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D 2.5.2a – Water resource availability study Application in Simferopol

COLOPHON Title D 2.5.2a – Water resources availability study (applied in commercially available GIS software)

Deliverable number Extract of D 2.5.2 PREPARED Project deliverable Author(s) Victor Popovych Ielizaveta Dunaieva

© 2010 PREPARED The European Commission is funding the Collaborative project ‘PREPARED Enabling Change’ (PREPARED, project number 244232) within the context of the Seventh Framework Programme 'Environment'.All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced, stored in a database or retrieval system, or published, in any form or in any way, electronically, mechanically, by print, photoprint, microfilm or any other means without prior written permission from the publisher

Title report - reportnumber © PREPARED - 3 - 25th October 2013

Contents

Contents 3

1 Identification of GIS applications in cities 5

2 Water resources availability GIS application : ArcSWAT - Case Study Simferopol, Ukraine 8

2.1 Algorithm of using 9 2.1.1 Pre-processing: 9 2.1.2 Data processing 12

2.2 Data requirements 14

2.3 Guidance on the appropriateness of a tool for a specific situation 15

2.4 References 18

2.5 Sitography 20

INDEX OF FIGURES

Figure 2-1 Scheme of interaction between SWAT and ArcGIS ....................................... 9 Figure 2-2: View of the ArcMap with projected layer ................................................... 10 Figure 2-3:Window of changing grid format .................................................................. 10 Figure 2-4: Step 5 of procedure ......................................................................................... 11 Figure 2-5: Step 6 of procedure ......................................................................................... 11 Figure 2-6: Converted soil data in ArcView .................................................................... 11 Figure 2-7: View of Export Raster Data window ............................................................ 12 Figure 2-8: Data settings ..................................................................................................... 13 Figure 2-9: Set-up ................................................................................................................ 13 Figure 2-10: Output files..................................................................................................... 14 Figure 2-11: Draft scheme of the hydrological models usage for climate change related tasks ......................................................................................................................... 16 Figure 2-12: Land use and soils zonation in the Salgir Valley ...................................... 17 Figure 2-13: Watershed with HRU (hydrologic response units) .................................. 17 Figure 2-14: Simulated and statistical flow ..................................................................... 18 Figure 2-15: Inflow (Simferopol reservoir), period 2011-2100. ..................................... 18

INDEX OF TABLES

Table 1-1: GIS and GIS applications of PREPARED cities ............................................... 5


ACRONYMS DB Data Base COTS Commercial Off-The-shelf Software (commercially available software) CSV Comma-separated values DEM Digital Elevation Model ECA&D European climate assessment dataset FOSS Free open source software GIS Geographic Information System GRASS GIS Geographic Resources Analysis Support System ISKABIS Infrastructure Information System MWSWAT MapWindow Soil and Water Assessment Tool NASA National Aeronautics and Space Administration NGA National Geospatial-Intelligence Agenc y RA/RM Risk Assessment /Risk Management SCS CN Soil Conservation Service Curve Number SDWSC Simferopol Drinking Water Supply and Sewerage System Company STAM Solution for Total Asset Management SRTM The Shuttle Radar Topography Mission WMO World Meteorological Organization WSFS Watershed Simulation and Forecasting System


1 Identification of GIS applications in cities

Geographic information systems are useful instruments for consideration of the influence of the geo-referenced risks, associated with natural hazards on urban water cycle and regional economics. PREPARED cities use GIS and GIS application to deal with two main problems water scarcity and flooding, in the other words, how to get water in drought conditions / distribute it between different water users and remove excessive water from the city. General overview of GIS applications, which can be used for risk assessment and risk management of climate change hazards has made at PERAPRED report number 2011.015. The GIS and GIS applications, which are used for RA/RM approach by PREPARED cities, are listed in the Table 1-1. Table 1-1: GIS and GIS applications of PREPARED cities

Country / city

COTS Free or OSS GIS Application GIS Application

Denmark, Aarhus

MIKE MOUSE

England, Welsh ArcGIS Cadcorp Bentley StruMap

STAM

Germany, Berlin

ArcView ArcIso Spatial Analyst GW-Manager Land-Manager

Italy, Genoa

ArcGIS AutoCadMap2010

QGIS 15 GRASS PostGIS

Netherlands, Eindhoven

ArcGIS

Norway, Oslo Gemini ArcGIS

Mike Urban Mouse DHI

Poland, Gliwice

ArcGIS MapIno

NORISC HRA Visual MODFLOW ELCOM (CWR) CAEDYM (CWR)

MapWindow gvSIG Christine GIS Viewer

ArcSWAT SWMM HEC-HMS HEC-RAS

Portugal, Lisbon

GeoMedia GInterAqua Geomedia

Miramon Quantum GIS

Spain, Barcelona

ArcGIS Smallworld

Spatial Analyst Infoworks

ET GeoWizards (for ArcGIS)

Turkey, Istanbul

ArcGIS Oracle

ArcHydro ISKABIS

Ukraine, Simferopol

ArcGIS

MapWindow Basins Postgis uDig

ArcSWAT MWSWAT


Each municipality and water company has its own crucial problems and task, which they faced day by day. They use different approaches and methodologies to deal with geo-referenced data and, especially, with climate change hazards. For example, in England, main water and sanitation provider in Wales DCWW (Dwr Cymru Welsh Water) uses an internet based solution STAM (Solution for Total Asset Management), developed by Northgate for reducing sewage flooding. STAM is a powerful tool, which gives access to digital mapping to illustrate the location of the property and the sewer network of the company, facilitating an improvement in customer service, and helps Dŵr Cymru understand weak points in their sewerage network. Eindhoven municipality (the Netherlands) developed Decision Support Tool (GIS model) for urban planning. Bentley’s Web-publishing solution retrieves data from the Oracle Spatial database to shows information from the professional data generated in the back-office. In the USA, New Berlin, New Berlin’s GIS stormwater program was designed to provide city management with current information regarding the condition of any area within its. This GIS system helps community to improve management (implement city’s best management practice), simplify maintenance, decrease pollution and avoid emergency situations. Istanbul Water and Sewerage Administration (Turkey) for improvement of service provision developed Infrastructure Information System (ISKABIS), which is used GIS, as a tool for management of drinking water distribution and transmission systems, protection of watersheds, wastewater collection and disposal systems. ( Integrated Urban Water Management and Investigation of New Water Resources. PREPARED 2011.020. PREPARED - 21 - 13 June 2011), [http://www.prepared-fp7.eu/viewer/file.aspx?fileinfoID=164]. In the India, Allahabad City, was developed GIS for disaster management (GIS based early response system). This GIS based flood mitigation and management program improve the currently practiced disaster management programs, uses ArcInfo as GIS environment and include geo-database consisting of various thematic maps, demographic data, socio-economic data and infrastructural facilities at village level. In case of occurrence of the disaster, this GIS tool can be beneficial for getting all the relevant information concerning the territory [http://www.gisdevelopment.net/application/natural_hazards/floods/ma08_217.htm]. Rovaniemi city centre and the municipality of Kittilä, Finland (2008-2011) had a CLIM-ATIC project (within the Northern Periphery Programme), which was focused on handling with climate change and extreme flood events at a local level. The Finnish Environment Institute (SYKE) and the Arctic Centre calculated the impacts of climate change and flooding using climate change models and hydrological and weather history data to simulate through hydrological model Watershed Simulation and Forecasting System (WSFS). Resulting maps demonstrate extent of areas at risk and the potential depth of waterwill, and can be


used to estimate the potential cost of damage, and may help to diminish impact of future hazards [http://www.climatechangeadaptation.info/.../Climatic%20Case-study%20demonstration%20GIS%20FLood%20Mapping.pdf].


2 Water resources availability GIS application : ArcSWAT - Case Study Simferopol, Ukraine

There are wide range of models on the base of commercial GIS, which are specialized on runoff modeling including terrain modeling and hydrological software and can be applied for estimation of water resources availability, such as ArcHydro (Maidment, 2002), HecGeoHMS (HEC-GeoHMS, 2009) , TOPMODEL (Kirkby, 1997) , HBV (Lindström et al., 1997), XPSWMM (XPSWMM, 2009), MIKE 11 GIS (DHI, 1993). Part of these tools use commercial GIS platforms - ArcGIS (ESRI), for example. Some of the commercial modes use own geographical systems, as WEAP21 (WEAP, 2011 ), for example. Taking into account that Simferopol is situated in foothills zone of Crimean mountains and use for portable purpose water only from surface sources (from local – 3 reservoirs, and one filled from system of Northern Crimean Canal from Dnepr river), and there isn’t water consumers from local sources till reservoirs it is possible to use generic SWAT model to modeling inflow to the local reservoirs (most climate change vulnerable part of urban water cycle system). ArcSWAT is ArcGIS based extension with a graphical user interface for the SWAT (Soil and Water Assessment Tool) model. SWAT and the ArcSWAT interface are public domain software. Support is provided through the SWAT user website and several user groups and discussion forums. Usage ArcGIS implies licence availability (at least for a system and one more extenton necessary for the model work – Spatial Analist). SWAT is a river basin, or watershed, scale model developed developed by Dr. Jeff Arnold for the USDA Agricultural Research Service (Arnold et al., 1998) to predict the impact of land management practices on water, sediment, and agricultural chemical yields in large, complex watersheds with varying soils, land use, and management conditions over long periods of time. The model is physically based and computationally efficient, uses readily available inputs and enables users to study long-term impacts (Winchel, 2009). SWAT is a long-term yield model, i.e. the model is not designed to simulate detailed, single-event flood routing. SWAT is computationally efficient for simulation of large basins or a variety of management strategies without excessive investment of time or money (Neitsch, 2005). To advantages of this model belong, firstly, possibility of design of watersheds without monitoring supervisions data. Secondly, it allows to estimate influence of alternative management, for example, on water resources quality. Besides, SWAT offers the option of analysis of long-term data and prognosis on future. Dividing of basin into sub-basins gives model possibility to represent a difference between the evapotranspiration of different cultures and soils. A runoff is modulated separately for each hydrological units, it increases accuracy (Neitsch, 2004).


Figure 2-1 shows interaction between ArcSWAT model integrated into ArcGIS interface and other program components and personal data base management system. ArcSWAT included into list of basic ArcGIS instruments, and it available from ArcMap component.

Figure 2-1 Scheme of interaction between SWAT and ArcGIS

2.1 Algorithm of using Modeling runoff using ArcSWAT gives possibility water management departments and drinking water companies to evaluate amount of available water resources in the area.

2.1.1 Pre-processing: To use downloaded data (example, soil data) from WaterBase web-site [http://www.waterbase.org/download] in ArcSWAT, it should be proceed. Procedure of converting including next steps: 1. Extracting archive data and opening ArcGIS 2. Open a layer with actual projection of the territory of interest (rivers_crimea.shp). This is necessary to see whether data placed in right projection (see Figure 2-2).


Figure 2-2: View of the ArcMap with projected layer

3. Use MapWindow GISTools to "Change Grid Formats" to ASCII (.asc). Chose file, which need to be converted. It doesn't seem to matter much what type of ASCII file you chose - Long Integer or Float - ArcGIS will later ask you to confirm that the values are integers (see Figure 2-3).

Figure 2-3:Window of changing grid format

4. The header information in the .asc file from this process is

NCOLS nc NROWS nr XLLCENTER xc YLLCENTER yc DX dx DY dy NODATA_VALUE nd

and (provided dx = dy) you need to change this (using WordPad, for example) to

NCOLS nc NROWS nr XLLCENTER xc YLLCENTER yc CELLSIZE dx NODATA_VALUE nd

It seems that MapWindow will input either of these formats, but ArcGIS only the second.


5. ASCII to raster using ArcToolbox → Conversion Tools → To Raster → ASCII to Raster. Choose the data you need to proceed (soil_ascii.asc).

Figure 2-4: Step 5 of procedure

6. Define projection for this layer using ArcToolbox → Data Management Tools → Projection and Transformation → Raster → Define Projection Select this layer and set projection Geographic Coordinate System → World → WGS1984.

Figure 2-5: Step 6 of procedure

7. Reopen file in ArcGIS

Figure 2-6: Converted soil data in ArcView


8. Export file to UTM WGS 1984 to set all layers in the same projection in ArcSWAT. Click on file and Data → Export Data Choose spatial reference as Data Frame (should be as first layer you opened). Name the file “SOIL.img”

Figure 2-7: View of Export Raster Data window

2.1.2 Data processing

1. Download and install SWAT and SWATeditor for ArcGIS http://www.swatmodel.tamu.edu/software/arcswat/ (use tips from ARCSWAT INTERFACE FOR SWAT. USER’S GUIDE for proper installation http://www.geology.wmich.edu/sultan/5350/Labs/ArcSWAT_Documentation.pdf)

2. Prepare input data for SWAT model according to the requirement in specified into SWAT Input/Output File Documentation and User’s manual http://swatmodel.tamu.edu/documentation/

Note: some problems with weather DB may occur due to data format in computer. For any problems related with this you may change data format in Windows OS to American and use / separator (see an example on Figure 2-8)


Figure 2-8: Data settings

3. Set new SWAT project and :

Delineate the watershed and define the HRUs (including landuse, soil, and slope as a unique HRU)

(Optional) Edit SWAT databases Define the weather data Apply the default input files writer (Optional) Edit the default input files Set up (requires specification of simulation period, PET calculation method,

etc.) and run SWAT

Figure 2-9: Set-up

(Optional) Apply a calibration tool (Optional) Analyze, plot and graph SWAT output (VizSWAT – license and

30-day trial version for output analysis) 4. Use and analyze results from output files. Open in txt format using Notepad or

.mdb using Microsoft Access.


Figure 2-10: Output files

2.2 Data requirements To create a SWAT dataset, the interface will need to access ArcGIS compatible raster (GRIDs) and vector datasets (shapefiles and feature classes) and database files which provide certain types of information about the watershed. The necessary spatial datasets and database files need to be prepared prior to running the interface. This model requires Digital Elevation Model, land use and soil information, data on quality and quantity of water and meteorological data too. Inputs for the SWAT model are: 1. DEM (digital elevation model) (can be downloaded from http://srtm.csi.cgiar.org/SELECTION/inputCoord.asp) or from GOOGLE using SAS.Planeta (http://sasgis.ru/sasplaneta/) 2. Land use, soil types layers (can be download from http://www.waterbase.org/download_data.html) Land cover data also available on map format from: http://www.eea.europa.eu/data-and-maps/figures/corine-land-cover-2000-by-country-3 3. Weather data: temperature (degree C), precipitation (mm/day), wind speed (m/s), solar radiation (MJ/m2), relative humidity (fractional), and potential evapotranspiration (mm H2O). Weather data can be downloaded from:

– European climate assessment dataset (4.00 Kb for each year for each meteorological station) ftp://ftp.ncdc.noaa.gov/pub/data/gsod/country-list.txt

– Federal climate complex global surface summary (NOAA) (400 kb for whole period for each meteorological station) http://eca.knmi.nl/dailydata/predefinedseries.php

– CISL Research Data Archive. Data access available via registration https://rda.ucar.edu/

4. Water quality and water quantity data for point source discharges and water quantity data for reservoirs. Data can be downloaded from:


– Global River Discharge Database. Information only for large rivers. http://www.sage.wisc.edu/riverdata/

– Tabularly Referenced Global River Discharge Data Base. Suitable information available by country query. Information only for large rivers. http://www.rivdis.sr.unh.edu/cgi-bin/DownloadByCountry.pl

– World River Sediment Yields Database This database contains data on annual sediment yields in worldwide rivers and reservoirs, searchable by river, country and continent. http://www.fao.org/landandwater/aglw/sediment/default.asp

– Global Runoff Data Centre. Data available via request http://www.bafg.de/ The interface allows the DEM to use integer or real numbers for elevation values. The units used to define the GRID resolution and the elevation is not required to be identical. The GRID resolution must be defined in one of the following units: meters, kilometers, feet, yards, miles, decimal degrees. The elevation must be defined in one of the following units: meters, centimeters, yards, feet, inches (Winchell, 2010) . File format should be: ESRI GRID Format. The categories specified in the land cover/land use map will need to be reclassified into SWAT land cover/plant types (Winchell, 2009). File format should be: ESRI GRID, Shapefile, or Feature Class. The categories specified in the soil map will need to be linked to the soil database (U.S. soils data only) included with the interface or to the User Soils database, a custom soil database designed to hold data for soils not included with the U.S. soil database. File format should be: ESRI GRID, Shapefile, or Feature Class. Detailed instructions about Data Base creation and data requirements are in the SWAT Input/Output File Documentation and User’s manual http://swatmodel.tamu.edu/documentation/

2.3 Guidance on the appropriateness of a tool for a specific situation Simferopol is the capital of the Autonomous Republic of Crimea. Simferopol is situated on the Salgir River (232 km, catchment area 3750 km²). Area of Simferopol is 107,4 km2 with 360,2 thousands inhabitants. In Simferopol all services, related with drinking water supply, management of sewerage system and waste water treatment are provided by one company (Simferopol Drinking water supply and sewerage company - SDWSC). It supplies with water near 380 000 inhabitants of the city and some villages.

Simferopol is supplied by drinking water practically on 100% from surface water sources of water – reservoirs (total volume 124 million m3), and it includes 3 reservoirs which are filling from local water (mainly natural runoff and partly capping waters) and one artificial – “Mezhgornoe” reservoir with water coming from Dnepr river.

Taking into account that underground water sources not included in city’s water supply network the main conclusion is that practically 100% of water come to the city from surface water sources. The exploitation of only surface water sources may cause problems in period of drought or in temporary failure of assets.


Due to the increasing of mean daily temperatures, and especially in summer period (Accelerates, 2004), water quality in reservoirs will change significantly in all reservoirs and especially in Mezhgornoe reservoir for which filling water passes near 300 km of open canals. The increasing of evaporation and duration of the drought’s periods will affect catchment areas and decrease the flows in Crimean rivers that will lead to increase of water consumption on non-potable purposes and change priorities of the balances between local and external water resources.

Competition for water poses a growing risk to the economy, communities and the ecosystems they rely on. If climate change keeps raising average temperatures across Europe, water is expected to become even scarcer in many areas, so it is vital to find solutions to protect this resource.

Figure 2-11: Draft scheme of the hydrological models usage for climate change related tasks

Adaptation of the Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) model as instrument for discharges analysis and forecast is planned in framework of the PREPARED project. SWAT is a physically-based watershed and landscape simulation model developed by the USDA-ARS and mainly designed for non-point source pollutant analysis.

Using the SWAT model based on the DEM gives the possibility to receive boundaries of watersheds, sub-basins and rivers with inlets and outlets.


Figure 2-12 (a) show the types of land use and (b) soils zonation in the Salgir valley (watershed of Simferopol reservoir – one of the main local water sources for Simferopol).

Figure 2-12: Land use and soils zonation in the Salgir Valley

For analyzing quality of water and impacts of changing conditions on watershed, point source discharges are mapping with database of monthly water quality parameters.

Figure 2-13: Watershed with HRU (hydrologic response units)


Figure 2-14: Simulated and statistical flow

The coefficient of correlation between statistical information and simulated data of inflow for calculation period is 0.73 that allows, use SWAT software as one of possible instruments of design of flow and estimation of prognosis of possible changes of inflow to the reservoir. Comparison of flow, expected on the base of statistical trend (without climate change) and scenario A1B (HadGem, England) and MPEH5 (Germany), is shown on Figure 2-15.

Figure 2-15: Inflow (Simferopol reservoir), period 2011-2100.

In obedience to calculations scenario A1B (HadGem model) there is an increase of average annual flow on 11% as compared to a trend, based on statistic data. According to the MPEH5 model, in a period of 2011-2100 there is diminishing of flow on 7%. It goes to show that development of adaptation measures cannot be based only on one of scenarios and must take into account substantial variation of resultants of information.

2.4 References Arnold J.G., R. Srinivasan, R.S. Muttiah, and J.R. Williams. 1998. Large area hydrologic modeling and assessment part I: model development. J. American Water Resources Association 34(1):73-89.


DHI, "MIKE 11 Short Description". Danish Hydraulic Institute, 1993 HEC-GeoHMS. Geospatial Hydrologic Modeling Extension. User’s Manual. Version 4.2, May 2009 KIRKBY M. J. TOPMODEL: A PERSONAL VIEW. School of Geography, University of Leeds, Woodhouse Lane, UK, HYDROLOGICAL PROCESSES, VOL. 11, 1087-1097 (1997) Lindström, G., Gardelin, M., Johansson, B., Persson, M. and Bergström, S. 1997. Development and test of the distributed HBV-96 hydrological model. Journal of Hydrology, 201, 272-288 Maidment D.R. Arc hydro: GIS for water resources, Volume 1.. ESRI, Inc., 2002 - Science - 203 pages Neitsch S.L., Arnold J.G., Kiniry J.R., Srinivasan R., Williams J.R Soil and water assessment tool input / output file documentation. Version 2005, - Grassland, Soil and Water Research Laboratory of Agricultural research Service and Blackland Research centre of Texas Agricultural Experiment Station, Texas - 2004 – 541 pp. Neitsch S.L., Arnold J.G., Kiniry J.R., Srinivasan R., Williams J.R. SOIL AND WATER ASSESSMENT TOOL THEORETICAL DOCUMENTATION VERSION 2005. Texas - 2005, - 494 pp. XPSWMM stormwater&waste water management model. Getting started. – 2009 – 166 pp WEAP. Water Evaluation And Planning System. USER GUIDE. Stockholm Environment Institute, U.S. Center, 2011. – 343 pp. Available at: http://www.weap21.org Winchell M., Srinivasan R., Luzio M.D., Arnold J.G. ARCSWAT 2.3.4. INTERFACE FOR SWAT2005. USER’S GUIDE. Texas - 2009. - 465 pp. Winchell M., Srinivasan R., Luzio M.D., Arnold J.G. ARCSWAT INTERFACE FOR SWAT2009. USER’S GUIDE. Texas - 2010. – 495 pp. Dunaieva Ie. Influence of climate change and land use practice on water resources formation/ Ie. Dunaieva// «Bulletin NUWMNR». – 2013. – Vol. 3 (63), «Technical Sciences». – P. 32-41 – ISSN 2306-5478. Dunaieva Ie. Evaluation of Water Resources State Parameters with Using SWAT Model / Ielizaveta Dunaieva// International Journal of Engineering Research & Technology (IJERT) Vol. 2 Issue 9, September – 2013 – P. 2162- 2167. - ISSN: 2278-0181


2.5 Sitography

DEM (digital elevation model) can be downloaded from http://srtm.csi.cgiar.org/SELECTION/inputCoord.asp or from GOOGLE using SAS.Planeta (http://sasgis.ru/sasplaneta/)

Land use, soil types layers can be download from: http://www.waterbase.org/download_data.html

Land cover data also available on map format from: http://www.eea.europa.eu/data-and-maps/figures/corine-land-cover-2000-by-country-3

Weather data are temperature (degree C), precipitation (mm/day), wind speed (m/s), solar radiation (MJ/m2), relative humidity (fractional), and potential evapotranspiration (mm H2O). Weather data can be downloaded from:

European climate assessment dataset (4.00 Kb for each year for each meteorological station) ftp://ftp.ncdc.noaa.gov/pub/data/gsod/country-list.txt

Federal climate complex global surface summary (NOAA) (400 kb for whole period for each meteorological station) http://eca.knmi.nl/dailydata/predefinedseries.php

CISL Research Data Archive. Data access available via registration https://rda.ucar.edu/

Water quality and water quantity data for point source discharges and water quantity data for reservoirs can be downloaded from:

Global River Discharge Database. Information only for large rivers. http://www.sage.wisc.edu/riverdata/

Tabularly Referenced Global River Discharge Data Base. Suitable information available by country query. Information only for large rivers. http://www.rivdis.sr.unh.edu/cgi-bin/DownloadByCountry.pl

World River Sediment Yields Database This database contains data on annual sediment yields in worldwide rivers and reservoirs, searchable by river, country and continent: http://www.fao.org/landandwater/aglw/sediment/default.asp

Global Runoff Data Centre. Data available via request http://www.bafg.de/ Detailed instructions about Data Base creation and data requirements are in the SWAT Input/Output File Documentation and User’s manual http://swatmodel.tamu.edu/documentation/

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