water resources demand management at national level malaysia
TRANSCRIPT
Water Resources Demand Management at National
Level
Water Resources Demand Management at National
Level
MALAYSIA
2
CURRENT WATER RESOURCES DEMAND CONDITIONS AND DEMAND MANAGEMENT MEASURES - SITUATION
Malaysia
• Population – 28.25 mill. (2010)
• Land area – 33 mill. Ha
Peninsular Malaysia – 13 mil Ha Sabah and Sarawak – 20 mil Ha
• Total cultivated area – 6.2 mill. Ha (40% cultivable)
• 90% cultivated area – palm oil, rubber & fruit trees
• 10% cash crops – mainly paddy
• Equatorial climate
• 2 distinct monsoons – 60% annual rain falls in Nov. to Jan.
• Avg. rainfall 2500 mm/yr
• Mean relative humidity – 78% - 87%
• Annual bright sunshine hours of 1764 – 2664 hours
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Agriculture Land Use
Name Area ( ‘000 ha )
Rubber 1,395
Oil Palm 3,465
Paddy 475
Fruits 330
Coconut 193
Cocoa 160
Vegetables 64
Pepper 9
Tobacco 8
Others 111
TOTAL 6,210
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Paddy Areas
Total paddy area ~ 475,000 ha• Granary area ~ 210,000
ha• Non-granary area ~ 265,000
ha
Irrigated area ~ 120,000 ha
Non-Irrigated area ~ 145,000 ha
• Wet paddy ~ 85,000 ha
• Upland Paddy ~ 60,000 ha
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RICE PRODUCTION IN MALAYSIA 2004 - 2009 (‘000 TONS)
2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009p
Peninsular Malaysia
1,911 1,937 1,813 2,031 2,013 2,127
Granary Areas 1,531 1,587 1,460 1,626 1,632 1,662
Sabah 162 150 133 134 133 104
Sarawak 218 227 239 209 207 230
Malaysia 2,291 2,314 2,187 2,375 2,353 2,460
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CURRENT STATUS OF WATER RESOURCES DEMAND CONDITIONS AND DEMAND MANAGEMENT MEASURES
SITUATION
Water Resources in Malaysia
150 major river basins – agriculture consume 70% water
Avg. annual rainfall 2,500 mm = 990 BCM
Groundwater resource estimated safe yield of 64 BCM
No physical water scarcity
Spatial and temporal distribution of rainfall is not uniform
Require more storage and optimization of rainfall
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WATER RESOURCES DEMAND CONDITIONSCURRENT AND PROJECTED DEMAND
2010 2020 2030 2040 20500
5
10
15
20
25
30
PotableIrrigationOther CropsLivestockFisheries
Year
Wate
r D
em
and (
mm
)
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AGRICULTURAL WATER DEMANDIN MALAYSIA
Agricultural water demand in Malaysia is currently stand at 13 BCM, mainly for paddy irrigation.
Total paddy planting area is 360,000 ha (270,000 ha irrigated, 90,000 ha rain-fed).
Projected irrigation demands IS PREDICTED TO BE slightly decrease based on improve irrigation efficiencies, improve farming practices, introduction paddy strains with shorter growing periods and other measures
The Future agriculture water demand is based on Agro-Food Policy (2010-2020) formulated MOA to achieve certain Self Sufficiency Level in Agro-Food production
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WATER DEMAND ISSUES IN MALAYSIA
Agriculture consume almost 70% of water extracted from rivers
Most of water extracted is for rice cultivation
Rice is very important crop for National Food Security and source of income for 300,000 farmers
Malaysia produced 70% - 75% of rice required for local consumption annually
The current Food Policy on rice productions is to produce at least 70% of SSL
Farmers income in rice industry to be uplifted to USD3,000 annually
As no land suitable for new rice cultivation, production need to increase through higher yield and cropping intensity
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WATER DEMAND ISSUES IN MALAYSIA
To increase yield requires reliable and adequate water supply
Additional water will be required to increase cropping intensity
Water deficit occurs during annual low flow periods and drought years
Irrigation schemes depending on river run-off without reservoirs, vulnerable to water shortage
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RICE CULTIVATION IN MALAYSIA
Rice cultivation in irrigated areas practice flooding system
Avg. yield = 3.8 kg/ha
Wet direct seeding is widely practiced since 20 years ago
Reliable water supply is foremost in this practiced to control the growth of weeds and other field activities
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KADA
Northwest Selangor
MADA
IADP P. Pinang
BesutKemasin Semerak
Kerian
Seberang Perak
Sg. Manik
GRANARY AREAMini Granary Area (74)
LEGEND
..
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RICE CULTIVATION IN MALAYSIA - FUTURE
• Increase cropping intensity to 5 season in 2 yrs (CI = 225%) is one of the future option to increase production
• Non granary areas with available water source will be upgraded to increase yield and cropping intensity through the provision of new water source
• New areas to be developed are mainly in Sabah and Sarawak where water sources are available
• Apart from developing new water source, water for irrigation need to be secured through increase water use efficiency all levels of irrigation supply
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ADAPTATIONS MEASURES FOR DEMAND CONDITIONS - IN PLANNING
• IWRM in managing the water sector and the catchment. Effective implementation of IWRM contribute to the realization of the national water vision
• Revision to water laws and formation of a department to manage water resources
• Revision of Irrigation laws
• Full farmers participation in irrigation management
• Reviewing irrigation design procedures to meet future demand management in irrigation management
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DEMAND ADAPTATION MEASURES IN PLACE
IRRIGATION SYSTEM LEVEL
• Reduce conveyance losses through canal lining and pipeline network
• Proper water management and controlling of losses through application of new technologies for real time monitoring of spills, flow measurements
• Automation of regulators using automatic control system and other physical means
• Design and operation water infrastructures based on service concept: Reliable, flexible on-demand supply
• Optimization of naturally available water sources: rainfall and uncontrolled surface flow (rivers)
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ADAPTATIONS MEASURES FOR DEMAND CONDITIONS - IN PLACE
• Improve irrigation efficiency at all irrigation water supply levels
• More effective or more extensive rainwater harvesting and storing in the paddy fields
• Develop seed varieties that are more resistant to water stress, shorter growth duration and produce high yield with less water
• Good agricultural water management practices to secure land and environment
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ADAPTATIONS MEASURES FOR DEMAND CONDITIONS - IN PLACE
On-farm level and tertiary system
• Reduce irrigation period and water saving irrigation practices.
• Rearrangement of lot size, shape and level
• Transplanting - reduce requirement of water for weeds control
• Strengthen farmer’s institution
• Crop management and variety: high yield variety, high value crop, shorter duration
• Best Management Practice and precision agriculture: Conserve water, energy, labour and environment.
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DEMAND MITIGATION MEASURES IN PLACE AND IN PLANNING
Development of alternative water source, such as groundwater to be used during drought
Development of water reuse or recycle facilities- PUMP AND RESERVOIRS
Redesign and improvement of drainage structures to store water and to regulate water level when required
Developing of Drought management plan for all irrigation schemes
SCADA system to monitor real time water situation in rivers, reservoirs and irrigation systems
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Demand Mgmt. Policies & Programs
National Level Policies
• National Water Resources Policy - Water Resources Sustainability
- Federal and State Governments will look at optimising and minimising wastage of water resources and address aspects related to demand management
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Demand Mgmt. Policies & Programs
National Demand Management Programs and Investments
Programs in the National Food Security• Increase irrigation infrastructure to optimum
level of 50 m/ha – reduce water loss• Land Leveling – implement land leveling to
improve efficiency of good agricultural practices
Government Programs• Rehabilitation, upgrading and modernize
existing irrigation scheme• Improve management, O&M to increase water
use efficiency• Provide incentive for commercial paddy farming
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Demand Mgmt. Policies & Programs
National Demand Management Programs and Investments .. Cont..
Government Programs• Continuously worked through research and
collaboration with International and Regional organizations in increasing agriculture water use efficiency, demand management and sustainable water use through various programs:-
- such as Benchmarking, Rapid Appraisal Procedures (RAPs) Evaluation, MASSCOTE, Capacity building, Conferences, country visits, pilot projects and technical studies.,
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Demand Mgmt. Policies & Programs
Strengthening Water User Group (e.g. Farmers participation in decision making processes)
Research and Development
Remote Sensing Technology
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National demand management programs and investments
Irrigation Modernization programs to increase irrigation efficiency
Development of water recycle facilities and reservoirs
Land consolidation and land levelling Provision of SCADA and telemetry system
for efficient water management Training of farmers and establishment of
Water User Group
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LESSONS LEARNED
Proper irrigation scheduling can result in significant savings in irrigation time, labour, energy, and water. By carefully managing the amount of water applied, leaching of nutrients and erosion can be reduced.
No single agency entrusted with the overall planning and management of water. There is a need for one agency to pursue a more effective water management.
Lack of people awareness on WDM issues and the greater lack of trained personnel equipped with the necessary skills and knowledge on WDM
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Lessons Learned
• Recycling drainage water for irrigation- Fourth water source for irrigation
In Muda irrigation scheme, all the recycling pumps contribute 17% of the water from reservoir.
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Lessons Learned
• Reduce conveyance losses through canal lining and pipeline network.
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Best Practices in Demand Mgmt.
• Telemetry system to Muda area for managing water demand
- Information (rainfall/water level) to priorities on the effective and optimum usage of water resources,
- Information (water level/gate opening) for decision on water distribution
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PROBLEMS AND CHALLENGES REGARDING DEMAND MANAGEMENT
AND RESPONSE To provide appropriate irrigation system and
infrastructures to meet demand management requirement
Small size, irregular shape and unlevel paddy fields in most paddy areas
To get farmers cooperation to practice efficient water management at tertiary level
Provision of government annual budget for O&M of irrigation scheme to support State Government
• Develop seed variety that are more resistant to water stress and shorter growth duration - use less water
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PROBLEMS AND CHALLENGES REGARDING DEMAND MANAGEMENT
AND RESPONSE
SMALL SIZE, IRREGULAR SHAPE AND UNLEVEL PADDY FIELD IN MOST OF PADDY AREAS IN MALAYSIA...WHY??
• It is difficult to manage water and apply modern farming activities
• Require more intensity of irrigation infrastructure
• Have to deal with many farmers
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PROBLEMS AND CHALLENGES REGARDING DEMAND MANAGEMENT
AND RESPONSE
TO PROVIDE APPROPRIATE IRRIGATION SYSTEM AND INFRASTRUCTURES TO MEET DEMAND MANAGEMENT REQUIREMENTS.....WHY??
• Permanent reservoirs are required for demand management and water saving
• Installation of infrastructures requires significant investment
• Demand management requires the coordination of all level irrigation management
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PROBLEMS AND CHALLENGES REGARDING DEMAND MANAGEMENT
AND RESPONSE
TO GET FARMERS’ COOPERATION TO PRACTICE EFFICIENT WATER MANAGEMENT AT TERTIARY AND ON FARM LEVELS.....WHY??
• Farmers age and level of education
• No water charge imposed
• Too many farmers
• No nurtured farmers organisation
• Existing field infrastructures are difficult to manage and to operate
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NEW DEMAND MANAGEMENT INITIATIVES BEING DEVELOPED OR
IN PROGRESS
R&D in the search of appropriate tertiary canal to meet demand management
Guidelines and procedures for modern design of irrigation infrastructures
Land levelling and land consolidation is associated with new irrigation design
Encouragement of using pipelines as irrigation conveyance
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Important factors to consider and principles to follow in demand
management policies
• Ideal situation is for the government at all levels federal, state and local – to work together towards demand management
• No single consolidated water policy for the country, at least not yet. If there were one, it involves managing water demand as a priority before rushing head-on to yet another large scale supply side-management project.
• Acceptance of farmers is crucial in all demand management policies
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CONCLUSION
Future water demand scenario in Malaysia requires supply and demand management
Demand management is required to reduce the pressure to develop new water source infrastructures to meet future demand
Demand management requires investment and innovation in new irrigation infrastructure, management and capacity building
Sharing of knowledge and experiences in demand management and demand response in irrigation water management among ASEAN countries will contribute to meet future water demand for irrigation