wastewater management in the dairy industry report write up

8/17/2019 Wastewater Management in the Dairy Industry Report Write Up

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ATTACHMENT13 NATSRV

4: Water and Wastewater

Management in the Dairy Indstry

Re!"rt t" the

Water Resear#h C"mmissi"n

$y

M% Chim"ny"& I%V% Nsah'ai

Animal and Poultry Science, School of Agricultural, Earth and Environmental Science, University of

KwaZulu-Natal, Pietermaritzurg

WRC Re!"rt N":

IS$N:

DISCLAIMER

This report has been reviewed by the Water Research Commission (WRC) and

approved for

Publication. Approval does not signify that the contents necessarily reect the

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views and policies of the WRC" nor does mention of trade names or commercial

products constitute endorsement or recommendation for use.

#


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Executive Summary

!he increasing demand for fresh water, changes in the ty"e of "roducts, technologies used and size of dairy

com"anies re#uires accurate estimation of the water use, e$tent to which water is conserved and recycled%

!he o&ective of the "ro&ect was, therefore, to determine water conservation strategies for different sizes of

com"anies across the different "rovinces of South Africa% 'airy com"anies were categorized into small,medium and large ased on the volume of mil( they receive "er month% )ut of *++ dairy com"anies, +

were willing to "artici"ate in the "ro&ect% A structured #uestionnaire was used to collect data% Pollutant loads

were estimated from selected com"anies in KwaZulu-Natal, .auteng, Eastern /a"e, 0estern /a"e, 1ree

State and 2im"o"o "rovinces% Effluents were collected during the end stage of each "roduction% Effluents

were classified according to treatments 3size of com"any and "roduction4 and control 3fresh water4%

/hemical o$ygen demand 3/)'4, total sus"ended solids 3!SS4, nitrates, chlorides, colour, "5, dissolved

calcium, dissolved magnesium, fluoride and sul"hate concentrations, total dissolved solids, total hardness,

turidity 3N!U4 and total coliforms of these effluents were estimated%

0estern /a"e, .auteng and KwaZulu-Natal were the iggest "rocessors of mil(% !he most common

"roducts on the mar(et are "asteurised mil(, cheese, yoghurt, sour mil(, fruit &uice lends, fruit &uice and ice

cream, in that order% /ultured "roducts 3yoghurt and sour mil(4 were mostly "roduced y large com"anies% A

ul( of these com"anies used munici"al water, followed y orehole water% 5igh volumes of water are used

during receiving, steaming, filling and cooling% A ma&ority of these com"anies 367 84 indicated the need for

conserving water%

!he amount of water 3in millions of litres4 used to "rocess these volumes of mil( are *69:, 76 and **;< for

cheese, fresh mil( and mil( "owder=utter fat, giving a total of


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concentration and "5% All "ollutant loads from different "rovinces were similar, e$ce"t that fluoride

concentrations were highest in the Eastern /a"e and .auteng, followed y KwaZulu-Natal and 2im"o"o%

!he 1ree State had the least fluoride concentrations%

Pollutant loads were also influenced y the ty"e of "roduct% >il(, yoghurt and sour mil( "roduced effluents

with high concentrations of sus"ended solids, total hardness, chloride and fluoride% 'issolved calcium

concentrations were high in effluent from cultured "roducts% 5igh levels of nitrate concentrations were

oserved from yoghurt and fruit &uices% !otal coliform counts were high from yoghurt, mass, mil( and fruit

lends% !he "5, dissolved magnesium and turidity were also high in yoghurt, cheese and mil( "roducts%

?t can e concluded that the size of the com"any and the ty"e of "roduct affect "ollutant loads% Small

com"anies had higher amounts of concentration% /om"anies should e encouraged to recycle water%

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A#(n"w'edgements

0e than( the management of all the com"anies who too( their invaluale time to com"lete the

#uestionnaires% 0e also than( the com"anies that went further and "rovided sam"les for laoratory

analyses% !hose com"anies that e$"lained to us "rocesses followed in the manufacture of different "roducts

are also ac(nowledged%

0e ac(nowledge the "artici"ants to oth the ince"tion and feedac( wor(sho"s% !heir in"uts have een

invaluale, and will, forever, e cherished% 0e also than( the "ostgraduate students who collected data% >r

Nhla(ani"ho 0% Sithole did a wonderful &o of "ersuading the management of the various com"anies to

com"lete the #uestionnaire% 5e also travelled across the country to collect sam"les%

0e than( the 0ater @esearch /ommission for the funding%

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Re)eren#e gr"!:

*r")% Hein+ Meissner

%


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Ta,'e ") C"ntents

E$ecutive Summary%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% i

Ac(nowledgements%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% ii

% ?ntroduction%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%

%% 'airy industry overview and growth "ro&ections%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%

%* Pro&ect o&ectives%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%7

%+% >ethodology%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% 7

%+% Sam"ling of com"anies%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% %7

%+%* uestionnaire administration%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% 7

%+%+ 0astewater sam"le collection and analyses%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%7

*% Process overview%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% %%%%%% ;

+% @egulations%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%:

+% 'e"artment of !rade and ?ndustry%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% :

+%* !he 'e"artment of 5ealth%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% :

+%+ !he 'e"artment of Agriculture, 1orestries and 1isheries%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%:

7% 0ater use and management%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%:

7% >a&or "roducts%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% :

7%* 'istriution of South African dairy "rocessing "lants%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%6

7%+ 0ater sources used y dairy "rocessing "lants%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%<

;% 0astewater generation and management%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%

;% 0ashing effluents form different sizes of com"anies%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%

9% Energy use and management%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%::% 0ater useB est "ractice%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% :

7%7 2evel of water use during "rocessing%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% :

6% 0astewater managementB est "ractice%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%6

6% 0ater conservation strategies%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% %%%%% 6

6%% /leaner "roduction%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% 6

6%%* 0ater "inch%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% 6

6%%+ >anagement%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%6

6%%7 Use of grey water %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%<

6%* !reatment methods of wastewater used in the South African dairy industry%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%*


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-ist ") Ta,'es

!ale B 'airy "roducts in dairy "rocessing "lants from different sizes of com"any%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%6

!ale *B S"ecific water inta(es%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%

!ale +B Effect of size of the com"any on effluent from washing e#ui"ment%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%*

!ale 7B Effect of size of the com"any on dairy "roducts effluents%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%+

!ale ;B Effect of size of the com"any on effluent from "asteurizer cooling machine%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%+

!ale 9B Effluent mi$ture efore and after wastewater treatment%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%7

!ale :B Effect of "rovince on "ollutant loads of dairy effluents%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%;

!ale 6B Effect of different dairy "roducts on "ollutant loads of effluents%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%9

!ale


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1igure B !otal mil( "roduction and numer of dairy cows 3'A11, *4%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%*

1igure *B E$"orts and im"ort of mil( and dairy "roduct 3in millions4 3'A11, *4%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%*

1igure +B 'airy dry "roduct 3'A11, *4% !he values re"resent the "ercent contriution of the total%%%%%%%%%%%%%%+

1igure 7B 1low diagram for the "roduction of cheese%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%9

1igure ;B Percentage of dairy "rocessing "lants in different scales of size across the "rovinces of South

Africa%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% <

1igure 9B 0ater source used y com"anies%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%

1igure :B 0astewater treatment method used y different size scale of com"anies%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%*


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1% Intr"d#ti"n

1%1% Dairy indstry "/er/iew and gr"wth !r"0e#ti"ns

South Africa faces water shortages, with annual fresh water availaility less than : m + "er ca"ita

3'e"artment of Agriculture, 1isheries and 1orestry, **4% ?t is estimated that y **;, the country will have

fresh water availaility of less than m+ "er ca"ita% !his scenario is also highly "rovo(ed y inade#uate

water conservation and recycling occurring in the manufacturing industry% ?n South Africa, agriculture

receives aout 9 8, environmental use 6 8, uran and domestic use %; 8, mining and industrial use

%; 8 of water su""ly 3'e"artment of 0ater Affairs, **4% !he largest "ortion within agriculture goes to the

dairy industry of which etween :; and


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&

!

!&

#

#&

$

Production *illion litres Cow ()

.igre 1B !otal mil( "roduction and numer of dairy cows 3'A11, *4

#! ## #$ #% #& #' # #+ #, #!

&

!

!&

#

#&

$

$&

%

%&

&

-ports /mports

.igre B E$"orts and im"ort of mil( and dairy "roduct 3in millions4 3'A11, *4

#


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*il0 powder1 !,

2utter1 !!

Whey powder1 +

2uttermil0 powder1 !Condensed mil01

3ard and semi cheese1 $+

4ther cheese1 !'

.igre 3B 'airy dry "roduct 3'A11, *4% !he values re"resent the "ercent contriution of the total%

/hanges in the ty"e of "roducts and size of com"any over time, in addition to willingness of the

management, are li(ely to influence the e$tent to which water is conserved and recycled% ?ncreases in the

size of the o"eration have the conse#uence of increasing the cost of electricity and effluent treatment% 'ue to

changes in technology, different dairy "roducts, "rocessing and scale, "ollutant loads for effluent vary% No

information on the e$tent of water recycling is availale% !here is a need to #uantify the "ollutant loads

"roduced y dairy "rocessing "lants to understand and a""ly corrective measures against dis"osal or reuse%

!he latest re"ort on wastewater generation and conservation in the dairy industry was last "erformed in


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1%3% Meth"d"'"gy

1%3%1 Sam!'ing ") #"m!anies

A list of dairy industries was otained from the 'e"artment of Economic 'evelo"ment and the >il( South

Africa wesite 3www%mil(sa%co%za4% /om"anies were selected throughout the country% !he dairy com"anies

were categorized into three size categories% /om"anies "rocessing less than 7 (l of mil( "er day, using

less than 7 (l of water "er month and o"erating at less than @*


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% *r"#ess "/er/iew

As indicated in NA!SU@F 7 3


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Rennet mil0

Culture mil0

5rainage

Cheddaring

*illing

6alting

Wrapping

7oaming

Pressing

Curing

Gouda cheese

7oaming

Pressing

Curing

2rining

Waing

dairy "roducts 3@;;;=


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3%3 The De!artment ") Agri#'tre& ."restry and .isheries

!he 'e"artment of Agriculture, 1orestry and 1isheries controls the Animal 'iseases Act,


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Ta,'e 1B 'airy "roducts in dairy "rocessing "lants from different sizes of com"any

Si+e ") the #"m!any 5

*r"d#t sma'' n6475 medim n6485 'arge n6195

Pasteurized mil( 7;%: ;9%6 ;

U5! mil( 9%; *%: %

Sterilized mil( *%* %

>il( "owder ;%7 %

Processed cheese 6%:

/ultured utter mil( 6% %

utter 7%7 %6 %

/ustard %

/heese ;7%7 +;% +6%<

Loghurt *9 +:%6 ;

'esserts *%* ;%9

Sour mil( 6%: *7%+ 77%7

2ow fat mil( *%* +%; ;%9

5igh fat mil( *%* *%: %

1ruit &uice lends 7%7 +*%7 ++%+

Pasteurized mil( +%; %

Sour cream *%* 6% **%*

1ruit Muice *%* *7%+ 9%:

?ce-cream 9%6: *: +6%<

+


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0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

small 3nH 7:4 medium 3nH 74 large 3nH 94

*r"/in#es

Si+e s#a'e ") the #"m!any 5

.igre B Percentage of dairy "rocessing "lants in different scales of size across the "rovinces of South Africa

4%3 Water s"r#es sed ,y dairy !r"#essing !'ants

!he water source used y com"anies was not associated with the size of the com"any 31igure 94% Similarly,

location and "eriod of o"eration were not associated with the water source used y the dairy com"anies%

,


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0

5

10

15

20

25

Small Medium Large

Water source

Size of the company (% )

.igre 9B 0ater source used y com"anies

!he s"ecific water targets are shown in !ale *% >ost large com"anies are closer to meeting the targets and

are eager to e$"lore and consolidate water conservation strategies% Small com"anies use high amounts of

water and hardly (ee" records of their water consum"tion levels%

% Wastewater generati"n and management

%1 Washing e))'ents )"rm di))erent si+es ") #"m!anies

!he effect of size of com"any on colour, dissolved calcium, dissolved magnesium, fluoride concentrations,

"5, !'S, total hardness and total coliforms was highly significant 3!ale +4% !he effect of size on chloride

was also significant% !he /)', sus"ended solids, nitrate=nitrite and turidity was not affected y the size of

the com"any%

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Ta,'e B S"ecific water inta(es

*r"d#t Mean water se in 1;


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Ta,'e 3B Effect of size of the com"any on effluent from washing e#ui"ment

Si+e ") the #"m!any

*arameter Sma'' Medim -arge

SE

/hemical o$ygen demand 3mg )*=l4 ++; ;:7:%* *69%9 *67%7

Sus"ended solids at ;/ 3mg=l4 +%6


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Si+e ") the #"m!any

*arameter Sma'' Medim -argeSE

/hemical o$ygen demand 3mg )*=l4 99: +77*%9 9g=l4 *:%; % ;% %7

1luoride concentration 3Og 1=l4 7%: 7+


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/hemical o$ygen demand 3mg )*=l4 **%* wa?'@

Nata'

-im!"!" .ree State Eastern

Ca!e

ateng

/hemical o$ygen demand3mg )*=l4 79;%:


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Ta,'e il( in ottles

Pasteurization

Sterilization

*

*;

S(im mil( "owder and utter +*;

1ull cream mil( "owder *


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oserved to e the same across all sizes of com"anies% !here was no association etween "rocessing

and location% Similarly, "eriod of "rocessing was not associated with levels of water used for "rocessing%

A ma&ority of these com"anies 367 84 indicated the need for conserving water% !he "erce"tion for those

com"anies to save water was not influenced y "eriod of o"eration and location%

Ta,'e 18B 5igh water use during "rocessing from different sizes of com"anies

*r"#essingSi+e ") the #"m!any 5

sma'' n6475 medim n6485 'arge n6195

@eceiving


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to control or manage the im"act later% !his is ecause less money will e usedC more time will e

availale to do "ro"er "lanning to reduce "olluting the environment%

any dairy "lants use more than 7 gallons of water

to "rocess each gallon of mil( 3@ausch and Powell,


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successfully in grey water 32i et al%, *@4 32i et al%, *


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water% !his also reduces waste water contamination to rivers and la(es which could reduce salinity,

"ollution and eutro"hication% .rey water used for toilet flushing can reduce u" to + 8 water demand

3Kar"isca( et al %,


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Ta,'e 11B Association of "eriod of o"eration with water conservation strategies ado"ted y com"anies

C"nser/ati"n strategy

*eri"d ") "!erati"n 5

18 years 18 @ 8 years J8 years

/leaner "roduction %<

2ivestoc( drin(ing %<

0ater "inch %< 7%<

.rey water +%<

2ife cycle management

?rrigation 9%6 : 6%:

@ecycling %: :%6 7%<

none Biological Chemical Phys ical

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

Small Medium Large

Water treatement method

Size scale of company (%)

.igre 7B 0astewater treatment method used y different size scale of com"anies

#


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;% Re#"mmendati"ns

• =o facility should be allowed to discharge untreated e>uent to the

municipal sewage system.

• All facilities should be monitored for e>uent compliance as often as possible

by the authorities.• The e?cacy of recycling of treated e>uent should be prioriti:ed and re@

investigated.• !he trends in the demand for dairy "roducts need to e accurately estimated to facilitate

"rediction of water needs for the dairy industry%

• Possiilities to se"arate effluent from cleaning, whey and lac( water should e considered and

investigated%

• =o facility should be allowed to discharge untreated e>uent to the

municipal sewage system.

•

All facilities should be monitored for e>uent compliance as often as possibleby the authorities.

• The e?cacy of recycling of treated e>uent should be prioriti:ed and re@

investigated.• !he trends in the demand for dairy "roducts need to e accurately estimated to facilitate

"rediction of water needs for the dairy industry%

• Possiilities to se"arate effluent from cleaning, whey and lac( water should e considered and

investigated%

• Use of water meters in measuring water coming in and effluent coming out is essential%

• 'ata on the ty"e of e#ui"ment used, "rocesses involved for s"ecific "roducts, water use and

"ollutant loads is essential%

• Studying the effect of different source of dairy effluent on "erformance and ehaviour of

livestoc(, "articularly "igs that consume large #uantities of water%• Effect of location 3within a "rovince4 on water utilization, conservation and effluent "ollutant

loads should e evaluated%

• >ethods and time of storage of dairy effluent on "ollutant loads for use in livestoc( feeding

need to e e$"lored%

• Processors should consider the use of solar and wind systems to reduce electricity costs%

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18% Re)eren#es

Ataei, A% T Loo, /% K%, *% Simultaneous Energy and 0ater )"timization in >ulti"le-/ontaminant

Systems with 1low rate /hanges /onsideration% ?nt% Mournal% Environ% @es%, 7 34B -*9%

/arawan, @% E%, Mones, F% A% T 5ansen, A% P%, A=/>A8*.8*!raining

8*>anuals=gtrainingmanualcha"ter%"df% 'ate Accessed%*+=:=anagement in 2ow and >iddle-?ncome /ountries, @eview of

'ifferent !reatment Systems for 5ouseholds or Neighourhoods% Swiss 1ederal ?nstitute of

A#uatic Science and !echnology 3EA0A.4, 'Vendorf, Switzerland% : ""%>ur"hy, K% )% 5%, *9% A Sco"ing Study to Evaluate the 1itness- 1or-Use of .reywater in Uran and

Peri-Uran Agriculture% 0@/ @e"ort No% 7:anitoa Swine Seminar, *7, *:-*+*%

)(un, '% A%, %,


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@odda, N%, /arden, K%, Armitage, N% T du Plessis, 5% >%, *% 'evelo"ment of guidance for sustainale

irrigation use of grey water in gardens and small-scale agriculture in South Africa% 0ater SA,

+: 3;4B :*:-:+6%

Santala, E%, Uotila, M%, Zaitsev, .%, Alasiurua, @%, !i((a, @% T !negvall, M%, ostert, M% 1%, icroiol% : 3%, Ste"henson, !% T Mefferson, %, *6% /hlorine disinfection of grey water

for reuseB Effect of organics and "articles% 0ater @esearch 7*, 76+- 7

wastewater management in the dairy industry report write up

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