water resources engineering (intro)waterinfotech.com/surfwater/les _1 introwr1_2010.pdf ·...
TRANSCRIPT
Water Resources Engineering (SBST-Syllabus) • Hydrological cycle and its components
– Climate – Precipitation, Interception, evaporation, transpiration,
infiltration, Subsurface water and runoff
• Surface water Hydrology – Basic concepts in surface water hydrology – Detailed analysis of precipitation, evapotranspiration – Stream flow measurements – Runoff, Hydrographs, Floods, Flood routing – Erosion and reservoir sedimentation
• Groundwater Hydrology – Groundwater basics – Aquifer parameters
• Porosity, Specific yield, Storage Coefficient, Coefficient of Permeability, Transmissivity, Specific Capacity and their practical significance
– Darcy’s law – Derivation of aquifer parameters, Pumping test analysis – Quality of water and sea water intrusion – Numerical Techniques in groundwater hydrology – Groundwater management
Applications of water resources Engineering
• Traditional Applications – Irrigation and Scheduling
and Types of Irrigation – Drinking water – Power Generation – Water quality
• Salinity • Pollution of water in
relation to use • Salinity ingression in
coastal aquifers • Modern Applications
– Geographical information system (GIS)
– Statistical & Computer applications in water resources
• Special Applications – Rain water
harvesting – Watershed
Management – Artificial recharge
techniques • Management
– Planning of water resources & Basin Management
– Reservoir planning – Linear and Dynamic
programming in water planning
References
• Engineering Hydrology by K.Subramaniya
• Hydrology by HM Ragunath
• Water resources engineering Franzine, Lindsey
• Engineering Hydrology by R.S.Varshney
• Groundwater by HM Ragunath
• Groundwater Hydrology by Todd
• Groundwater Resources Evaluation by Walton
• Manuals of standards and criteria of planning water resources projects- by economic commissions for Asia and far east, Bangkok
Why should we study water resources?
•2000 million people live under water stress by 2050(UNEP)
•2 out of every 3 persons would live under water stress by 2025
•By 2025, 1.8 billion people will live in countries or regions with absolute water scarcity •Pollution, climate, desertification, water scarcity are the major issues in the next century. •Wars would be fought for water •Already happening in our own country
How wet is our planet?
World Water Resources
Water availability in India Cubic km
Rajasthan
Step wells in Gujarat
Traditional Water Harvesting Marvels of India
Debate on Small vrs Big dams
Dams - Temples of modern India-Nehru
Too much
rain
Too little
rain
River-linking Project:
Physiography of the Region
Major
Diversion
Routes
Design and construction of small dams
Abutment
Body
wall
Side Wall
Toe
Apro
n
Approach
Key
wall
Watershed hydrology
Irrigation and Scheduling and Types of Irrigation
Quality of water
Water contamination
Leaky underground storage tanks
Poorly constructed landfills and septic systems
Improperly abandoned mines and wells
The overuse of fertilizers, pesticides, and road salts
Runoff from livestock confinement areas
Careless industrial and manufacturing organizations
Sea water intrusion
Urban Water harvesting
Stream and pumping well relationship
Ground water in hard rocks
The water levels in
Mehsana are decreasing at
an alarming rate of about
0.5 m in 1981 to 1.5 in
2000 to 3 m per year in
2015 and would further
decrease to about 37 m in
the next 15 years
Rate of water level Decline per year(m) in Mehsana
District
0.00
0.50
1.00
1.50
2.00
2.50
3.00
3.50
1981
1984
1987
1990
1993
1996
1999
2002
2005
2008
2011
2014
2017
Decline per
year(m)
Ground water depletion and other
issues
• Groundwater depletion has emerged as one of the most formidable consequences of agricultural development in the West Indian state of Gujarat over the last five decades
Design of Ground Water Structures
Spacing of Wells
Ground water Management
• Sustainability
• Demand side management
• Supply side management
• Groundwater management in the river basin context:
Categorization of ground
water development Based
on Development in India
Category
Safe up to 70 %
Semi Critical 70- 90 %
Critical >90 %
Over Exploited >100 %
Sustainability
Demand-side management:
• The second step is to put in place an effective system for regulating withdrawals to sustainable levels; such system may include: – Registration of users through a
permit or license system; – Creating appropriate laws and
regulatory mechanisms; – A system of pricing that aligns the
incentives for groundwater use with the goal of sustainability;
– Promoting conjunctive use; – Encouraging water saving devices
Supply-side management
• The third aspect of managing groundwater is augmenting groundwater recharge through:
– [a] mass-based rainwater harvesting and groundwater recharge programs and activities;
– [b] maximizing surface water use for recharge;
– [c] improving incentives for water conservation and artificial recharge
Groundwater management in the river basin context:
Groundwater interventions often tend to be too ‘local’ in their approach. like surface water, the groundwater resource too needs to be planned and managed for maximum basin-level efficiency.
INUNDATION MAPPING IN MESHVO & VATRAK RIVER (200 YEARS)
Computer Applications
