wasla isuue 30
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Syria dispatch the road to Qardaha
A British reader o this website who until
recently lived in Syria sent in this dispatch,
about his last ew weeks in Damascus.
The broad-shouldered middle-aged fg-
ure walked into the internet ca and sat
down in ront o the manager. The black
leather jacket and olive trousers de ri-
gueur in those circles marked him out
as a member o the Mukhabarat, Syrias
eared secret police. He wanted to know
i anybody had been looking at opposition
websites critical o the government.Not at all, my riend said in Arabic, we
always look out or that kind o behaviour;
in act, on my screen here I can see every-
body elses computer so know straight away
i they are doing something illicit, at the
same time closing the incriminating web-
sites on his desktop. The policemen nodded
approvingly and picked up the list held by
all Syrian internet caes - that records the
name, identity number and entry time o
customers.
Beore he let however, the operative had
just one more question: he wanted to know
how it was that young Syrians were able to
fnd these websites in the frst place? My
riend began to apprise him o Google and
its use as a search engine, this was clearly
the frst time hed heard o this wondrous
new programme, but already his mind was
working, Were going to have to shut down
this Google thing.
What? Close Google? my riend said.
Yep, came the reply.
I witnessed this exchange in early May
2011, two months on rom the outbreak
o protests and nearly two years on rom
when I had frst arrived in the country with
the aim o improving my spoken Arabic.
As the protests grew in size and intensity
the requency with which my riends and
I would encounter the states security ap-
paratus increased as the countrys Alawite
leadership struggled to maintain control
over the country.
Panic
I watched as the predominantly Chris-
tian neighbourhood in which I lived retreat-
ed inside itsel. Whipped up into a mass o
hysteria as the Mukhabarat sent memos to
shopkeepers warning o imminent attacks
on their churches by Salafsts (members
o an extreme sect o Islam) - supposedly
sponsored by the Saudi Prince Bandar bin
Sultan barricades were erected and
manned throughout the night whilst un-
deremployed youths patrolled the narrowlanes with sticks and axes waiting or this
imagined threat.
To be clear, despite the tolerance and the
pluralistic attitude to religion espoused by
Arabist
http://www.arabist.net
Assads government its greatest selling
point the sectarian divisions have always
run deep. Whether it were warnings by
young Christian men that the manner in
which I greeted others was redolent o lo-
cal Muslims and as such should be avoided,
or the concern with which athers greeted
news o their daughters mixing with Mus-
lim men, the divisions were evident and in
existence long beore anyone had heard o
a ruit seller in Tunisia.
It is this sectarianism and minority ear
that account or the support the govern-
ment is receiving rom the Christian quar-
ter as they identiy with the governments
own minority status. Shocked by the kill-
ings being carried out by the Syrian secu-
rity orces the vast majority o Christians I
spoke to (nearly always in Arabic) want to
see reorms, but within the ramework o
the current government. They ear that the
all o the regime would see the ascendency
o a conservative Sunni dominated govern-
ment in which their rights as a religious
minority would be subordinate to those o
this threatened Islamic state. As one Chris-
tian owner o a successul ast ood chain
pointed out to me, in Egypt the Copts can-
not build new churches or extensions on
their existing ones, here (Syria) we never
have that problem.
Divisions
It would however be a gross simplifcar
the President) along the other. Friends
were lost and managers antagonised as
Facebook pages revealed a persons true
allegiances. This same riend told how her
manager, upon seeing that she belonged to
an opposition Facebook group, sent her a
threatening email asking that she consider
very careully her position at the company.
And therein lays one o the truths re-
vealed by current events: the present re-
gime has created a system in which a ew
prosper at the expense o the many. It is se-
nior managers and the businessman close
to the regime that have most to lose rom
any upheaval.
niority lines. Although the students were
too rightened to make their opinions ex-
plicit, they would express their grievances
with the regime by vocalising in class in
ront o their bosses their displeasure
with their salaries, all the while disguised
as English language practice. The manag-
ers were always content.
Riches
It was a common rerain rom localriends that Syria no longer has a middle
class, ya auk, ya taht (you are either at
the top or at th e bottom). Taxi drivers were
oten at a loss to explain to me why both
cars and mobile phone units were more
expensive in Syria than in the UK. Their
reticence not a sign o ignorance, but an ac-
knowledgement o the act that a group o
powerul amilies close to the government
run what is essentially a monopoly in both
industries, the criticism o whom would not
be tolerated.
In 2003, Riyad Sai, a member o parlia-
ment and vocal opponent o the govern-
ment, dared to question whether a deal
made by SyriaTel (the state telecom pro-
vider, owned by the Presidents cousin Rami
Maklou) was in the interest o Syria. He re-
ceived fve years in prison.
Aside rom the knowledge that the gov-
ernment has presided over a period o wid-
ening income inequality in an already poor
country, without making any serious eort
to reorm, people are upset by the preva-
lence o wasta. With no real equivalent
in the English language, it is almost a cross
between nepotism, power and bribery, with
the dierence being that it is something
one possesses. The need or wasta perme-
ates every level o society; it is not simply a
case o a ew people using their contacts to
gain an advantage in a particular circum-
stance. Instead it is the ability to have a
government document processed quickly,
avoid military service, or simply the power
to circumvent the ubiquitous payment o
bribes that plague the public sector. Jok-
ingly reereed to as Vitamin W, in reer-
ence to the economic pickup it provides its
owners, wasta was used in coded criticism
o the elite as a substitute or the word ew
would dare utter; assad corruption.
Protest
On a Friday aternoon in mid-March Iwas strolling through the cobbled lanes
o the old-city with my girlriend and her
mother. As we ascended the steps leading
to that ancient seat o power and learning,
the Omayyad Mosque, we began to hear a
commotion. Hastening through the alley-
way towards the sound we turned the cor-
ner into the main square, our ears suddenly
assaulted by the cacophony o noise as pro-
democracy protestors chanted slogans in
competition with those backing the regime.
Allah, Suriya, hurriya God, Syria, ree-
dom the rhyme heightening the sense o
defance in their voices.
Allah, Suriya, Bashar wa bass God,
Syria, and Bashar, only retorted a choir
o paid inormants and Mukhabarat; the
sheer volume overwhelming the democra-
cy activists, but the incongruities o sounds
and lack o harmony were almost a signpost
to the hollowness o the regime they were
propping up.
Making our way through the crowds in
ront o the mosque we eventually passed
into a side street lined with buses. In the
innocence o those early days the buses
had not yet come to take on the symbolism
that they later would, oblivious to what was
happening we pressed on. We heard the
shouts beore we saw the man; he was being
dragged rom behind us, the three men - all
clad in black leather jackets, one carrying
an asp pulled the stricken man past us,
up to the entrance o one o the buses and
deposited him inside. The bus shook as the
fgures inside it moved about, but we were
not to know the reason, or the curtains had
been drawn.
The next ew weeks witnessed a gradual
escalation in the size o protests and the
demands o the activists, with each Friday
like a set-piece in a game o ootball be-
tween the regime and its opponents.
Journalist & Commentator Issandr El_Amrani
shares the observations o a British man whorecently lived in Syria about his last ew weeks
in Damascus. He talks about the panic in a
predominantly Christian neighbourhood when
the secret police told them that their churcheswill be attacked by the Salafs, and speaks
about their ear that the all o the regime
would see the ascendency o a conservative
Sunni dominated government in which theirrights would be subordinate to those o this
threatened Islamic state.
http://bit.ly/nvyBUV
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2011 20 30 www.wasla.anhri.net 15Younes: a traitor.. not a traitor !
Nobody knew what to expect as we
headed to Benghazis local version o Tahrir
Square, called Courthouse Square. We were
going anyway to cover the usual Friday
prayers. Abdul Fattah Younes, the top com-
mander o the rebels army was killed yes-
terday in very mysterious circumstances.
The streets were as calm as ever.. just
like any other morning. The usual armed
men outside Tibesty Hotel had disappeared
last night ater the shootings. They are nowback.
Upon our arrival to the square we were
surprised to fnd that the uneral o Younes
was actually about to take place, just then !
There was actually a cofn.. even two. One
was Younes and the other was that o one
the two ofcers killed with him. So does
that mean they ound the body? We had
been told yesterday that there was no body.
Would there be a uneral without a body?
I ound out late at night that the body had
been burned. That was probably the reason
why Mustapha Abdul Jalil, the head o the
Transitional National Council said they
were looking or the body.
I ound a young man sitting on one side
o the square, eyes flled with tears. He
turned out to be Younes son. He told me the
body was indeed in the cofn but he would
not tell me when they had ound it, where
or how.
The atmosphere was o utmost sadness.
Last Friday when I came to the square
it was very touching to see women sobbing
over the martyrs. But today it was the men
shedding tears. I saw depressed aces. I saw
shock in their eyes. I elt sorrow in their
voices.
Younes was clearly a popular fgure in
the square. He was called a martyr, like
Abdul Jalil had called him. No talk o trea-
son here or o the Councils questioning o
Younes. The culprit is : The Fith Column
---> Gaddaf.
Members o his Special Forces Battalion
vowed they would take revenge. His neph-
Dima El-Khatib
http://www.dimakhatib.com
Considering the necessity or
bloggers and public opinion makers
to touch base, The Arabic Network
or Human Rights Inormation
with the cooperation o bloggers is
launching the project WASLA.
WASLA is a printed periodic that
publishes selected articles o Arab
Wasla bloggers work . Blogs content will be
the core o the newspaper in addition
to various news reports that monitor
the Arabic virtual reality.
WASLA aims at enhancing commu-
nication between bloggers and pub-
lic opinion makers in politics, media
and human rights, those who are not
riendly with internet or communi-
cation gadgets. WASLA issues will be
delivered to them in person while be-
ing available or ree in specifc book-
stores and newspaper stalls.
In addition , WASLA aims to widen
blogs reader base and spread the con-
cept o blogging . WASLA , targeting all
social classes, will act as a orum to
convey bloggers thoughts and cre-
ativities to the public.
Thereore ANHRI calls invites all
bloggers in the Arab world to par-
ticipate in this project by giving their
consent to WASLA to quote their ar-
ticles and other content.
ew said that his tribe, El Oubaidat, backed
the TNC, backed Abdul Jalil. However, lets
not orget two things : frst, that although
this might well be the position o the tribe
but he does not speak or the whole tribe,
and second that it was not the TNC that is-
sued the arrest warrant or Younes, it was
the TNCs Executive Ofce, namely Ali El
Issawi. While Abdul Jalil is reported to have
issued a release order or Younes.. but it
was too late then.
The uneral was solemn. The scene o his
amily members standing in one row as his
cofn is being put in the ground was quite
powerul. They started fring into the air..
and they kept doing it or more than 10 min-
utes. It was truly rightening. It only shows
how much respect they hold or Younes.
Behind the scenes, people close to the
military told me they had been suspect-
ing or one month that Younes had been in
touch with Tripoli and even Cairo. I asked
about the presumed wrong coordinates
given to NATO, the answer was: naaah that
was just a rumour, he did not do th at.
The head o the armed group that is ac-
cused o having shot Younes has been ar-
rested but he did not do it. Someone else
in his group did it. I was told that the group
used to fght alongside the revolutionaries,
but split a while back.
So would the fth column be so good as
to infltrate so perectly in order to execute
such an operation against quite an impor-
tant man both militarily and politically? I
Gaddafs men are capable o that, then it is
quite a concern. Benghazi was thought to
have become completely sae.
During the night the fth column is
reported to have broken into a prison and
reed around 80 pro-Gaddaf prisoners, 60
o which National Security men managed
to catch while 20 are still out there.
It is clear there is competition between
dierent actions fghting Gaddaf troops.
It is clear there is also a dierence between
the NTC and its Executive Ofce. But I
guess that is all very normal. Nothing here
is homogenous. The only thing that unites
people is to go ater Gaddaf.
We get rid o Gaddaf frst, said someone
at the uneral, then we deal with our own is-
sues.
I suddenly remembered how I had heard
a politician say a ew days ago: is Abdul Fat-
tah Younes dead yet? I did not take it seri-
ously then. Little did I know I should well
have!
Dima El-Khatin, Al-Jazeera reporter, describes
the sad atmosphere in the uneral o Abdulat-tah Younes, the top commandor o the rebels
army who was killed along with two o his
ofcers in mysterious circumstances. Yet, she
monitors the dierences and competitionsbetween the dierent actions fghting Gad-
daf troops. She thinks that this is all pretty
normal, as the only thing that unite people in
Libya is to go ater Gaddaf.
http://bit.ly/qA2fdf
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