wastewater recycle and reuse indian experience

Wastewater recycle and reuse:

The need of the hour Workshop

Date: 18 April 2012,

Ministry of Urban Development, Govt. of India

Uday G. Kelkar, Ph.D., P.E., BCEE

NJS Consultants Co. Ltd., Japan

Wastewater Recycle and Reuse –

Indian Experience

Global Demand for water is fast outstripping supplyGlobal Demand for water is fast outstripping supply

India possesses 5% of the World’s fresh water but is home to 16% of global population; water India possesses 5% of the World’s fresh water but is home to 16% of global population; water

use efficiency for irrigation is approx. 65% and power use efficiency for extracting GW is only use efficiency for irrigation is approx. 65% and power use efficiency for extracting GW is only

28%28%

Case Study Case Study -- Hyderabad ProjectHyderabad Project

Feasibility study on wastewater recycling for HyderabadFeasibility study on wastewater recycling for Hyderabad

Development of Number of Recycle and reuse options with Development of Number of Recycle and reuse options with

Technical, Economical, Environmental AnalysisTechnical, Economical, Environmental Analysis

SWAP (Freshwater in exchange for recycled water for SWAP (Freshwater in exchange for recycled water for

agricultural under consideration by Govt. of A.P.)agricultural under consideration by Govt. of A.P.)

Water situation for HyderabadWater situation for Hyderabad

Average deficit 21% (436 MLD), Range 14% - 26%

1,325

1,7321,833 1,933

2,188

394 465 398 330585

931

12671435

1603 1603

0

500

1,000

1,500

2,000

2,500

2006 2011 2016 2021 2031

Qu

an

tity

(M

LD

)

Total demand Net supply Deficit

USTDA-Hyderabad Wastewater Recycling Project - 2004

Swap (surface

water)

15%

Recycled

wastewater

7%

Present

surface water

31%

Groundwater

6%

Krishna

41%

Role of wastewater recycle and reuse : Role of wastewater recycle and reuse :

Water sustainability for HyderabadWater sustainability for Hyderabad

Locations of Potential ConsumersLocations of Potential Consumers

Proposed STP

30mld

Existing STP

20mld

Case Study Case Study –– Delhi Jal BoardDelhi Jal Board

To evaluate technologies to retrofit existing 30 IMGD To evaluate technologies to retrofit existing 30 IMGD

portion of Okhla STP for recycle and reuse of wastewater portion of Okhla STP for recycle and reuse of wastewater

for nonfor non--potable applicationspotable applications

Performance assessment of the 30 IMGD facilityPerformance assessment of the 30 IMGD facility

Define recycled water quality goalsDefine recycled water quality goals

Identify suitable technologiesIdentify suitable technologies

Technology evaluationTechnology evaluation

RecommendationsRecommendations

Recycling prospects for OkhlaRecycling prospects for Okhla

Improved quality to existing end users Improved quality to existing end users

(20 IMGD plant)(20 IMGD plant)

New prospective end users New prospective end users

plant capacity 2 IMGDplant capacity 2 IMGD based on demand assessmentbased on demand assessment

Okhla industrial areaOkhla industrial area

Nearby hospitals (Apollo, Escorts)Nearby hospitals (Apollo, Escorts)

Construction, nonConstruction, non--potable use e.g., Vehicle washingpotable use e.g., Vehicle washing

Upcoming townshipsUpcoming townships

Landscape irrigation in nearby areasLandscape irrigation in nearby areas

Industrial cooling water at NTPC’s power plant in Badarpur Industrial cooling water at NTPC’s power plant in Badarpur

(special case, discussed separately)(special case, discussed separately)

MBR & RO Pilot PerformanceMBR & RO Pilot Performance

0.8

mm

screen

Flat Sheet Toray-

IonExchange MBR

50 kL/day

MBR effluent

Tank

Reverse Osmosis

3 kL/day

BOD – 180 to 225 mg/L

COD – 360 to 500 mg/L

SS – 450 mg/L

TDS – 600 to 900 mg/L

MPN > 1 million/100 mL

BOD < 2 mg/L

COD – 8 to 20 mg/L

SS < 2 mg/L

TDS – 600 to 900 mg/L

MPN < 10/ 100 mL

BOD – non detect

COD < 10 mg/L

SS < 1 mg/L

TDS < 20 mg/L

MPN < 2 / 100 mL

Case Study Nagpur Project Case Study Nagpur Project –– Reuse of Reuse of

Wastewater for NonWastewater for Non--potable applicationspotable applications

US Filter US Filter –– Triveni Engineer’s Pilot Triveni Engineer’s Pilot ––

Nagpur Case StudyNagpur Case Study

Case Study Surat Project Case Study Surat Project –– Reuse of Reuse of

Wastewater for NonWastewater for Non--potable applicationspotable applications

Waste Water recycling Waste Water recycling –– Bamroli Bamroli –– Pandesara projectPandesara project

Bamroli STP

Tertiary Treatment

Plant

Katargam WDS

Storage Industrial Use

Storage Potable Use

Pandesara Users

Existing facilityRehabilitate, Maintain, Use

New Facility to be developed, maintained and used

1.1. Operation and Maintenance of Bamroli STP. Operation and Maintenance of Bamroli STP.

2.2. Construction, O&M of Tertiary Treatment plant. Construction, O&M of Tertiary Treatment plant.

3.3. Construction, O&M of Transmission networks. Construction, O&M of Transmission networks.

4.4. Rehabilitation, O&M of existing sumps at Pandesara Rehabilitation, O&M of existing sumps at Pandesara

5.5. Rehabilitation, O&M of existing distribution network at PandesaraRehabilitation, O&M of existing distribution network at Pandesara

6.6. Construction, O&M of potable water network Construction, O&M of potable water network

Suggested Financial Model for PPP

- Project Implementation

STP

Construction

and

Operation

SPV – SMC

and Private

operator

Recycled Water To

be used for non-

potable applications

Stakeholders

Equity

Proposed PPP approachProposed PPP approach

DBFODBFO

SMC buys water in bulk and retains responsibility for end customer billing and SMC buys water in bulk and retains responsibility for end customer billing and

collectioncollection

O&M of Bamroli STP O&M of Bamroli STP Private OperatorPrivate Operator

Investment and O&M Investment and O&M -- Tertiary Treatment Tertiary Treatment Private operatorPrivate operator

Investment and O&M Investment and O&M -- Transmission (Input and output Transmission (Input and output

to Treatment plant) to Treatment plant)

Private operatorPrivate operator

O&M O&M –– Industrial Water network (SMC owned)Industrial Water network (SMC owned) Private operatorPrivate operator

Setting up and O&M of Potable Water networkSetting up and O&M of Potable Water network Private operatorPrivate operator

Tariff Setting, Billing and Collection from endTariff Setting, Billing and Collection from end--usersusers SMC SMC

Bid VariableBid Variable Price of Industrial Grade Price of Industrial Grade

water per KL payable by SMC water per KL payable by SMC

to Private operatorto Private operator

Initial assessment of Financial viabilityInitial assessment of Financial viability

Base case assumptionsBase case assumptions

•• Capex Capex –– Rs. 60 croreRs. 60 crore

•• O&M O&M –– 15% of capex + Rs. 3.5 15% of capex + Rs. 3.5 crore for STP O&Mcrore for STP O&M

•• Concession period Concession period –– 30 years30 years

•• Debt Equity structure Debt Equity structure –– 70:3070:30

•• Escalation of base tariff Escalation of base tariff –– 5% 5% annuallyannually

A project IRR of 15% seems A project IRR of 15% seems achievable at Rs. 10 achievable at Rs. 10 --11 per KL at 11 per KL at the consumer level. the consumer level.

Case Study Case Study Kolhapur Kolhapur Project Project –– Designing, Designing,

Financing, Constructing and Operation and Financing, Constructing and Operation and

Maintenance of 76 MLD STP and allied Maintenance of 76 MLD STP and allied

works works Supported by GOI under and ADBSupported by GOI under and ADB

Project FeaturesProject Features

Project StructureProject Structure

Suggested Financial Model for PPP

- Project Implementation

STP

Construction

and

Operation

SPV

KMC and PPP Contractor

Recycled Water To

be used for non-

potable applications

Stakeholders

Equity

JNNURM

Funds

Case Study Bangalore Project Case Study Bangalore Project –– Reuse of Reuse of

Wastewater for NonWastewater for Non--potable as well as potable as well as

Indirect Potable applicationsIndirect Potable applications

135 MLD Reuse Process Scheme 135 MLD Reuse Process Scheme –– Indirect Potable useIndirect Potable use

STP

Raw

Sewage

TTPUpgraded

Tertiary

Treatment

Plant

Pumping

Station

Wastewater

Treatment Plant

(BNR)

23 Kms, 1300 mm

diameter MS pipe.

70 MLD (150 MLD)

Break

Tank/Cascade

Aerator and

micro-strainer at

Tarverkare

75 MLD

(150 MLD)

UF

Backwash

/reject

Ultrafiltration (UF)

Plant 70 MLD (145

MLD) Break Tank

After UF

Plant

High rate settler/UF

to recover

backwash water

Waste to Lagoon

Granular

Activated

Carbon (GAC)

filters

GAC Backwash

Treated water

sump

Cl2 addition

(for residual

maintenance)

Cl2 addition

(Super

chlorination)

Arkavathy

River

7 Kms

Inlet to T G

Halli Reservoir

Raw Water

UF

Reservoir

Reverse

Osmosis (RO)

Cl2 addition

To BWSSB

Distribution System

(pumping)

V-valley Plant

Premises Tarverkare

Upgraded T G Halli WTP

Dam

Reclaimed water

Kum

udavath

i Riv

er

67.5 MLD

(135 MLD)

45 MLD

(85 MLD)

25 MLD

(50 MLD)

70 MLD

(140 MLD)

67.5 MLD

(135 MLD)

Bangalore Pilot Experience Bangalore Pilot Experience

Existing Standards for Reuse in India Existing Standards for Reuse in India

(CPCB, MOEF)(CPCB, MOEF)

ClassClass Designated Best UseDesignated Best Use CriteriaCriteria

AA Drinking water source Drinking water source

without conventional without conventional

treatment but after treatment but after

disinfectiondisinfection

Dissolved Oxygen : 6 mg/l or more Dissolved Oxygen : 6 mg/l or more

Biochemical Oxygen Demand : 2 mg/l or lessBiochemical Oxygen Demand : 2 mg/l or less

Total Coliform : 50 MPN/100 mlTotal Coliform : 50 MPN/100 ml

BB Outdoor bathing Outdoor bathing

(Organised)(Organised)




CC Drinking water source Drinking water source

with conventional with conventional

treatment followed by treatment followed by

disinfection disinfection




EE Irrigation, industrial Irrigation, industrial

cooling and controlled cooling and controlled

waste disposal waste disposal

Electrical Conductivity : 2250 mhos/cmElectrical Conductivity : 2250 mhos/cm

Sodium Absorption Ratio: 26Sodium Absorption Ratio: 26

Boron : 2 mg/lBoron : 2 mg/l

Proposed Water Quality for ReuseProposed Water Quality for Reuse

UserUserRequired Water Required Water

QualityQualityIndian StandardIndian Standard

AgriculturalAgricultural IrrigationIrrigation EE

DomesticDomestic Public accessPublic access CC

IndustrialIndustrial Per industry Per industry

requirementsrequirements

Negotiate w/ Negotiate w/

industriesindustries

Groundwater Groundwater

rechargerecharge

Indirect potableIndirect potable EE

Reservoir Reservoir

RechargeRecharge

Indirect potableIndirect potable CC

If we Do not Recycle & Reuse…….If we Do not Recycle & Reuse…….

Poor Water Availability Poor Water Availability –– Poor Public HealthPoor Public Health

Increasing Cost for Water Supply Increasing Cost for Water Supply –– long distance long distance

transportation with elevations.transportation with elevations.

Poor Economic Performance of ULBsPoor Economic Performance of ULBs

Interstate Disputes on Resource Allocation Interstate Disputes on Resource Allocation

Unsustainable GrowthUnsustainable Growth

Way ForwardWay Forward

Provide incentives to Industries and Agencies using Provide incentives to Industries and Agencies using

reclaimed water.reclaimed water.

Address legal and Institutional issues.Address legal and Institutional issues.

Develop State Specific Develop State Specific -- reuse Guidance Document.reuse Guidance Document.

Promote Recycle and Reuse Educational & Public Promote Recycle and Reuse Educational & Public

Awareness Programs Awareness Programs –– for nonfor non--potable and indirect potable and indirect

potable applications.potable applications.

Develop Funding Alternatives for Reuse ProjectsDevelop Funding Alternatives for Reuse Projects

Sewage

Potable

Water

High Quality

Reuse Water for

All applications

Treatment for Recycle

and Reuse

New Approach to Sustainability is to Convert

Sewage Treatment Plants (STPs) into Water

Factories to Achieve the Millennium Goal

wastewater recycle and reuse indian experience

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