water and irrigation - ucanr
TRANSCRIPT
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Irrigation SchedulingDetermining
Distribution Uniformity
Loren OkiDept. of Plant Sciences and
Dept. Human EcologyUC Davis
Doing More With LessStockton, CA
December 2, 2016
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Learning Objectives
• Measuring system performance– Conducting a system assessment– Checking for proper operation– Determine distribution uniformity
• Improving performance
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Key elements for landscape water conservation
• Plant selection and design• Mulching• Composting• Fertilization• Irrigation
– System Audit– Scheduling– Management 3
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Conducting An Irrigation Audit
• Adapted from sprinkler systems• Applicable to all types, including drip
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Conducting An Irrigation Audit
• Math is necessary– because we have to measure
“To measure is to know.” Lord Kelvin
“If you can't measure it, you can't improve it.” Lord Kelvin
“If it can't be expressed in figures, it is not science; it is opinion.”Robert Heinlein
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Conducting An Irrigation Audit
• Inspect the site• Tune up the irrigation system• Test the system• Calculate performance• Interpret the information
Credit: Irrigation Association Landscape Irrigation Auditor certification program
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Inspect the Site
• Locate the water meter– Learn and understand how to read it
• Locate and identify the controller type– Several manufacturers– MANY different models– Some are OLD– Learn to program it
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Inspect the Site
• Locate the valves• Measure system pressure
– Static and dynamicpressure
– Close to source– Time of day matters
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Inspect the Site
• Landscape features and design– Plant materials within each zone– Microclimates– Hardscape features
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Inspect the Site • Compacted soil
– Reduces infiltration and percolation
• Soil Texture– Clay, Loam, and Sand– SoilWeb app*
• Phone and PC applications
http://casoilresource.lawr.ucdavis.edu/gmap/
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Inspect the Site
• Slopes– Runoff potential
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Inspect the Site• Irrigation Zones
– How many?– Zone locations– Associated valves
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Turf
ShrubsGroundcover
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Sprinklers and Emitters
• Locations– Mark with flags
• Types– Sprays, rotors,
rotary stream, impact
– Drip tube, pointsource (buttons) (and flow rate), bubblers, micro sprays
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Photo: B. Baker
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Sprinkler Types
• Impact• Sprays• Rotary stream• Gear drive rotor
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Flow Rates
• Know the flow rates for eachsprinkler
• Obtain this from the manufacturer
• You’ll need to know dynamic pressure!
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Flow Rates
• Calculate the total flow for each valve
• Multiply the flowper sprinkler timesthe number of sprinklers
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Flow Rates
• Compare the calculated total tothe actual flow
• This can reveal leaks, plugs, or other issues.
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Maintenance
• Maintenance– Proper and timely
18Photos: L. Oki
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Maintenance
• Maintenance– Proper and timely
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Phots: L. Oki
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“Urban Drool”
Photos: D. Haver20
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Tune-up the System
• Sprinkler/emitter condition– Spacing– Measure the distance between sprinklers– Verify head-to-head coverage
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Tune-up the System
• Sprinkler/emitter condition– Are sprinklers plumb?– Use bubble level– Check for tilt
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Tune-up the System
• Sprinkler/emitter condition– Determine the dynamic pressure
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Tune-up the System
• Sprinkler/emitter condition– Determine the dynamic pressure
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Test the System
• Catch can test– Measures how fast
water is applied– How evenly it is
applied
• What is needed– Catch cans– Graduated cylinder
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Test the System
• Set catch cans– At and in between sprinklers– At emitters– Regular and even spacing
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Test the System
• Set catch cans– At and in between sprinklers– At emitters– Regular and even spacing
• Minimum number of catch cans=24– Multiples of 4
• Wind less than 5 mph
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Test the System
• Turn on the valve– Duration 10-20 minutes– Optimal volume (in mL) is 1½ times the
area of the opening (in sq.in.)– If there are several valves for an area, use
the same duration for each– Observe runoff and when it occurs
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Test the System
• Check for properoperation
• Deflections
29Photo: B. Baker
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Test the System
• Check for properarc (pattern)
• and radius (distance)
30Photo: B. BakerPhoto: B. Baker
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Test the System
• Measure thewater in eachcontainer
31Photo: B. Baker
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Using the Catch Can Data
• Distribution Uniformity (DU)– How evenly a sprinkler system applies water– Typical response to a dry spot:
INCREASE RUN TIME
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Using the Catch Can Data
• Distribution Uniformity (DU)– How evenly a sprinkler system applies water– Effect on run time
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DU% min/wk58 13180 95 =15% reduction
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Distribution Uniformity•DU=Excellent
•Duration: Replace ET
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Distribution Uniformity•DU=Excellent
•Duration: Too long
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Distribution Uniformity•DU=Excellent
•Duration: Too short
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Distribution Uniformity•DU=Poor
•Duration: Too short
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Distribution Uniformity•DU=Poor
•Duration: Longer
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Distribution Uniformity•DU=Marginal
•Duration: Replace ET
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Distribution Uniformity
• Calculating DU– Average of all
(AvgT)– Rank volumes– Average of bottom ¼
(AvgLQ)– DU= AvgLQ ÷ AvgT
• Target– Minimum 70%
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DU= 𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴 𝑇𝑇
= 1624.5 = 65%
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Improving DU
• Managing water pressure• Effect on spray pattern
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12’ fixed 30 psi
Photos: D. Franklin, Hunter
12’ fixed 45 psi
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Improving DU
• Know the pressurerecommended foryour sprinklers
• This one is ratedfor 50 to 90 psi
42Photo: B. Baker
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Improving DU
43Photo: B. Baker
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Improving DU
• Know the pressurerecommended foryour sprinklers
• This one is ratedfor 30 to 55 psi and does best at40 psi
44Photo: B. Baker
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Improving DU
• Upgrade sprinklersif possible
• At three study sites upgrades resulted in DU increases of 21%,24%, and 18%
45Photo: B. Baker
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Irrigation Management
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• Know your system• Precipitation and infiltration rates• Distribution uniformity• Water pressure
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Irrigation SchedulingDetermining
Distribution Uniformity
• If irrigating large turf areas, may be:– Largest impact
for least effort– Low cost
• Obtain Water/IrrigationAudit Kit
47Photo: B. Baker