water qualitywater quality - university of hawaii · manure: does not pass thru sewage treatment,...
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Water QualityWater QualityWater QualityWater QualityNREM 461NREM 461
Dr. Greg Bruland
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I. Water Quality
A. Variability in Water Quality
1. Surface vs groundwater
a. Which has more variable WQ? Why?
2. Standards different for industrial, irrigation, drinking water useswater uses
a. What use has strictest standards? Why?
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B. Types of Water Pollutants
1. Sediments: eroded soil supplies more material than any other pollutant
US t 700X h di ta. US streams carry 700X as much sediment as sewage
b. Problems last longer in
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c. Sources:c. Sources: ag, forestry, land clearing, construction
d. Effects:• fills in streams, channels, reservoirs, estuaries, harbors & ↑
flooding; • ↑ turbidity,↓ light penetration, ↓ PSN by corals, SGs, SAV;• smothers coral reefs & SG beds; • irritates, clogs fish gills; • carries nutrients & pesticides
e. BMPs:
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f. pesticides carried by sediment widely distributed in streams, lakes, oceans
i. insecticides more common in ________, herbicides in __________ regions
Photo courtesy of USDA NRCS
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2. Nutrients: N & P most problematic
a. Human health concern: High NO3- conc. in drinking H2O cause
methemoglobinemia,
b. Sources:
ag sewage animal wastes urban lawns atmo depag, sewage, animal wastes, urban lawns, atmo. dep.
c. Effects:c. Effects:
• phytoplankton, toxic algal blooms, eutrophication;
• hypoxia, anoxia, fish kills; yp , , ;
• degradation of coral & SG habitat;
• disruption of aquatic/coastal food webs
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Algal Bloom at Waimanalo Beach - 9/23/977
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d. BMPs:
8Photos courtesy of USDA NRCS
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3. Heat: easy to overlook, can be serious as O2 much less soluble in H2O w/ ↑ tempw/ ↑ temp
a. Sources:• industrial use of H2O as a coolant & return of heated H2O toindustrial use of H2O as a coolant & return of heated H2O to streams • ag. irrigation: cool, clear stream water → warm, turbid• sunlight on shallow H2O w/ lack of shading 2
b. Effects:↓ in dissolved O2;interferes w/ reproduction: salmon, trout require cool H2O for habitat & spawning;
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c BMPs:c. BMPs:
diffusers
air cooling towers
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4. Organic pollutants: sewage, manure, & petroleum products
a. Sewage:
i. Sources:i. Sources: • some cities dump raw sewage into streams, • rural/urban cess pools,• many dump sewage during peak flows, disasters, plant malfunctions,• laundry det. & cleaning agents
ii. Effects:human health & eco-healtheutrophication
iii. BMPs:
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Sewage Treatment
Primary: removes solid materialsPrimary: removes solid materials
Secondary: allows microbes to decompose OM
Tertiary: required to remove nutrients, other dissolved ions
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Septic SystemSeptic System
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b. Manure: does not pass thru sewage treatment, often has high fecal contam.co ta
i. Sources: feedlots, confinement housesfeedlots, confinement housesmanure pilesanimal operations
ii. Effects: human health concernseutrophicationodor/air quality
iii. BMPs:
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c. Petroleum Products: used in large amounts, low biodegradablityo b odeg adab ty
i. Sources: Spills of crude oil, motor oil, gasolineDiscarded plasticsOcean vessel maintenanceNatural seeps
ii. Effects:Acute & chronic toxicity to aquatic/coastal/ marine organismsmarine organismsContaminate food websDisrupt chemical signaling
iii. BMPs:
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5. Heavy Metals: Many are micronutrients, toxic at high conc.
a. Arsenic ( ): oxidized As( ) harmless, reduced As( ) toxic
i Sources:i. Sources:
rat poisons, herbicides, insecticides, wood preservativeswood preservatives
ii. Effects:
neurological damage, stomach disorders, death
iii. BMPs:
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b. Cadium ( ): less abundant, wide dist, toxic at low conc.
i. Sources:
Mi l d itMineral deposits, Used in galvanized coating to protect Fe from rustNicad batteriesPottery glazePottery glaze
ii. Effects:
Kidney & liver damage
iii. BMPs
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c. Copper ( ): micronutrient & toxin, long used as pesticidec Coppe ( ) c o ut e t & to , o g used as pest c de
i. Sources:
pesticides, highway runoff
ii. Effects:
interferes w/ respiration of fish
iii BMPsiii. BMPs
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d. Lead ( ): multiple uses, 1 of most common causes of d ead ( ) u t p e uses, o ost co o causes ometal toxicity in H2O
i. Sources:
lead goblets; lead pipes, fixtures, solder, & paint;
ligasoline; car batteries; hunting-lead shot; fishing sinkersfishing-sinkers
ii. Effects:
toxic to aquatic orgs & humans; effects brain, behavior, growth
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iii. BMPs
ban Pb in gasoline in 80s
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e. Mercury ( ): aka
i. Sources:
th t li ht it h b tt i i t i ti id tthermometers; light switches; batteries; paints; insecticides; rat poisons; Cl & NaOH prod., fossil fuel combustion, mining
ii Effects:ii. Effects:
skin & organ damage; Minamata Japan Hg poisoning in 1950sMinamata, Japan, Hg poisoning in 1950s
iii. BMPs
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f. Nickel ( ): micronutrient & toxin
i. Sources:
Prod. of stainless steel & plating metalProd. of stainless steel & plating metalNiCad batteriesPetroleum products
ii. Effects:
Disrupts metabolism; Possible carcinogen
iii. BMPs
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C. Acidification of H2O & Soil
1. Acid deposition
a. Types
i. Wet (dep): rain, snow, mist, hail
ii Dry (dep): dust particulate aerosols smogii. Dry (dep): dust, particulate, aerosols, smog
b. Major Cause:
i. SO2 emissions
Nat. sources: volcanoes, sea spray, soil microbes, , p y, ,vegetation
Anthropo. sources: combustion of
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hydrocarbons, copper smelting, fires,
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c. How acid effects soil & water:
i. Damage to plants
ii. Alteration of soil, H2O chemistry: ↓ in acid neutralization capacity of soil, H2Ocapacity of soil, H2O
Effects of acid rain on conifer forest
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D. Groundwater (GW) Contamination
1. Occurs when soluble ions like nitrates leach thru soil, & when SW carries pollutants thru wells, cracks, earthworm channels to GW
2. Feedlots, drainage wells, waste disposal sites are potential locations for GW contamination
3. BMPs:
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