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Water for A Better

Life

Water in three states: liquid, solid(ice), and (invisible) water vaporin theair. Clouds are the accumulations ofthe droplets, condensedfrom vapor-saturated air.

Water is a chemical substance that is composed ofhydrogen and oxygen and is vital

for all known forms oflife.[1]

In typical usage, waterrefers only to its liquid form or state, but the substance alsohas a solid state, ice, and a gaseous state, water vapor or steam. Water covers 71%of the Earth's surface. On Earth, it is found mostly in oceans and other large waterbodies, with 1.6% of water below ground in aquifers and 0.001% in the air as vapor,clouds (formed of solid and liquid water particles suspended in air), and precipitation.[3]Oceans hold 97% of surface water, glaciers and polar ice caps 2.4%, and other landsurface water such as rivers, lakes and ponds 0.6%. A very small amount of theEarth's water is contained within biological bodies and manufactured products.

Water on Earth moves continually through a cycle ofevaporation or transpiration(evapotranspiration), precipitation, andrunoff, usually reaching the sea. Over land,

evaporation and transpiration contribute to the precipitation over land.

Clean drinking water is essential to human and other life forms. Access to safedrinking water has improved steadily and substantially over the last decades inalmost every part of the world. There is a clear correlation between access to safewater and GDP per capita. However, some observers have estimated that by 2025more than half of the world population will be facing water-based vulnerability. Arecent report (November 2009) suggests that by 2030, in some developing regions ofthe world, water demand will exceed supply by 50%. Water plays an important role inthe world economy, as it functions as a solvent for a wide variety of chemicalsubstances and facilitates industrial cooling and transportation. Approximately 70%offreshwater is consumed by agriculture.
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Water on Earth

A graphical distribution of the locationsof water on Earth.

Water covers 71% of the Earth's surface; the oceans contain 97.2% of the Earth'swater. The Antarctic ice sheet, which contains 90% of all fresh water on Earth, isvisible at the bottom. Condensed atmospheric water can be seen as clouds,contributing to the Earth's albedo. Hydrology is the study of the movement,distribution, and quality of water throughout the Earth. The study of the distributionof water is hydrography. The study of the distribution and movement of groundwateris hydrogeology, of glaciers is glaciology, of inland waters is limnology and

distribution of oceans is oceanography. Ecological processes with hydrology are infocus ofecohydrology. The collective mass of water found on, under, andover the surface of a planet is called the hydrosphere. Earth's approximate watervolume (the total water supply of the world) is 1,360,000,000 km3 (326,000,000 mi3).

Groundwater and fresh water are useful or potentially useful to humans aswater resources. Liquid water is found in bodies of water, such as an ocean, sea,lake, river, stream, canal, pond, or puddle. The majority of water on Earth is seawater. Water is also present in the atmosphere in solid, liquid, and vapor states. Italso exists as groundwater in aquifers. Water is important in many geologicalprocesses. Groundwater is ubiquitous in rocks, and the pressure of this groundwateraffects patterns offaulting. Water in the mantle is responsible for the melt thatproduces volcanoes at subduction zones. On the surface of the Earth, water isimportant in both chemical and physical weathering processes. Water and, to a lesser

but still significant extent, ice, are also responsible for a large amount ofsedimenttransport that occurs on the surface of the earth. Deposition of transported sedimentforms many types ofsedimentary rocks, which make up the geologic record ofEarthhistory.
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Fresh water storage

High tide (left) and low tide (right)

Some runoff water is trapped for periods of time, for example in lakes. At highaltitude, during winter, and in the far north and south, snow collects in ice caps, snowpack and glaciers. Water also infiltrates the ground and goes into aquifers. Thisgroundwater later flows back to the surface in springs, or more spectacularly in hotsprings and geysers. Groundwater is also extracted artificially in wells. This waterstorage is important, since clean, fresh water is essential to human and other land-based life. In many parts of the world, it is in short supply. Sea water containsabout 3.5% salt on average, plus smaller amounts of other substances. The physicalproperties of sea water differ from fresh water in some important respects. It freezesat a lower temperature (about 1.9 C) and its density increases with decreasingtemperature to the freezing point, instead of reaching maximum density at atemperature above freezing. The salinity of water in major seas varies from about0.7% in the Baltic Sea to 4.0% in the Red Sea.

Effects on life

An oasis is an isolated water source

with vegetation in desert

Overview ofphotosynthesis and respiration. Water (at right), together with carbondioxide (CO2), form oxygen and organic compounds (at left), which can be respired towater and (CO2).

From a biological standpoint, water has many distinct properties that are critical forthe proliferation oflife that set it apart from other substances. It carries out this roleby allowing organic compounds to react in ways that ultimately allow replication. Allknown forms of life depend on water. Water is vital both as a solvent in which manyof the body's solutes dissolve and as an essential part of many metabolic processeswithin the body. Metabolism is the sum total of anabolism and catabolism. Inanabolism, water is removed from molecules (through energy requiring enzymaticchemical reactions) in order to grow larger molecules (e.g. starches, triglycerides andproteins for storage of fuels and information). In catabolism, water is used to break
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bonds in order to generate smaller molecules (e.g. glucose, fatty acids and aminoacids to be used for fuels for energy use or other purposes). Water is thus essentialand central to these metabolic processes. Therefore, without water, these metabolicprocesses would cease to exist, leaving us to muse about what processes would be inits place, such as gas absorption, dust collection, etc.

Water is also central to photosynthesis and respiration. Photosynthetic cells use thesun's energy to split off water's hydrogen from oxygen. Hydrogen is combined withCO2 (absorbed from air or water) to form glucose and release oxygen. All living cellsuse such fuels and oxidize the hydrogen and carbon to capture the sun's energy andreform water and CO2 in the process (cellular respiration).

Water is also central to acid-base neutrality and enzyme function. An acid, ahydrogen ion (H+, that is, a proton) donor, can be neutralized by a base, a protonacceptor such as hydroxide ion (OH) to form water. Water is considered to beneutral, with a pH (the negative log of the hydrogen ion concentration) of 7. Acidshave pH values less than 7 while bases have values greater than 7.

Some of the biodiversity of a coral reef

Stomach acid (HCl) is useful to digestion. However, its corrosive effect on theesophagus during reflux can temporarily be neutralized by ingestion of a base suchas aluminum hydroxide to produce the neutral molecules water and the saltaluminum chloride. Human biochemistry that involves enzymes usually performsoptimally around a biologically neutral pH of 7.4.

For example, a cell ofEscherichia coli contains 70% of water, a human body 6070%,plant body up to 90% and the body of an adultjellyfish is made up of 9498% water.
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Human uses

Agriculture

Irrigation of field crops

The most important use of water in agriculture is for irrigation, which is a keycomponent to produce enough food. Irrigation takes up to 90% of water withdrawn in

some developing countries and significant proportions in more economicallydeveloped countries (United States, 30% of freshwater usage is for irrigation)]

Water as a scientific standard

On 7 April 1795, the gram was defined in France to be equal to "the absolute weightof a volume of pure water equal to a cube of one hundredth of a meter, and to thetemperature of the melting ice. For practical purposes though, a metallic referencestandard was required, one thousand times more massive, the kilogram. Work wastherefore commissioned to determine precisely the mass of one liter of water. Inspite of the fact that the decreed definition of the gram specified water at 0 Cahighly reproducible temperaturethe scientists chose to redefine the standard andto perform their measurements at the temperature of highest water density, whichwas measured at the time as 4 C (39 F).

The Kelvin temperature scale of the SI system is based on the triple point of water,defined as exactly 273.16 K or 0.01 C. The scale is a more accurate development ofthe Celsius temperature scale, which was originally defined according the boilingpoint (set to 100 C) and melting point (set to 0 C) of water.

Natural water consists mainly of the isotopes hydrogen-1 and oxygen-16, but there isalso small quantity of heavier isotopes such as hydrogen-2 (deuterium). The amountof deuterium oxides or heavy water is very small, but it still affects the properties ofwater. Water from rivers and lakes tends to contain less deuterium than seawater.

Therefore, standard water is defined in the Vienna Standard Mean Ocean Water

specification.
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For drinking

The human body is anywhere from

55% to 78% water depending on bodysize.[34] To function properly, the bodyrequires between one and seven litersof water per day to avoid dehydration;the precise amount depends on thelevel of activity, temperature,humidity, and other factors. Most ofthis is ingested through foods orbeverages other than drinking straightwater. It is not clear how much waterintake is needed by healthy people,though most advocates agree that 67glasses of water (approximately 2liters) daily is the minimum to maintainproper hydration.[35] Medical literaturefavors a lower consumption, typically 1liter of water for an average male,excluding extra requirements due tofluid loss from exercise or warmweather.[36] For those who havehealthy kidneys, it is rather difficult todrink too much water, but (especiallyin warm humid weather and whileexercising) it is dangerous to drink toolittle. People can drink far more waterthan necessary while exercising,however, putting them at risk ofwaterintoxication (hyperhydration), whichcan be fatal. The "fact" that a personshould consume eight glasses of waterper day cannot be traced back to ascientific source. There are othermyths such as the effect of water onweight loss and constipation that havebeen dispelled. An originalrecommendation for water intake in

1945 by the Food and Nutrition

Board of the National ResearchCouncil read: "An ordinary standardfor diverse persons is 1 milliliter foreach calorie of food. Most of thisquantity is contained in preparedfoods. The latest dietary referenceintake report by the United StatesNational Research Council ingeneral recommended (includingfood sources): 2.7 liters of watertotal for women and 3.7 liters formen. Specifically, pregnant andbreastfeeding women needadditional fluids to stay hydrated.According to the Institute ofMedicinewho recommend that,on average, women consume 2.2liters and men 3.0 litersthis isrecommended to be 2.4 liters (10cups) for pregnant women and 3liters (12 cups) for breastfeedingwomen since an especially largeamount of fluid is lost duringnursing. Also noted is thatnormally, about 20% of waterintake comes from food, while therest comes from drinking water andbeverages (caffeinated included).Water is excreted from the body inmultiple forms; through urine andfaeces, through sweating, and byexhalation of water vapor in thebreath. With physical exertion andheat exposure, water loss willincrease and daily fluid needs mayincrease as well.
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Humans require water that does notcontain too many impurities. Commonimpurities include metal salts andoxides (including copper, iron, calciumand lead) and/or harmful bacteria,such as Vibrio. Some solutes are

acceptable and even desirable fortaste enhancement and to provideneeded electrolytes. The singlelargest freshwater resource suitablefor drinking is Lake Baikal in Siberia,which has a very low salt and calciumcontent and is therefore very clean.

HygieneThe ability of water to

make solutions andemulsionsis used forwashing. Many industrial

processes rely on reactionsusing chemicals dissolved inwater, suspension of solids inwater slurries or using waterto dissolve and extractsubstances.

Chemical usesWater is widely used in

chemical reactions as asolvent or reactant and lesscommonly as a solute orcatalyst. In inorganic

reactions, water is a commonsolvent, dissolving many ioniccompounds. In organicreactions, it is not usuallyused as a reaction solvent,because it does not dissolvethe reactants well and isamphoteric (acidic andbasic) and nucleophilic.Nevertheless, these propertiesare sometimes desirable. Also,acceleration ofDiels-Alderreactions by water has been

observed. Supercriticalwater has recently been atopic of research. Oxygen-saturated supercritical watercombusts organic pollutantsefficiently.

Extinguishing fires

Water is used forfightingwildfires.

Water has a high heat ofvaporization and is relatively inert,which makes it a good fireextinguishing fluid. Theevaporation of water carries heataway from the fire. However, watercannot be used to fight fires ofelectric equipment, becauseimpure water is electricallyconductive, or of oils and organicsolvents, because they float on

water and the explosive boiling ofwater tends to spread the burningliquid.

Use of water in fire fightingshould also take into account thehazards of a steam explosion,which may occur when water isused on very hot fires in confinedspaces, and of a hydrogenexplosion, when substances which
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacteriumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vibriohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soluteshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrolytehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake_Baikalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calciumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solvationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emulsionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emulsionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slurryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amphoterichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nucleophilichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diels-Alder_reactionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diels-Alder_reactionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supercritical_waterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supercritical_waterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fire_fightinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wildfirehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fire_fighting#Use_of_waterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fire_fighting#Use_of_waterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steam_explosionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:MH-60S_Helicopter_dumps_water_onto_Fire.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacteriumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vibriohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soluteshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrolytehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake_Baikalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calciumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solvationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emulsionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slurryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amphoterichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nucleophilichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diels-Alder_reactionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diels-Alder_reactionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supercritical_waterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supercritical_waterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fire_fightinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wildfirehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fire_fighting#Use_of_waterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fire_fighting#Use_of_waterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steam_explosion


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react with water, such as certainmetals or hot graphite, decompose thewater, producing hydrogen gas.

The power of such explosionswas seen in the Chernobyl disaster,although the water involved did not

come from fire-fighting at that timebut the reactor's own water coolingsystem. A steam explosion occurredwhen the extreme over-heating of thecore caused water to flash into steam.A hydrogen explosion may haveoccurred as a result of reactionbetween steam and hot zirconium.

Beaches and water parks are popularplaces for people to go to relax andenjoy recreation. Many find the soundand appearance of flowing water to be

calming, and fountains and otherwater features in public or privatedecorations.. Some keep fish and otherlife in aquariums or ponds for show,fun, and companionship. Humans alsouse water for snow sports i.e. skiing,sledding,snowmobiling orsnowboarding, which requires thewater to be frozen. People may alsouse water for play fighting such as withsnowballs, water guns or waterballoons.

Food processing

Water can be used to cook foods suchasnoodles.

Water plays many critical roles withinthe field offood science. It is importantfor a food scientist to understand theroles that water plays within foodprocessing to ensure the success oftheir products. Solutes such as

salts and sugars found in wateraffect the physical properties ofwater. The boiling and freezingpoints of water is affected bysolutes. One mole of sucrose(sugar) per kilogram of water raises

the boiling point of water by 0.51C, and one mole of salt per kgraises the boiling point by 1.02 C;similarly, increasing the number ofdissolved particles lowers water'sfreezing point. Solutes in water alsoaffect water activity which affectsmany chemical reactions and thegrowth of microbes in food. Wateractivity can be described as a ratioof the vapor pressure of water in asolution to the vapor pressure ofpure water. Solutes in water lowerwater activity. This is important toknow because most bacterialgrowth ceases at low levels ofwater activity. Not only doesmicrobial growth affect the safetyof food but also the preservationand shelf life of food. Waterhardness is also a critical factor infood processing. It can dramaticallyaffect the quality of a product aswell as playing a role in sanitation.Water hardness is classified basedon the amounts of removablecalcium carbonate salt it containsper gallon. Water hardness ismeasured in grains; 0.064 gcalcium carbonate is equivalent toone grain of hardness. Water isclassified as soft if it contains 1 to 4grains, medium if it contains 5 to10 grains and hard if it contains 11to 20 grains. The hardness of watermay be altered or treated by usinga chemical ion exchange system.

The hardness of water also affectsits pH balance which plays a criticalrole in food processing. For

example, hard water preventssuccessful production of clearbeverages. Water hardness alsoaffects sanitation; with increasinghardness, there is a loss ofeffectiveness for its use as asanitizer. Boiling, steaming, andsimmering are popular cookingmethods that often require
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immersing food in water or its gaseousstate, steam. Water is also used fordishwashing.

Poem water

Water an elementalWater a fundamentalBuilding block of life

Water of LifeWater of Death

Water in all religionsWater in all living things

Water in all countries

Water also used for barter

No life without waterNo rife with water

No respect for waterWillful neglect of water

Water, for cookingWater, for cleaningWater, for drinking

Water, for livingWater, for dying

Water is the sameIn all languagesWater is the same

To all living beings
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water , any

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