix B for further information on our sample selection.8 Fees include collections for tenants locking themselves out oftheir apartment,storage and key replacements.6. Employees individual passwords are kept confidential.7. Someone other than the assistant periodically reviews the audittrail report.(Editors note: Although this report relates to Warren County, thelegal authority of the Comptollers Office over all municipalities isdemonstrated by this report. You may find a complete version ofthis report along with other reports relating to your municipality bygoing to [email protected]. )

    Principal performers: Kaori Washiyama and Dan Shulman.

    BARBARA HAMEL WILLPRESENT AT WOMENS

    HEALTH DAY.Barbara Hamel will present a workshop at the Salem Area WomansClubs 21st Annual Womens Health Day By Women For Womenin conjunction with Glens Falls Hospital on Saturday, April 25that Salem Washington Academy. In addition to keynote speaker Eliza-beth Cockey there will be six workshop choices during this daylong event.Barbara Hamel will present the workshop titled Find-ing Balance In Your Life. She says that we often fall downwhen trying to incorporate exercises into our busy lifestyles. Bar-bara is a local Physical Therapist and will show participants simpleexercises that can be added into everyday activities. These exer-cises will assist in improving flexibility, strength and balance reac-tions. Barbara Hamel, PT, is the owner of Helping Hands PhysicalTherapy in Greenwich, NY. Barbara and her staff treat a widerange of ages and disabilities. Health Day attendees will enjoy acontinental breakfast with registration between 8 and 9 AM. Abaked goods table will be available all day. After lunch chances fordoor prizes, generously contributed by many local businesses, willbe drawn. Pre-registration for Womens Health Day is requiredand must be received by mid-April. Space is limited for the indi-vidual workshops. Event information packets including registrationforms have been mailed to past participants of Womens HealthDay. For more information about the events of the day, or for aregistration form, please contact Chairman Lois Sheaff at 677-5562.

    BASKET PARTY: BPOE # 2223ELKS AUXILIARY

    will be hosting the AnnualBasket Party on SundayApril 12th. This fundraiser supports Scholar-ships for our 5 schools inour district- Argyle, Cam-bridge, Greenwich, Salemand Schuylerville. In thepast we have been ableto award 10 Scholarshipsat $250.00 each to se-lected Students. If youwould like to donate aBasket or an item to addto a basket or a gift certificate, please call Charmane Dow at 692-9060 or Audrey McShane at 692-9828 to make arrangements forpick up or drop off at the Elks lodge anytime after 4 PM Monday Saturday. If you have any empty baskets for reuse, please dropthem off at the Lodge also.

    UPCOMING EVENTSIN WASHINGTON

    COUNTYALL YOU CAN EAT BREAKFAST: The Buskirk VolunteerFire Department Inc will be holding their Monthly All You Can EatBreakfast at the fire house on Sunday April 12th from 730 am 11am. Pack up the family and have the best breakfast in town withyour family and friends and support the dedicated volunteers ofyour community. This monthly breakfast will be held the 2nd Sun-day of each month thru May

    CHICKEN BBQ: The Mens Auxiliary of VFW Post 7291 ishaving a Chicken BBQ on Saturday April 18 from 2 to 4 pm atthe Post on Abeel Avenue in Greenwich. Dinner includes chicken,baked potato, baked beans, roll and dessert. Tickets are $12 andcan be purchased from any Auxiliary member or at the Post. Or-ders available for take out only.

    GUN HUNTER SAFETY COURSE Salem A one-day GunHunter Safety Course will be held at the Salem Fish and GameClub (316 Sportsman Way, Salem) on Saturday, April 11th starting8:30am. Registration is required via the DEC website (http://dec.ny.gov/) prior to April 2nd. Students must pick up a home-study package at the club on April 2nd between 6 and 7pm andcomplete the package before the class. (932-4802) for info.

  • Napaul Publishers, Inc. April 10, 2015

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  • www.thestovery.com - 518-638-8950 The Stovery - Home of Soothing FiresNapaul Publishers, Inc. April 10, 2015

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    RUMMAGE SALE will be held at the Pittstown UnitedMethodist Church Hall (located just off Route 7) on Friday, April17 from 9:30 a.m. to 4:00 p.m. and on Saturday, from 9:30 a.m. to11:30 a.m. A baked/food sale will be held on both days. Bag Saleon Saturday buy 2 bags and get 1 free. For more informationcall Betty at 518-663-8206.

    PITTSTOWN SENIORS TRIP: A trip is planned to Pennsyl-vania Amish Lands June 2nd-4th 3 days, 2 nights, breakfasts,dinners, theater, guided tour: $339 per person, inclusive. Infoand reservations: 518-478-3338. Members and guests welcome.Meet at Tamarac Plaza-details upon making reservations.

    GUN HUNTER SAFETY COURSE Salem A one-day GunHunter Safety Course will be held at the Salem Fish and GameClub (316 Sportsman Way, Salem) on Saturday, April 11th starting8:30am. Registration is required via the DEC website (http://dec.ny.gov/) prior to April 2nd. Students must pick up a home-study package at the club on April 2nd between 6 and 7pm andcomplete the package before the class. (932-4802) for info.

    ALL YOU CAN EAT BREAKFAST: The Buskirk Volun-teer Fire Department Inc will be holding their Monthly All YouCan Eat Breakfast at the fire house on Sunday April 12th from730 am 11am. Pack up the family and have the best break-fast in town with your family and friends and support the dedi-cated volunteers of your community. This monthly breakfastwill be held the 2nd Sunday of each month thru May

    SPRING STOP & SHOP- The General Schuyler EmergencySquad is hosting a Spring Stop & Shop on Sat., April 25 from 10am to 4 pm. Looking for Vendors. Please call Pat Temple at 331-2978 or e-mail at [email protected] if you are interested inreserving a table.

    2 FREE SPRING ART PROGRAMS AT THE CCC. The SalemCourthouse Community Center is offering two art programs to areastudents at no charge thanks to generous funding provided byLARAC. The first opportunity is a spring break art class forstudents in the 7th and 8th grade. The Salem Central School artdepartment will help target the students who would benefit fromthis program, however, private and home-schooled students arewelcome as well. Experienced art teacher, Gabi Moore will conductthe classes at the CCC Monday through Friday during spring break(April 6 10) from 10:30 am to noon. Students will have theopportunity to explore their creative side leading to an exhibit oftheir work at the CCC. The second program funded is an initiativethat involves both Salem Central School teens and Salem Art Works.Each Monday at 2:30 pm between April 13 and June 1, studentswill be transported from the school to SAW utilizing the SAVE van.At SAW, the students will be mentored by graphic artist, ChaseWinkler. The students will have the opportunity to work withestablished artists while taking advantage of the outstanding groundsat SAW. Again, due to the generosity of LARAC, there will be notuition fee. Students interested in either program should contact theCCC at 518-854-7053 to register.

    CHICKEN AND BISCUIT DINNER at the Pittstown UnitedMethodist Church Hall (located just off route 7) on Saturday, April25th from 4:00 to 6:00 p.m. Eat in or take out. Menu: chicken &biscuit with gravy, vegetables, cole slaw, homemade desserts.Adults: $10.00, Children 5-12: $5.00; Under 5 Free. For reservationsor more information call Bev at 518-663-5607.

    SPECIAL ENTERTAINMENT- ELVIS TRIBUTE Join us atthe Rensselaer Countys Troy Senior Center on Friday April 24,at 11:00 for a very special performance by Elvis Tribute Artist DrewPolsun. Drew is a native of upstate New York and has beenperforming from the East coast to the West coast, including LasVegas for the past 25 years. He has performed for radio andtelevision and is considered one of the top Elvis Tribute Artists inthe country. Drews vocal likeness has been described as nothingless than phenomenal! The Show begins at 11:00 followed by adelicious and nutritious lunch at 12 noon; to sign up call the Centerat 518-270-5348.

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    GENERAL SCHUYLER RESCUE SQUAD is hosting a Stop& Shop Vendor/Craft Fair on Saturday, April 25 from 10 to 4 pmat the Rescue Squad Building on Rt. 29, Schuylerville. Refresh-ments available. Please help support your local community.

    SPECIAL DINNER Rensselaer Countys Everett Wagar SeniorCenter, 2 Roxborough Road, Grafton, NY On Wednesday, April15, the Nutrition Department will hold its monthly special dinnerat noon. This months theme will be Spring Fling, menu will be;Meatloaf w/Mushroom Gravy, Mashed Potatoes, Broccoli,Shredded Lettuce w/Oil & Vinegar, Italian Bread, and LemonCottage Pudding for dessert. Entertainment will begin at 11:00a.m. with Joe Pro Sound. Our wonderful complete lunch isavailable to all Rensselaer County Seniors age 60 and olderMonday thru Friday at noon for a suggested contribution of $3.00.Stop in anytime Mon. Fri. 9:00 3:00 pm for a complete monthlymenu and activities calendar. Please call 279-3485 to make yourreservations for lunch.

    HERITAGE HUNTERS will meet on Saturday, April 18th,at 1pm at the Town of Saratoga Town Hall, corner of Rt. 4 andRt. 29 in Schuylerville. Jane Meader Nye will focus on theQuaker families of Saratoga and Washington Counties duringthe period prior to the Civil War. Her presentation will include ageneral overview of what brought the Quakers here and thebeliefs that guided their lives. Public is welcome. For informationcall 587-2978 or [email protected].

    CHICKEN PARMESAN DINNER The Easton MethodistChurch, Route 40, North Easton, NY will have a Chicken ParmesanDinner on Thursday, April 23 From 4:30 to 7:00 PM. In addition tohomemade chicken parm, there will be pasta, salad, bread, dessertand beverages. No reservations are needed. You may eat in ortake out. The cost is $10.00 for Adults, $5.00 for kids from 5-12years old. 4 and under- free. Info: Edna at 664-7184.

    THE PITTSTOWN HISTORICAL SOCIETY HASPLANNED THE FOLLOWING EVENT: The Women ShallNot Ride with the Baggage: Camp Followers and Womens Rolesin the American Revolution is the subject of a talk to be given byhistorian Jennifer Richard-Morrow on April 16th at 7:30 PM atthe Pittstown Town Hall in Tomhannock (the former TomhannockMethodist Church). The various roles of women in the AmericanRevolution will be discussed. Often forgotten, misunderstood, ormythologized, women on both sides of the Revolution faceddifficulties and danger. Richard-Morrow is a park ranger atSaratoga National Historical Park where she interprets and givesprograms for school children and other groups. The meeting isfree and open to the public. For further information regarding thispress release, contact: Constance Kheel 686-7514

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    STRAWBERRY SHORTCAKE SOCIAL Rensselaer Countys Troy Senior Service Center, 19Third Street, Troy, will hold its Annual Strawberry Shortcake Social, on Thursday, May 28th, at12:30. Lunch will be served at 12 noon menu: Baked meatloaf followed by strawberry shortcake. Allseniors age 60 and over are welcome. For more information or to make a reservation for lunch, pleasecontact the Center at 270-5348.

    ICE CREAM SOCIAL On Wednesday, April 29 the Rensselaer County Troy Senior Center, 19Third Street, Troy, will be having an Ice Cream Social, with make your own sundaes at 12:30 pm.Our nutritious and delicious lunch is served at 12 noon and available to all Rensselaer County Seniorsage 60 and older every weekday. Call 270-5349 to make your reservations bring a friend to lunch andstay to enjoy one of Americas favorite desserts. Sponsored by MVP Healthcare

    HUGE GARAGE SALE to benefit Little Theater on the Farm will be held in the barn on Friday andSaturday, April 17th and 18th from 8:00 am to 4:00pm at 27 Plum Road, Fort Edward, NY. LittleTheater on the Farm is a 501(c)3 non-profit, community theater and relies on fund raisers to helpkeep the prices low. Donations still being accepted. Call (518) 747-3421. For more info visit:www.littletheater27.org.

    THE ARGYLE SOX RELAY FOR LIFE TEAM are hosting a Bus Trip to the Boston Aquarium/Boston Area on May 3rd!Bus trip proceeds go to the RELAY FOR LIFE! Help us kick cancer with your donation! Bus leavesat 6:30am from Greenwich Central School and goes to the Boston Aquarium. You my either enter andparticipate in the discounted Aquarium Tickets and then go explore Boston or immediately go exploreBoston for the day. Bus will pick back up at the Quincy Market at 6:30 pm. Tickets for bus trip only are$45 and with discounted aquarium admission tickets are as follows : Adults -Bus and Aquarium - $66Seniors and College students with ID are $64. Children - 3-17 Bus and Aquarium -$59. Children Under3 are free to the Aquarium.Children who Lap ride and are under 2 are Free! Buses do not come equipped with seat belts. Totaldue by April 5th, please contact to verify seats! Please contact Jennifer Ballard at [email protected]/ 518-638-5481

    FARM EQUIPMENT AUCTION: Rensselaer County Farm Bureau is proudly having their firstannual farm equipment auction on April 25 at the Schaghticoke Fairgrounds in Schaghticoke, NewYork. This is a consignment auction for farmers and others in the local area. The auction starts at 10a.m. and will last until all items are sold. This is an absolute auction with no reserves or warranties.Consignments will be taken in until the start of the auction. Info: contact Tim Marbot at 518-281-3432.A list of items in the auction will be available prior to the auction.

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    BASKET PARTY- The Greenwich Elks Auxiliary will be holdingthier annual Basket Party on Sunday, April 12th at 1 PM at theGreenwich Lodge. This fundraiser awards scholarships to studentsfrom Greenwich, Argyle, Cambridge, Schuylerville and Salem. $5admission includes light lunch! The Elks is second to the UnitedStates Government in awarding scholarships to students continu-ing their education. Anyone wishing to donate a basket or items fora basket, please call Charmane Dow at 518-692-9060.

    FAMILY-STYLE ROAST BEEF DINNER. The Valley FallsUnited Methodist Church at 16 State Street in Valley Falls willhost a roast beef dinner on Wednesday, April 15. Sittings are at5 and 6 p.m., with take-outs available after 5:00. The menu willinclude roast beef and gravy, mashed potatoes, two vegetables,condiments, rolls, and assorted pies. Tickets are $12.00 for adults,$6.00 for ages 6-10, and free for age 5 and under. Reservationsare recommended but walk-ins are welcome as space allows. Thechurch is handicapped accessible. 541-3039 for reservations andinform.

    FOUR DIFFERENT GARDEN SEED KITS FOR 2015ARE NOW AVAILABLE at Cornell Cooperative Extension(CCE) in Warrensburg! This is the annual Seed Kit Fundraiserfor the CCE Master Gardener and 4-H programs. Pick fromvegetable, herb, garden flowers, and root vegetablesor pickup all four! To find out more or to order your Garden Seed Kits,please contact Cornell Cooperative Extension in Warren Countyat 518-623-3291, via e-mail at: [email protected], or feel freeto stop in at Cornell Cooperative Extension, 377 Schroon RiverRoad, Warrensburg, NY 12885. Office hours are Mon THRUThurs 8:30 a.m. to 4:30 p.m.

    BENNINGTON COUNTY BEEKEEPERS CLUB LIMITED:Thursday, April 16.@ Crispe Room, Vermont Veterans Home, 345North Street, Bennington VT @ 7 PM pot luck meal; 7:35 businessmeeting. Guest: Ross Conrad, Champlain Valley, learned beekeepingfrom Mraz family, past VBA president, contributor to Bee Culture,authored Natural Beekeeping, and owns and manages Dancing BeeGarden.Information contact: Jacob [email protected].

  • believed it would die a natural death if it were contained. The Demo-crat Stephen A. Douglas developed the Freeport Doctrine to appealto North and South. Douglas argued, Congress could not decide ei-ther for or against slavery before a territory was settled. Nonetheless,the anti-slavery majority in Kansas could stop slavery with its ownlocal laws if their police laws did not protect slavery introduction.Most 1850 political battles followed the argu ments of Lincoln andDouglas, focusing on the issue of slavery expansion in the territories.But political debate was cut short throughout the South with Northernabolitionist John Browns 1859 raid at Harpers Ferry Armory in anattempt to incite slave insurrections. The Southern political defenseof slavery transformed into widespread expansion of local militias forarmed defense of their peculiar domestic institution. Lincolns as-sessment of the political issue for the 1860 elections was that, Thisquestion of Slavery was more important than any other; indeed, somuch more important has it become that no other national questioncan even get a hearing just at present. The Republicans gainedmajorities in both House and Senate for the first time since the 1856elections, they were to be seated in numbers that Lincoln might use togovern, a national parliamentary majority even before pro-slaveryHouse and Senate seats were vacated. Meanwhile, Southern Vice

    President, Alexander Stephens, in the Cornerstone Speech, declaredthe new confederate Constitution has put at rest forever all the agi-tating questions relating to our peculiar institutionsAfrican slaveryas it exists among usthe proper status of the negro in our form ofcivilization. This was the immediate cause of the late rupture andpresent revolution. The Republican administration enacted the Con-fiscation Acts that set conditions for emancipation of slaves prior tothe official proclamation of emancipation. Likewise, Lincoln had pre-viously condemned slavery and called for its extinction.Considering the relative weight given to causes of the Civil War bycontemporary actors, historians such as Chandra Manning argue thatboth Union and Confederate fighting soldiers believed that slaverycaused the Civil War. Union men mainly believed the war was toemancipate the slaves. Confederates fought to protect southern soci-ety, and slavery as an integral part of it. Addressing the causes, EricFoner would relate a historical context with multidimensional political,social and economic variables. The several causes united in the mo-ment by a consolidating nationalism. A social movement that was indi-vidualist, egalitarian and perfectionist grew to a political democraticmajority attacking slavery, and slaverys defense in the Southern pre-industrial traditional society brought the two sides to war.States rights.At the time, most Americans agreed that states had certain rights,however, they did not agree as to whether or not those rights carried

    over when a citizen left the boundaries of the state. The Southernposition was that citizens of every state had the right to take theirproperty anywhere in the U.S. and not have it taken away; specifi-cally they could bring their slaves anywhere and they would remainslaves. Northerners rejected this right because it would violate theright of a free state to outlaw slavery within its borders. Republicanscommitted to ending the expansion of slavery were among those op-posed to any such right to bring slaves and slavery into the free statesand territories. The Dred Scott Supreme Court decision of 1857 bol-stered the Southern case within territories,and angered the North.

    The American Civil War, widely known in the United States assimply the Civil War as well as other sectional names, was a civilwar fought from 1861 to 1865 to determine the survival of theUnion or independence for the Confederacy. Among the 34 statesas of January 1861, seven Southern slave states individually de-clared their secession from the United States and formed the Con-federate States of America, known as the Confederacy or theSouth. They grew to include eleven states, and although theyclaimed thirteen states and additional western territories, the Con-federacy was never diplomatically recognized by a foreign coun-try. The states that remained loyal and did not declare secessionwere known as the Union or the North. The war had its originin the fractious issue of slavery, especially the extension of slaveryinto the western territories.[N 1] After four years of combat thatleft over 600,000 Union and Confederate soldiers dead and de-stroyed much of the Souths infrastructure, the Confederacy col-lapsed and slavery was abolished. Then began the Reconstructionand the processes of restoring national unity and guaranteeing civilrights to the freed slaves.In the 1860 presidential election, Republicans, led by Abraham Lin-coln, opposed the expansion of slavery into U.S. territories. The

    Republican Party, dominant in the North, secured a majority of theelectoral votes, and Lincoln was elected the first Republican presi-dent, but before his inauguration on March 4, 1861, seven slavestates with cotton-based economies formed the Confederacy. Thefirst six to secede had the highest proportions of slaves in theirpopulations, a total of 48.8% for the six.[6] Outgoing DemocraticPresident James Buchanan and the incoming Republicans rejectedsecession as illegal. Lincolns inaugural address declared his ad-ministration would not initiate civil war. Eight remaining slave statescontinued to reject calls for secession. Confederate forces seizednumerous federal forts within territory claimed by the Confederacy.A peace conference failed to find a compromise, and both sidesprepared for war. The Confederates assumed that European coun-tries were so dependent on King Cotton that they would inter-vene; none did and none recognized the new Confederate Statesof America.Hostilities began on April 12, 1861, when Confederate forces firedupon Fort Sumter, a key fort held by Union troops in South Caro-lina. Lincoln called for every state to provide troops to retake thefort; consequently, four more slave states joined the Confederacy,bringing their total to eleven. Lincoln soon controlled the borderstates, after arresting state legislators and suspending habeas cor-pus,[7] ignoring the ruling of the Supreme Courts Chief Justicethat such suspension was unconstitutional, and established a navalblockade that crippled the southern economy. The Eastern Theaterwas inconclusive in 186162. The autumn 1862 Confederate cam-paign into Maryland (a Union state) ended with Confederate re-treat at the Battle of Antietam, dissuading British intervention.[8]To the west, by summer 1862 the Union destroyed the Confeder-ate river navy, then much of their western armies, and the Unionsiege of Vicksburg split the Confederacy in two at the MississippiRiver. In 1863, Robert E. Lees Confederate incursion north endedat the Battle of Gettysburg. Lincoln issued the Emancipation Proc-lamation, which made ending slavery a war goal.[9] Western suc-cesses led to Ulysses S. Grants command of all Union armies in1864. In the Western Theater, William T. Sherman drove east tocapture Atlanta and marched to the sea, destroying Confederateinfrastructure along the way. The Union marshaled the resourcesand manpower to attack the Confederacy from all directions, lead-ing to the protracted Siege of Petersburg. The besieged Confeder-ate army eventually abandoned Richmond, seeking to regroup atAppomattox Court House, though there they found themselves sur-rounded by union forces. This led to Lees surrender to Grant onApril 9, 1865. All Confederate generals surrendered by that sum-mer.The American Civil War was one of the earliest true industrialwars. Railroads, the telegraph, steamships, and mass-producedweapons were employed extensively. The mobilization of civilianfactories, mines, shipyards, banks, transportation and food suppliesall foreshadowed World War I. It remains the deadliest war inAmerican history, resulting in the deaths of an estimated 750,000soldiers and an undetermined number of civilian casualties. Oneestimate of the death toll is that ten percent of all Northern males2045 years old, and 30 percent of all Southern white males aged1840 died.Causes of secessionThe causes of the Civil War were complex and have been contro-versial since the war began. The issue has been further compli-cated by historical revisionists, who have tried to offer a variety ofreasons for the war. Slavery was the central source of escalatingpolitical tension in the 1850s. The Republican Party was deter-mined to prevent any spread of slavery, and many Southern lead-ers had threatened secession if the Republican candidate, Lincoln,won the 1860 election. After Lincoln had won without carrying asingle Southern state, many Southern whites felt that disunion hadbecome their only option, because they felt as if they were losingrepresentation, which hampered their ability to promote pro-sla

    very acts and policies.The slavery issue was primarily about whether the system of sla-very was an anachronistic evil that was incompatible with Repub-licanism in the United States, or a state-based property systemcompatible with and protected by the Constitution, as had been thecase in the Roman Republic. The strategy of the anti-slavery forceswas containment to stop the expansion and thus put slavery ona path to gradual extinction.To slave holding interests in the South,this strategy was perceived as infringing upon their Constitutionalrights.Slavery was being phased out of existence in the North, whereColoured men had in some cases been granted the franchise oreven served as representatives; it was fading in the border statesand urban areas, but was expanding in highly profitable cotton dis-tricts of the south.Despite compromises in 1820 and 1850, the slavery issues explodedin the 1850s. Causes include controversy over admitting Missouri as a slave state in 1820, the acquisition of Texas as a slave state in1845 and the status of slavery in western territories won as a resultof the MexicanAmerican War and the resulting Compromise of1850. Following the U.S. victory over Mexico, Northerners at-tempted to exclude slavery from conquered territories in the WilmotProviso; although it passed the House, it failed in the Senate. North-ern (and British) readers recoiled in anger at the horrors of slaveryas described in the novel and play Uncle Toms Cabin (1852) byabolitionist Harriet Beecher Stowe.Irreconcilable disagreementsover slavery ended the Whig and Know Nothing political parties,and later split the Democratic Party between North and South,while the new Republican Party angered slavery interests by de-manding a definite end to its expansion. Most observers believedthat without expansion slavery would eventually die out; Lincolnargued this in 1845 and 1858Meanwhile, the South of the 1850s saw an increasing number ofslaves leave the border states through sale, manumission and es-cape. During this same period, slave-holding border states had morefree African-Americans and European immigrants than the lowerSouth, which increased Southern fears that slavery was threat-ened with rapid extinction in this area. With tobacco and cottonwearing out the soil, the South believed it needed to expand sla-very. Some advocates for the Southern states argued in favor ofreopening the international slave trade to populate territory thatwas to be newly opened to slavery. Southern demands for a slavecode to ensure slavery in the territories repeatedly split the Demo-cratic Party between North and South by widening margins.To settle the dispute over slavery expansion, Abolitionists andproslavery elements sent their partisans into Kansas, both usingballots and bullets. In the 1850s, a miniature civil war in BleedingKansas led pro-South Presidents Franklin Pierce and JamesBuchanan to attempt a forced admission of Kansas as a slave statethrough vote fraud. The 1857 Congressional rejection of the pro-slavery Constitution was the first multi-party solid-North vote, andthat solid vote was anti-slavery to support the democratic majorityvoting in the Kansas Territory. Violence on behalf of Southern honorreached the floor of the Senate in 1856 when a Southern Con-gressman, Preston Brooks, physically assaulted Republican Sena-tor Charles Sumner when he ridiculed prominent slaveholders aspimps for slavery.The earlier political party structure failed to make accommodationamong sectional differences. Disagreements over slavery causedthe Whig and Know-Nothing parties to collapse. In 1860, the lastnational political party, the Democratic Party, split along sectionallines. Anti-slavery Northerners mobilized in 1860 behind moderateAbraham Lincoln because he was most likely to carry the doubtfulwestern states. In 1857, the Supreme Courts Dred Scott decision

    ended the Congressional compromise for Popular Sovereignty inKansas. According to the court, slavery in the territories was aproperty right of any settler, regardless of the majority there. ChiefJustice Taneys decision said that slaves were ... so far inferiorthat they had no rights which the white man was bound to re-spect. The decision overturned the Missouri Compromise, whichbanned slavery north of the 3630' parallel.Republicans denounced the Dred Scott decision and promised tooverturn it; Abraham Lincoln warned that the next Dred Scott de-cision could threaten the Northern states with slavery. The Repub-lican party platform called slavery a national evil, and Lincoln

    THIS MONTH, APRIL 2015 REPRESENTS THE 150TH ANNIVERSARY OF THE END OF THE CIVIL WAR

  • WASHINGTON COUNTY NEW YORKS

    CONTRIBUTION TO THE WAR

    123rd Infantry Regiment Mustered in: September 4, 1862Mustered out: June 8, 1865The following is taken from New York in the War of the Rebellion,3rd ed. Frederick Phisterer. Albany: J. B. Lyon Company, 1912.Colonel Archibald L. McDougall received authority, July 23, 1862,to recruit this regiment; it was organized at Salem, and there mus-tered in the service of the United States for three years September4, 1862. December 23, 1863, part of the 145th Infantry was trans-ferred to it. June 8, 1865, the men not to be mustered out with theregiment were transferred to the 60th Infantry. The companieswere recruited principally: A at Greenwich; B at Kingsbury; C atWhitehall; D at Fort Ann, Putnam and Dresden; E at Hartford andHebron; F at Argyle and Greenwich; G at White Creek, Jackson,Greenwich and Salem; H at Salem, Shushan, Greenwich, Hartfordand Hebron; I at Easton, Cambridge, Hartford and Hebron, and Kat Granville and Hampton. The regiment left the State September5, 1862; it served in the 2d Brigade, 1st Division, 12th Corps,from September, 1862; in the 1st Brigade, 1st Division, 12thCorps, from May, 1863; in the 1st Brigade, 1st Division, 20thCorps, from April, 1864; and, commanded by Col. James C.Rogers, it was honorably discharged and mustered out June 8,1865, near Washington, D. C.During its service the regiment lost by death, killed in action, 2officers, 40 enlisted men; of wounds received in action, 4 officers,28 enlisted men; of disease and other causes, 95 enlisted men;total, 6 officers, 163 enlisted men; aggregate, 169; of whom 4enlisted men died in the hands of the enemy.The following is taken from The Union army: a history of mili-tary affairs in the loyal states, 1861-65 records of the regi-ments in the Union army cyclopedia of battles memoirs ofcommanders and soldiers. Madison, WI: Federal Pub. Co., 1908.volume II. One Hundred and Twenty-third Infantry.Cols.,Archibald L. McDougall, Ambrose Stevens, James C. Rogers;Lieut.-Cols., Franklin Norton, James C. Rogers, Adolph H. Tan-ner; Majs., James C. Rogers, A. H. Tanner, Henry Gray. Thisregiment, recruited in the county of Washington, rendezvoused atSalem and was there mustered into the U. S. service on Sept. 4,1862, for three years. In Dec., 1863 a portion of the 145th N. Y.was transferred to it. The regiment left the state on Sept. 5, 1862,and was assigned to Williams (1st) division, 12th corps, withwhich it served throughout its term. It fought its first battle atChancellorsyille, where the 12th corps was heavily engaged, theregiment losing 148 killed, wounded and missing, Lieut.-Col.Norton being among the mortally wounded. The 123d was onlyslightly engaged at Gettysburg, where it lost 14. It joined in thepursuit of Lee into Virginia, fought without loss at Fair Play andWilliamsport, Md., and at Robertsons ford, Va. On Sept. 23,1863, it was ordered with its corps to Tennessee to reinforce Gen.Rosecrans and performed guard and picket duty for several monthsalong the railroad between Murffeesboro and Bridgeport. Whenthe 12th corps was changed to the 20th in April, 1864, Williamsdivision was allowed to retain its distinctive badge, the red star. Itstarted on the Atlanta campaign with Shermans army early inMay and was active during the battles of Resaca, Cassville andDallas, where it lost 23 killed and wounded, among the mortallywounded being Col, McDougall. Its losses at Kennesaw moun-tain aggregated 63 killed, wounded and missing, and at Peachtreecreek, 53. From July 21 to Aug. 26, it was engaged in the siege ofAtlanta, and on Nov. 15, it moved with Shermans army on themarch to the sea, taking part in the final campaign of the Carolinasthe following year. During this campaign it was engaged at Ches-terfield, Averasboro, Bentonville, Aiken, Smithfield, Raleigh andBennetts house, with a total loss of 21 killed, wounded andmissing. After Gen. Johnstons surrender it marched to Washing-ton with the army, participated in the grand review, and wasfinally mustered out, under command of Col. Rogers, June 8, 1865,when the members of the regiment not entitled to be mustered outwere transferred to the 145th N. Y. The 123d lost during its term ofservice 6 officers and 68 enlisted men, killed and fatally wounded;95 enlisted men died of disease and other causes; total deaths, 169.

    2nd Lt. Luke H. CarringtonCompany C 123rd New York InfantryCivil War Period

    The Battle of Fort Sumter (April 1214, 1861) was the bombard-ment and surrender of Fort Sumter, near Charleston, South Caro-lina, that started the American Civil War. Following declarations ofsecession by seven Southern states, South Carolina demanded thatthe US Army abandon its facilities in Charleston Harbor. On De-cember 26, 1860, Major Robert Anderson of the U.S. Army sur-reptitiously moved his small command from the indefensible FortMoultrie on Sullivans Island to Fort Sumter, a substantial fortresscontrolling the entrance of Charleston Harbor. An attempt by U.S.President James Buchanan to reinforce and resupply Anderson,using the unarmed merchant ship Star of the West, failed when it

    was fired upon by shore batteries on January 9, 1861. South Caro-lina authorities then seized all Federal property in the Charlestonarea, except for Fort Sumter.During the early months of 1861, the situation around Fort Sumterincreasingly began to resemble a siege. In March, Brigadier Gen-eral P. G. T. Beauregard, the first general officer of the newlyformed Confederate States Army, was placed in command of Con-federate forces in Charleston. Beauregard energetically directedthe strengthening of batteries around Charleston harbor aimed atFort Sumter. Conditions in the fort grew dire as the Union soldiersrushed to complete the installation of additional guns. Andersonwas short of men, food, and supplies.The resupply of Fort Sumter became the first crisis of the adminis-tration of U.S. President Abraham Lincoln. He notified the Gover-nor of South Carolina, Francis W. Pickens, that he was sendingsupply ships, which resulted in an ultimatum from the Confederategovernment: evacuate Fort Sumter immediately. Major Andersonrefused to surrender. Beginning at 4:30 a.m. on April 12, the Con-federates bombarded the fort from artillery batteries surroundingthe harbor. Although the Union garrison returned fire, they weresignificantly outgunned and, after 34 hours, Major Anderson agreedto evacuate. There was no loss of life on either side as a directresult of this engagement, although a gun explosion during the sur-render ceremonies on April 14 caused two Union deaths.Following the battle, there was widespread support from both Northand South for further military action. Lincolns immediate call for75,000 volunteers to suppress the rebellion resulted in an additionalfour southern slave states also declaring their secession and joiningthe Confederacy. The Civil War had begun.

    THE WAR STARTS AT FORT SUMPTER

    Secondly, the South argued that each state had the right to secedeleave the Unionat any time, that the Constitution was a com-pact or agreement among the states. Northerners (including Presi-dent Buchanan) rejected that notion as opposed to the will of theFounding Fathers who said they were setting up a perpetualunion.[47] Historian James McPherson writes concerning statesrights and other non-slavery explanations:While one or more of these interpretations remain popular amongthe Sons of Confederate Veterans and other Southern heritagegroups, few professional historians now subscribe to them. Of allthese interpretations, the states-rights argument is perhaps theweakest. It fails to ask the question, states rights for what purpose?States rights, or sovereignty, was always more a means than anend, an instrument to achieve a certain goal more than a principle.Sectionalism and cotton tradeTerritories:Sectionalism refers to the different economies, social structure,customs and political values of the North and South. It increasedsteadily between 1800 and 1860 as the North, which phased sla-

    very out of existence, industrialized, urbanized and built prosperousfarms, while the deep South concentrated on plantation agriculturebased on slave labor, together with subsistence farming for thepoor whites. The South expanded into rich new lands in the South-west (from Alabama to Texas). The primary export for the Southwas cotton; a crop that had expanded growth, demand, and wasessential for the industrial revolution in Europe and the USA. Mostcame from the South. By 1860 the cotton trade held 57% of thevalue of all American exports worth $191,000,000 turning the Southinto a cotton empire.The use of slaves declined in the border states and could barelysurvive in cities and industrial areas (it was fading out in cities suchas Baltimore, Louisville, and St. Louis), so a South based on sla-very was rural and non-industrial. On the other hand, as the de-mand for cotton grew, the price of slaves who picked it soared.Historians have debated whether economic differences betweenthe industrial Northeast and the agricultural South helped cause thewar. Most historians now disagree with the economic determinismof historian Charles A. Beard in the 1920s and emphasize thatNorthern and Southern economies were largely complementary.While socially different, the sections economically benefited eachother.King Cotton: Confederates counted on King Cotton for eco-nomic leverage on Europe.Fears of slave revolts and abolitionist propaganda made the Southmilitantly hostile to abolitionism. Southerners complained that it wasthe North that was changing, and was prone to new isms, whilethe South remained true to historic republican values of the Found-ing Fathers (many of whom owned slaves, including Washington,Jefferson, and Madison). Lincoln said that Republicans were fol-lowing the tradition of the framers of the Constitution (including theNorthwest Ordinance and the Missouri Compromise) by prevent-ing expansion of slavery.In the 1840s and 50s, the issue of accepting slavery (in the guise ofrejecting slave-owning bishops and missionaries) split the nations

    CIVIL WAR, CONT. largest religious denominations (the Methodist, Baptist and Presby-terian churches) into separate Northern and Southern denomina-tions. Industrialization meant that seven European immigrants out ofeight settled in the North. The movement of twice as many whitesleaving the South for the North as vice versa contributed to theSouths defensive-aggressive political behavior.

    FT SUMPTER

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    CALLING ALL TALENTED PEOPLE Do you have talent andwould like to perform on stage? The Salem Courthouse Commu-nity Center will be hosting its popular annual talent showcase at theFort Salem Theater on Saturday, June 6 at 7:30 pm. (A mandatorytechnical rehearsal will take place at the Fort Salem Theater onFriday, June 5 starting at 6 pm.) The Master of Ceremonies forthis years production will be the popular former CBS 6 NewsAnchor, Jerry Gretzinger. Auditions for the show will take place inthe second floor courtroom of the CCC on 2 Saturdays in April, the11 and 18, from 10 am until noon. The family-friendly show fea-tures singers, dancers, musicians, magicians, and comedians. Allages are welcome to audition. Please call the CCC at 518-854-7053 and ask for Donna to schedule an appointment to audition.The CCC is located at 58 East Broadway across from the SalemCentral School.

    CHICKEN BBQ: The Mens Auxiliary of VFW Post 7291 ishaving a Chicken BBQ on Saturday April 18 from 2 to 4 pm atthe Post on Abeel Avenue in Greenwich. Dinner includes chicken,baked potato, baked beans, roll and dessert. Tickets are $12 andcan be purchased from any Auxiliary member or at the Post. Or-ders available for take out only.

    CORNELL COOPERATIVE EXTENSION TO HOSTVIEWING OF FILM GRAZERS: A COOPERATIVESTORYCornell Cooperative Extension of Saratoga County will host a freeviewing of the film Grazers: A Cooperative Story on Thursday,April 30th 2015 at 7pm at the 4-H Training Center, 556 MiddlelineRoad Ballston Spa NY. Movie Synopsis: New York State loses afarm every three days, and with it a way of life, generations offarming knowledge, small town infrastructure and a whole land-scape. Filmed over the course of two-years, Grazers: A Coopera-tive Story follows a group of fiercely independent farmers in up-state New York as they create a beef cooperative to hold on totheir failing farms. Directed by documentary veterans Lisa F. Jack-son and Sarah Teale, Grazers explores the demise of the familyfarm and rural landscape and the emergence of a new, local foodmovement that links country and city in an effort to improve foodquality and retain local farms. Pre-Registration is encouraged. Pleasecall 518-885-8995 to register. Visit http://www.grazersfilm.com/ orcontact Carter Older at [email protected] for more information.

    THE COOPERS CAVE COIN SHOW will be on April 26thfrom 10am to 3pm.at the VFW post 6196 located at the corner ofRichardson & Luzerne rd in queensbury..No admisson charge. andfree parking..Coins ,bullion, stamps and other collectables forsale..also dealers are buying..WE have a few tables left to rent,ifinterested call strodel 623 2178.

    THE HIGHLIGHT ACTING TROUPE WILL BEPRESENTING INTO THE WOODS, on 5/8,9,15, & 16 at8:00PM and Sunday 5/10 & 17 at 2:00PM. The performance willbe held at the Brunswick Grange Rte 7 and Rte 142. The show willbe directed by Andrew Osterhout with Robin Dickinson-Sawyerassisting. Andrea Merrill is the Music Director.The story follows a Baker and his wife whom wish to have a child.Cinderalla who wishes to attend the Kings festival and Jack whowishes his cow to give milk. When the Baker and his wife learnthat they cannot have a child because of a Witchs curse, the twoset off on a journey to break the curse. Everyones wish is granted,but the consequences of their actions return to haunt them laterwith disastrous results. For Reservations call Ethel LeVan at 518-237-6936 or email Highlightacting@yahoocom. We request thatreservations be paid in advance.

    APPLICATIONS BEING ACCEPTED FOR SSOAR-Applications are now being accepted for Saratoga Hospitals popularStudents Sharing Opportunities and Responsibilities (SSOAR)Program. SSOAR is a 48 hour summer volunteer session for 25greater Saratoga County students between the ages of 16-18.Students will have the opportunity to serve in one of several areasof the hospital, including the Nursing Home, Regional TherapyCenter, and Treasures Consignment Boutique. Detailed informationand applications are available at www.saratogahospital.org/aboutus/volunteering. Completed applications must be received by April6, 2015. Accepted SSOAR participants are required to attend amandatory orientation being held June 26, 2015. For additionalinformation, please contact Betsy St. Pierre, Associate Director ofVolunteer Services, at [email protected].

    BARBARA HAMEL WILL PRESENT AT WOMENSHEALTH DAY. Barbara Hamel will present a workshop at theSalem Area Womans Clubs 21st Annual Womens Health DayBy Women For Women in conjunction with Glens Falls Hospitalon Saturday, April 25th at Salem Washington Academy. In addi-tion to keynote speaker Elizabeth Cockey there will be six work-shop choices during this day long event.Barbara Hamel will presentthe workshop titled Finding Balance In Your Life. She says thatwe often fall down when trying to incorporate exercises into ourbusy lifestyles. Barbara is a local Physical Therapist and will showparticipants simple exercises that can be added into everyday ac-tivities. These exercises will assist in improving flexibility, strengthand balance reactions. Barbara Hamel, PT, is the owner of Help-ing Hands Physical Therapy in Greenwich, NY. Barbara openedHelping Hands in 2002. She greatly enjoys assisting individuals inimproving their health. Barbara and her staff treat a wide range ofages and disabilities. In 2014 her office received the WashingtonCounty Small Business of the Year Award. Barbara is a 1990 gradu-ate of Russell Sage College and lives in Wilton with her husbandBob and three children. Health Day attendees will enjoy a conti-nental breakfast with registration between 8 and 9 AM. A bakedgoods table will be available all day. Lunch options will be preparedby Tammy Butler of Jackos Corner Shoppe. After lunch chancesfor door prizes, generously contributed by many local businesses,will be drawn. Pre-registration for Womens Health Day is re-quired and must be received by mid-April. Space is limited for theindividual workshops. Event information packets including regis-tration forms have been mailed to past participants of WomensHealth Day. For more information about the events of the day, orfor a registration form, please contact Chairman Lois Sheaff at677-5562.

    MASS AT SALEM HOLY CROSS CATHOLIC CHURCHis Sunday at 9:00 AM. There is a childrens Liturgy during SundayMass to which all children are welcome. On May 2nd, the Satur-day Mass at 4:30 PM will resume. Beginning Sunday, May 3rd,Mass time will change to 8:30 AM. Please note the change of time.On Tuesday, March 24 a Reconciliation Service will be held at St.Patricks in Cambridge at 6 PM. The 12:00 PM Ecumenical Ser-vice and Lunch schedule is as follows: March 26 East HebronPresbyterian Church. The annual Easter Egg Hunt will be held onSunday, March 29.Easter is on April 4.

    THE SCHUYLERVILLE PUBLIC LIBRARY HAS INHER-ITED THE 1,000 BOOKS BEFORE KINDERGARTENprogram from the Schuylerville Elementary School! Combining theprevious efforts of Schuylerville Elementary School and adding ourown twist to the program, we will scoop up some books as we read1,000 books before kindergarten.The 1000 Books before Kindergarten is a pre-literacy effort aimedat encouraging families to read at least 1000 books to theirpreschooler, birth to age five, before they enter school. This pro-gram was developed to increase awareness of the importance ofearly literacy as well as encouraging parents to embrace their roleas their childs first teacher. The goal of this program is to foster alove of reading that will last a life time and to help children enterschool ready to learn. Reading is one of the most important thingsyou can do to ensure your childs success when they begin school.It also provides an opportunity to increase their exposure to a widevariety of books, and to promote use of the library a treasuretrove of free material available to our community members.At Schuylerville we are taking it a step further, while the programis targeted to children under the age of five, the joy of readingdoesnt stop there. We are introducing a family element; familiescan enter as one unit and work together to read 1,000 books. Reg-ister online or at the Library, if you register online be sure to down-load our reading tracker. For every 100 books you child or yourfamily reads, bring the tracker to the library and add a sprinkle toour ice cream tower!About Schuylerville Public Library The Schuylerville Public Li-brary is in the Village of Schuylerville on 52 Ferry Street. In addi-tion to a variety of books and programs, it provides a website filledwith digital content and services. The Schuylerville Public Libraryis a school district library, established in 2013 to serve sections ofthe Towns of Easton, Fort Edward, Greenwich, Northumberland,Saratoga, Stillwater, and Wilton along with the Villages ofSchuylerville and Victory. In 2013, the Schuylerville Public Librarywas named a 3-star library by the Library Journal magazine. Eachyear, the Schuylerville Public Library hosts hundreds of programsand serves thousands of people. All of its programs and exhibitionsare free and open to the public. Connect here for TLC! (Technol-ogy, Literacy, and Community). To learn more, visitschuylervillelibrary.sals.edu/.4TH ANNUAL CHILI CHOW DOWN CHALLENGE inNorthCountryARTS Presents Artist Workshops from Aprilthrough June 2015. A choice of eleven art workshops will beoffered by NorthCountryARTS from April through June. Enclosedis a list of the workshops and instructors. Each workshop is $55for a NCAs member and $65 for non-members. Reservations arerequired and should be mailed to Maria Clara Castano, 424 EastSchroon River Rd., Bolton Landing, NY 12814. For questions, call(518) 222-1471 or email [email protected]. More detailson the workshops and instructors, and the Registration Form areavailable on the NorthCountryARTS website:www.northcountryartscenter.org/workshopsclasses.html.

    TOWN OF PITTSTOWN SENIORS The Town of PittstownSeniors hold their monthly meetings on the first Wednesday of themonth starting with a covered dish luncheon at noon. Meetings areheld at Raymertown Fire House on Mason Lane. All seniors 55 orover are invited to attend. . Trip:June 2-4-Pennsylvania AmishLands Excursion. Members and guests are welcome. Package in-cludes:3 days-2 nights. Two-night lodging, two breakfasts, two din-ners, including familystyle dinner and Shady Maple Smorgasbord.Performance of Joseph at the Millennium Theatre. Guilded Tourof the Amish Countryside with shopping opportunities. Luggagehandling, taxes, meal gratuities, motor coach transportation, all areincluded or $399. per person. Everyone will meet at Tamarac Plazafor transportation. For information and reservations call Sylvia at518-478-3335.

  • Napaul Publishers, Inc. April 10, 2015

    FUNDS NEEDED FOR ELECTRICAL UPGRADE @ TheNorth River United Methodist Church, which is seeking dona-tions for the Let There Be Light campaign to update the electri-cal system in the 168 year old church building. The North RiverUnited Methodist Church was founded in 1847 in the hamlet ofNorth River and is the second oldest church located in the Townof Johnsburg. According to Amy Sabattis member of the churchand current trustee We have had some success in raising fundsthrough car washes and bake sales and we have had a few gen-erous donations but we are still lacking the funding to completethe project. The fund-raising committee is looking for grants fromfoundations, too, but most private foundations say no churches.So, we have hit social media by using the site GoFundMe. Thesite will display our campaign but only when we hit the $500.00mark. When we hit that mark our campaign will be posted for thewhole world to see and the potential for donations is much greater.If you would like to contribute to this fundraiser go to http://www.gofundme.com/lit3z4 or call Amy Sabattis at 518-251-2519.

    2015 WHIPPLE CITY FESTIVAL A planning meeting took placelast week at the Greater Greenwich Chamber of Commerce officefor the 2015 Whipple City Festival. These dates have been set forthis years event Friday June 12 and Saturday June 13th.This is the 24th annual festival being sponsored by the GreenwichChamber of Commerce, which will be entering its 25th Anniver-sary year in April. We are once again pleased to provide this earlyspring event to the community members of Greenwich and sur-rounding area and to attract so many visitors here to experiencethis great little town and village. As we begin to plan we find we are in need of some new commit-tee people. Especially in the area of working with bringing in foodvendors, artisans and crafters, carnival area, website & programwork. Our committee members do not have to be a chamber mem-ber, just someone interested in the community and in making theFestival event better than the past ones. Please contact the GGCCat 692-7979 or at [email protected] for more info.

    TOUR DE SALEM FLAME FIGHTERS Sunday June 14,2015: Organizer Name : Salem Volunteer Fire Department Inc.Email Address : [email protected]. 518-321-9430Basic Event Details...Location : Salem, New York, USAStart HQ : Archibald St. Salem, NY 12865 http://www.tourdesalemflamefighters.com/Registration Open Date : 01/January/2015Registration URL : https://www.bikereg.com/Net/22124Start Times and entry limit found there. Register on-line or the dayof the event registration starts at 7:30am with the 63 mile ride start-ing at 8:00am. With the other rides to follow 25 mile @ 8:30am, 16mile @ 9:00am, and the 10 mile @ 9:30am.Routes: 10, 16, 25, & 63 miles. Difficulty: C - Moderate terrainwith rolling short steep hills or moderate, sustained climbsCosts: $35.00/individual $40.00/family.

    SALEM RESCUE SQUAD Mary McClellan Foundation 2014Grant. The Salem Rescue Squad Inc. is pleased to announce TheMary McClellan Foundation has generously awarded a grant to theorganization for 2014. This grant has been used to purchase aStryker Power Pro XT stretcher with XPS system. This newstretcher reduces associated risks of back injuries to members.With an expanded patient surface area, adjustable side rails andwider mattress, it is designed with patient comfort in mind. TheMary McClellan Foundation grant this year and in previous yearshas been extremely beneficial in upgrading our equipment and sup-porting The Salem Rescue Squads mission of providing emergencymedical treatment and transport. We wish to thank The MaryMcClellan Foundation for continued support of our communityshealth care needs. For more than 45 years, the Salem RescueSquad has provided emergency medical services to citizens andvisitors in Salem, Hebron, Jackson, East Greenwich and Rupert.The Squad relies primarily on dedicated volunteers to serve asEmergency Medical Technicians (EMTs), drivers and assistants inanswering more than 400 calls per year. Salem Rescue Squad is insearch of new members who can be a part of its team and contrib-ute to its critical mission of providing emergency medical care tothe community. Flexible schedules are easily accommodated dueto our 24/7 schedule. For more information about Salem RescueSquad call 518.854.7199 or email [email protected].

    WARRENSBURG CHAMBER OF COMMERCE SOCIALMIXER The Warrensburg Chamber of Commerce will hold aSocial Mixer on Thursday, April 16th. The event is free andopen to the public, area chambers, associations and businesses.Announcing our second Warrensburg Chamber Social/BusinessMixer of 2015. Well be serving lots of great soups, breads, dessertand beverages and have informal networking opportunities. Theevent will be sponsored by and held at The Warrensburg Museumof Local History located at 3754 Main Street, Warrensburg, NY.The event will start at 5 pm with open networking and refresh-ments. There will be a resource table, so bring literature for yourbusiness or association to display. Gather your colleagues and friends, bring plenty of business cards, and get ready to make new con-nections. Mixers are a great way to network, meet people andgrow your business. The Chamber plans on holding 3-4 Mixers in2015 with the purpose of promoting local business and opportuni-ties to improve the community. Mixers are held at area Chamberbusiness member locations in Warrensburg. If you are a Chambermember and would like to sponsor a Mixer later in the year pleasecontact the Chamber at 518-623-2161 .

    VENDORS WANTED. The Public is invited to attend a craftshoe at the V.T Veterans home on May 2nd from 9am--3pm inthe crispy room by the chapel thanks if you have any questionsyou can call 442-4991- also we have room for 2 more vendorsmust bring your own tables.

  • Napaul Publishers, Inc. April 10, 2015

    FREE PEEP SHOW!!!

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    OUT OF COUNTY BUYER

    WANTS A FARM!

    Reasonablly priced. Call Al at

    Bryce R.E. at 518-441-4353.

    LAND OR FARM

    WANTED: Top price paid.

    Out of country buyers. Call

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    Brunswick $389k Custom

    Ranch on 47 private Acres

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    Al Konieczny @ BRYCE

    441-4353

    FOR SALE:

    Crouse Hinds receptacles

    for hazardous locations (1)

    double (1) single (1) junction

    box-$135

    Snow shoes: US Lund WW2

    Bear Paw with bindings-$100

    Rubber Maid office station

    desks-$85

    (10) foot work bench w/

    metal top and sides-$300

    Upright metal shop desk-

    $75

    DISCOVERIES

    4498 State Route 9,

    Routes 9 & 28,

    Warrensburg, NY 12885

    518-623-4567

    FOR SALE: 2003 BUICK

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    car, new tires and struts.

    GREEN ACRES MOTOR

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    518-642-2672

    HELP WANTED

    William J. Dyer & Sons

    Melrose, NY

    (518)664-4155

    Utility Construction, Clean

    Driving Record, Drug Testing

    CORN SILAGE AND

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    Marchaland Farms

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    NOW ACCEPTING

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    Also: We buy & pickup scrap

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    518-695-6757

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    518-499-9090

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    Call

    1-802-394-2565 or

    518-598-2376

    CDL A AND B DRIVERS

    NEEDED: Driver should live

    within 50 miles of Hoosick

    Falls, NY 12090. Driver needs

    to be dependable. OTR driv-

    ers and Local drivers wanted.

    Enhanced license and TWIC

    a plus but not needed to ap-

    ply. Call Bill for details: 518-

    686-5441

    APPLIANCES

    RECONDITIONED

    & GUARANTEED

    Refrigerators, Ranges, Wash-

    ers, Dryers. Best selection,

    price & guarantee. New &

    Used parts. Major credit cards.

    518-761-9501

    59 Boulevard

    Queensbury, NY

    1-800-640-4313

    SCRAP REMOVAL

    Nothing too big or too small.

    Just call and I will removal all.

    518-761-6901 or

    518-879-0054

    WANTED: Standing timber,

    wood lots. Fully insured. Call

    518-692-2109

    2001 VW BEETLE

    100,000 miles; good condition;

    new tires. $4000. 518-260-

    7832.

    SCRAP TIRE REMOVAL

    Call for pick up or drop off

    service available. 518-686-

    9621 Hoosick, NY

  • Napaul Publishers, Inc. April 10, 2015

    21982 NY Route 22,Hoosick Falls, NY 12090

    518-686-3080 M-F 8 AM - 5 PMSOME OF OUR VEHICLES ARE LOCATED AT OUR DISPLAY LOT

    AT 5343 NY ROUTE 7, HOOSICK FALLS

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    2002 SUBARU2002 SUBARU2002 SUBARU2002 SUBARU2002 SUBARU

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    $$$$$3,5003,5003,5003,5003,500OUR PRICE:

    20002000200020002000

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    Stock #u2439204WD, V-6, Auto, PW, PL,AC, Cruise, Very Clean

    $$$$$5,9005,9005,9005,9005,900OUR PRICE:

    SCRABBLE PLAYERS: Join us for a fun-filled evening of friendly competition featuring thinkingcreatively, stretching the rules, and plottingall for a great cause! Literacy New York Greater CapitalRegion will again host SCRABBLE TEAM CHALLENGE. One can play as a


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