water supply situation analysis report

Water supply in Lengatei is one of the high

ranked problems facing people in the village.

The most affected group is women, children,

sick and old aged people particularly in Maasai

land. This has existed for quite long time and

there is no water supply solution has been

realised to solve the problem todate despite

the increasing number of population which has

todate reached 7200 people in all 4 sub-villages

(Zambia, Ilala, Magomeni and Malimogo) that

make Lengatei

WATER SUPPLY

SITUATION ANALYSIS

REPORT

Case study: Lengatei Village,

Kiteto District, Manyara Region

Report submitted by TAEEs October, 2013

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Table of Contents

List of acronyms .................................................................................................................................. iii

List of photos ........................................................................................................................................ iv

List of tables ......................................................................................................................................... v

1.0 Introduction ................................................................................................................................... 1

1.1 Background Information about ELEWA-Africa Association – Krysia .................................. 1

1.2 Background Information about TAEEs ................................................................................... 1

1.2.1 Organization ....................................................................................................................... 2

1.2.2 Personnel ............................................................................................................................. 2

1.3 Target beneficiaries .................................................................................................................. 2

1.4 Target locality/the need for this project ................................................................................ 2

1.6 Expectations .............................................................................................................................. 3

1.7 Objective ................................................................................................................................... 3

1.8 Study team and Methodology ............................................................................................... 3

2.0 EXISTING SITUATION ....................................................................................................................... 5

2.1 Location and locality. .............................................................................................................. 5

2.2 Population .................................................................................................................................. 5

2.3 Ethnic .......................................................................................................................................... 5

2.4 Climate and topography ........................................................................................................ 5

2.5 Infrastructures ............................................................................................................................ 5

2.7 Water supply and sanitation situation ................................................................................... 6

2.8 Previous water supply initiatives that were done in Lengatei ............................................ 9

2.9 Gender mainstreaming ......................................................................................................... 10

2.10 Existing challenges ................................................................................................................ 10

2.11 Socio-economic activities ................................................................................................... 12

3.0 OBSERVATION FROM WATER SOURCE SITES VISITED ............................................................... 14

3.1 Existing Water Quality Situation ............................................................................................. 15

3.2 Water quality analysis from laboratory ................................................................................ 15

3.3 Microbiological quality requirements .................................................................................. 16

3.4 Implementation options ........................................................................................................ 17

4.0 Conclusion and recommendation .......................................................................................... 24

4.1 Conclusion ............................................................................................................................... 24

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4.2 Recommendations ................................................................................................................. 24

Appendix 1: Water quality laboratory results ............................................................................ 26

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List of acronyms

BFFS Belgium Fund for Food Security

DWE District Water Engineer

EMEKA Emeka

HIV Human Infectious Virus

M&O Operation and Maintenances

N/A Not Available

NGO Non-Governmental Organization

NPO Non-Profit Organization

STDs Sexual Transmitted Disease

TAEEs Tanzania Association of Environmental Engineers

TAG Tanzania Assembly of God

UTI Urinal Tract Infections

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List of photos

Photo 1: Kick-off meeting with Maasai Laigwenani and village leaders ................................... 4

Photo 2: Meeting with Lengatei Community members and Village leaders ............................ 4

Photo 3: Animals drinnking water from one of water sources (mabululu) in the area ............. 6

Photo 4: Water with milk fetched ready for drinking at home ..................................................... 6

Photo 5: Kwa Salimu Source ............................................................................................................. 8

Photo 6: Kwa Mabululu Source ........................................................................................................ 8

Photo 7: Kwa Ng’unda Source ......................................................................................................... 8

Photo 8: Kwa Makwaiya Source ...................................................................................................... 8

Photo 9: Kwa Muhamadi Source ..................................................................................................... 8

Photo 10: Kwa Kiondo Source .......................................................................................................... 8

Photo 11: Existint water storage tank at Lengatei built in the 70’ ................................................ 9

Photo 12: Maasai woman tighting her colt after fetching water and being assisted by our

team member ................................................................................................................................... 10

Photo 13: Women waiting for water in Mabuluu area in Lengatei ........................................... 10

Photo 14: Bricks burning by using fire wood.................................................................................. 11

Photo 15: Domestic animal grazing in Lengatei village .............................................................. 12

Photo 16: Donkey caring luggage’s in Masai Land .................................................................... 12

Photo 17: Rain Harvesting Tanks installed in Lengatei Dispensary ............................................. 13

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List of tables

Table 1: Available water sources in Lengatei village .................................................................... 6

Table 2: Available institutions in the village ................................................................................... 13

Table 3: Water source analysis and technological options with prioritization ......................... 14

Table 4: Laboratory measurement results from three samples .................................................. 16

Table 5: Microbiological requirements .......................................................................................... 17

Table 6: Detailed analysis of the implementation options and associated costs ................... 18

Table 7: Cost analysis per technological option per one ........................................................... 21

Table 8: Proposed Construction Supervision costs ....................................................................... 22

Table 8: Proposed year 1 village operation and maintenance costs of installed facility ...... 23

1.0 Introduction

The concept of exploring water availability and supporting the marginalized community

was initiated by Krsyia Cineli and her group members who had initially visited the area and

experienced the typical hardship where they had to fetch water from a far distance

(about 2km) and from a small man made dug well where water quality was also apparent

and uncertain.

Basically, this moved them to realize the challenges women face in the Maasai area in

particular as some they walk about 4 hours from the nearby village of Olekitikiti to fetch

water from natural or manmade dug wells.

Having realised these, Krysia contacted TAEEs which is a local non-profit organization

(NPO) based in Dar es Salaam Tanzania to give engineering support to explore all potential

engineering possibilities that can assist to explore water availability and related intervention

so that the Maasai people can have water in the area. This necessitated to arrange a

detailed discussion between ELEWA-Africa Association and TAEEs and thereafter made a

joint visit to the proposed area of Lengatei to undertake situation analysis and come up

with varies alternatives that can possibly give solution to the identified water challenges.

The kick off meeting was held on 12th September 2013 at TAEEs office, Dar es Salaam where

5 people participated namely Krysia Cineli, Emmanuel Sangawe (ELEWA-Africa

Association), Deus Masige, Jully Minja and Fatuma Mwinjaka (TAEEs) to dicuss over the trip

set-up and agree on what type of data were to be collected. Also the discussion was

meant to familiarize ourselves, identify key stakeholders to be approached and plan what

type of information or data will be collected from which stakeholder. This was done

successful where box cooler was to be bought for keeping water samples, water sampling

bottles were to be prepared, car hire was also to be confirmed and be made available

ready for a trip. All these were set and the team got confident to depart on Sunday 15th

September 2013 to Lengatei with all required equipment.

1.1 Background Information about ELEWA-Africa Association – Krysia

Can you please give us a background about your association!

1.2 Background Information about TAEEs

The Tanzania Association of Environmental Engineers (TAEEs) was established in 2004 as a

Non-Governmental Organization (NGO), offering services in Facilitation of community

based projects (such as water supply and sanitation, solid waste management, public

health & hygienic and education), Engineering studies, Design, implementation supervision

of water supply and sanitation projects, Environmental and institutional development

studies. Furthermore, the organization aims at facilitating and assisting communities to have

access to safe Water, health and standard hygienic facilities through community – based

schemes.

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TAEEs is registered under civil societies Ordinance cap 337 of the United Republic of

Tanzania as well as compliance to NGOs Act 24 of 2002 and registered under Vice

president’s Office (VPO) on 30th September 2005.

1.2.1 Organization

The organization operates day-to-day activities by the secretariat under the consultation of

the TAEEs board on behalf of its members. The day-to-day activities are carried out through

supervision of executive director who is in-charge of the secretariat assisted by the

departmental heads split into three departments and 4 sections

1.2.2 Personnel

The organization has at its disposal a multi-disciplinary team of professional staff consisting

sociologist, water supply and sanitation specialist, public health and hygiene specialists,

community development specialist and environmentalists. It also enrols short term inputs

from professionals in specialized fields on a case-to-case basis. The moment, TAEEs has 18

permanent employees and a number of part-time staff that we employ them whenever

the work is available:

TAEEs vision is of Tanzania community where everybody has equal accessibility to water

supply, improved sanitation and hygiene services and clean environment while our mission

lies to improve community accessibility to water supply, hygiene and sanitation services &

clean environment equitably and sustainably in the country

1.3 Target beneficiaries

The primary objective of this water supply situation analysis in Lengatei is to explore the

possibility of having/developing water supply for drinking in the Maasai area and thereafter

to entire community in Lengatei where possibility avails

1.4 Target locality/the need for this project

The main target beneficiaries is divided into two parts, 1) Small community of Maasai who

are living in Zambia sub-village in Lengatei which make about 250 people, 2) the entire

Zambia community which has a mix of Maasai and Wanguu tribe all living in Lengatei

village which make about 3500 people before embarking to 7200 people in all 4 sub-

villages

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1.6 Expectations

The team had expectations that after our trip to Lengatei the following would be

achieved,

1. Feasible solution over water problem in Lengatei will be realized

2. TAEEs team will come up with a situation analysis report entailing all findings with

options and priorities based on technology (acceptable, feasible and sustainable,

easily managed by community themselves) for operation and maintenance

3. Priorities from available water sources and technology to be used with associated

engineering cost estimates to see what can be done at a glance to assist the

Maasai community,

1.7 Objective

The main objective of this study is to analyse the existing water supply situation in

Lengatei village and to come up with feasible implementable option(s) which will

have a realistic budget that can assist to eradicate water shortage in Lengatei

village and Maasai community in particular.

1.8 Study team and Methodology

The water situation analysis study team comprised by, Eng Erick Mrema who is a

water Engineer and environmentalist, Emmanuel Sangawe who was our host in

Lengatei and overall Team Leader Eng Deus Masige was the study team leader and

Krysia Cineli was the organizer of the study work for 3 days.

The methodology used during this study was as follows:

a) Literature review

A desk study involving literature review on water resources and sanitation in rural

semi-arid areas was done. It focused on examining the importance of water

and sanitation at the local livelihood level specifically in Maasai land in particular

Kiteto district

b) Physical observation.

The team visited the village water sources and observed the water situation. All

areas where local community noted to have water either existing or even that

existed sometimes ago were visited. The visit also involved taking of photos of

visited water sources. Those sources which were realised to be potential and

priority were taken water samples

c) Interview (un-structured physical interview to all groups of people)

Interview was carried out by asking un-structured questions to the community

members and people who were using the water during the site visit in order to

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get all the relevant information on the situation of water in the Village and to

avoid overlapping and conflicts of interest of activities

d) Buzz and small/individual group discussion

Small groups and discussion were also carried out especially with the women

and water users in the village to get the opinions and further information on the

situation of water

e) Public meeting.

Three meeting were carried out during this study as follows

a. Kick-off meeting was carried out between the team, Village leaders and

Maasai leaders (Laigwanani) in order to introduce the team and purpose

of visiting the Village. This was made on Sunday evening when the visit

team arrived in Lengatei village at Laigwanani’s home and about 15

people participated in this kick-off meeting.

b. Meeting with the village leaders and community members to introduce the

purpose of the visit and to ask for their participation in our study. This was

successfully made and about 40 people participated in this meeting from

which few identified members escorted the team to undertake physical

observations in the existing water sources in the area

c. Meeting with the Lengatei ward Councillor to introduce the team and to

get more information related to water situation and if there is any initiative

of solving water problem in the area.

Photo 1: Kick-off meeting with Maasai

Laigwenani and village leaders

Photo 2: Meeting with Lengatei

Community members and Village

leaders

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2.0 EXISTING SITUATION

2.1 Location and locality.

Lengatei village is Located in Kiteto district in Manyara region and is among 56 villages

that are found in Kiteto district. Locally, Lengatei village is among 4 villages in Lengatei

ward, other village are Lesoiti, Olkitikiti and Engong-engare with four sub villages named

Zambia, Ilala, Magomeni and Malimbogo.

The village in the North is bordered with Lesoiti village, South with Sunya Village, East

with Songe and Bokwa villages and in the western side it is bordered with Olkitikiti village

2.2 Population

The village has an average of 3,194 people where 1,564 (approx. 48.97%) male and

1,630 approx. 51.03% female (2012 Census) in all of its four sub villages of Zambia, Ilala,

Magomeni and Malimogo. Average household size is 4.9 while the sex ration is 96. Out

of that population, Zambia sub-village takes about 35% of the entire village population.

The entire Lengatei ward has about 12,776 population in all four villages of which 6,520

are female and 6,256 are male

2.3 Ethnic

Lengatei village is dominated by two main ethnic group namely Maasai and Nguu.

Other small ethnic groups that are found in the village include Gogo, Pare, Kaguru and

Sandawi

2.4 Climate and topography

Lengatei village and the district in general obtain two types of rainfall seasons, which

are autumn and spring. Autumn starts in November and end on December while spring

starts in March and end around May.

The village is characterised with the topography of hills, gentle slope terrain and flat

terrain. The gentle slope and flat terrains are used for agriculture activities, animal

feeding and house construction (residential)

2.5 Infrastructures

Lengatei village is reachable from Songe town in Kilindi district via a rough road of

about 10km from Songe Town. The village has no electricity from government grid but

there is electricity from individual generator which supplies electricity to only few

people within the Zambia sub-village. The supply is from 6am to 10pm and the charge

for electricity is Tsh 500 per day.

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2.7 Water supply and sanitation situation

Lengatei village has no improved source of water in all of its four sub villages. People in

the village obtain water from dug holes around the village area. Some of the holes are

exposed and are shared by animals (cow and goat).The water obtained contain

turbidity and its milk colour in most of the source visited. According to the discussion

held with the villagers, the water collected from these holes are not treated nor boiled

before taken for drinking. Sanitation facilities that are found in the village are pit latrines

which are not improved though they are located downstream but far side of the

existing shallow wells/water sources

Photo 3: Animals drinnking water from one of

water sources (mabululu) in the area

Photo 4: Water with milk fetched ready for

drinking at home

During public meeting, community members mentioned existing water sources and their

physical and chemical characteristics. We carried water source sites visit in some sources

for two days (Monday and Tuesday) as shown in the list of water sources photos below.

Table 1: Available water sources in Lengatei village

Source name Type of source Water

quality

Remarks

Kwa Ng’unda Point source/hole soft Water available all season-Not

enough but never dried up since

then, water is used for cooking and

drinking by the Lengatei community

Mphala Point source/hole Seasonal

Kwa Mhokwa Point source/hole Water available all season-Not

enough

Kwa Salimu Point source/hole soft Water available all season-Enough

and used for drinking, washing and

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Source name Type of source Water

quality

Remarks

other domestic use, suitable for

shallow well with NIRA F85 or rope

pumps

Mabululu Point source/hole soft Water available all season-Enough


other domestic use, animals also do

drink from this source, people have

separate sources from that used by

animals, water is clear with slight

salinity

Kwa Makwaiya Point source/hole salt Water available all season-Not

enough, used by brick makers, have

notable iron contents, used by

animals, the source lies in a valley

which get disturbed during rains and

this waster is not suitable for drinking

Kwedilong’e spring soft Water available all season-not

enough and economically not

feasible from the cost benefit analysis

point of view, source is far located

Lubangala Point source/hole Water available all season-Not

enough

Lengatei Point source/hole Seasonal

Kwa Mbugi Point source/hole soft Water available all season

Kwa Muhamedi Point Source soft Water available all season-Enough,

the source is a manmade well/hole,

can be deepen with rings, soil type is

mud clay and there were signs of

availability of iron

Kwa Kiondo Point Source soft Water available all season-Enough


other domestic use, soil type is sand-

clay, said recharge capacity to be

20 litres after every 5 minutes, possible

technology is drilled shallow well with

rings and fitted with NIRA F85 or rope

pump, more Maasai use this source

than the Nguu tribe

Kwa Shemshi Drilled holes have

dried

N/A The drilled shallow wells have dried

and out of use for now, historically,

the area was surveyed though the

results could not be found

List of photos of different water sources in Lengatei village

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Photo 5: Kwa Salimu Source Photo 6: Kwa Mabululu Source

Photo 7: Kwa Ng’unda Source Photo 8: Kwa Makwaiya Source

Photo 9: Kwa Muhamadi Source Photo 10: Kwa Kiondo Source

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2.8 Previous water supply initiatives that were done in Lengatei

In 1972 Ranch in cooperation with Tanzania Government took the initiatives of supplying

water to Lengatei Village by taking water from Lengatei source to Zambia sub village.

They were able to construct an intake, water Storage tank, Domestic Point and cattle

trough. The project collapsed in 2001 after the Lengatei water source dried and the

population had already increased

Photo 11: Existint water storage tank at Lengatei built in the 70’

Also, the Belgium fund for food security (BFFS) undertook water mapping and survey in 14

villages in Kiteto district where Lengatei was among those villages but the hydrogeological

survey results were not convincing and hence the village was dropped from the quick-wins

plans.

During phone interview with the Kiteto district water Engineer (DWE) Mr. James Kionaumela

confirmed that hydrogeological survey has been carried out with central water basin from

Singida and the deep wells ranging between 150-200m are feasible as well as shallow

wells. The nearby village of Sunya has the same shallow well and is doing well todate and

this can be notable example as these villages share common geological formation in the

area.

It was noted that the prominently aquifer types present in basement rocks are: fissured,

cracks, joints, fractured or faulted rocks aquifers of which most areas has its water table

from 80m to 200m depend on the recharge and rock characteristics. However, if the

aquifer is a confined one the water may rises up to 10m below the ground.

Existing situation in the area tells that it’s not common to find borehole drilled in the area

/villages because the groundwater is scant and the drilling is very expensive for indigenous

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to afford. Generally, the area needs intensive hydrogeological survey to find a potential

site for drilling and the drilling depth commonly ranges from 150m to 200m deep.

2.9 Gender mainstreaming

During site visit and discussion held with the member of the community, gender situation in

the Village were observed to be unequal. In Maasai tribe, women are responsible to cook,

taking care of the children and fetch water by both ways on head, by colt, bicycle, etc.,

and men are responsible to look after cows and look for food to feed the family. The same

tradition applies for Nguu tribe in the area. According to the discussion held with both

Maasai and Nguu ethnic group, Men are allowed to marry more than one woman

depending on the wealthy he has and the ability to take care of those women and family

in general. But it is opposite for the women who once married do not have the right to

marry more than one husband, right to speech, the right to visit their family until she asks for

permission to a husband and which is not a guarantee as she can be prohibited to visit

home up to one year or above. This situation is critical for Masai tribe than other tribes in

the area (One example in our visit we find a Maasai woman who since married she has

never seen her family for more than 12 years). Therefore, women in Maasai tribe are

undermined and have no more rights compared to man.

Photo 12: Maasai woman tighting her colt after

fetching water and being assisted by our team

member

Photo 13: Women waiting for water in

Mabuluu area in Lengatei

2.10 Existing challenges

The following are the existing challenges observed in Lengatei Community

Lack of water and sanitation services:-Lengatei village lack proper safe water

sources and sanitation services, this has led to water related disease and

water borne diseases. According to the data obtained from Lengatei

government dispensary the frequent disease observed are as stipulated in

the table below.

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Water related diseases Water borne diseases Other diseases

Malaria Diarrhoea STDs ,HIV

Skin diseases. dysentery acute respiratory

infection diseases

Eye infections Worms and ascaris Asthma

UTI cholera Epileptic

Drought:-The village is dominated with dry season and lack of rainfall for a

long time and this is caused by the Climate change and environment

degradation especially deforestation. People in the area cut trees for

cooking, firewood and for burning of bricks as shown in the photo…. Below.

Photo 14: Bricks burning by using fire wood

Diseases:-The area does encounter diseases but most of the diseases are caused

by lack of water and sanitation services and others are caused by water quality

they drink. From the record book of the Lengatei dispensary Malaria is the most

reported disease in the village followed by acute respiratory infection (ARI), then

Diarrhoea and eye disease. Other common diseases that were also observed

include pneumonia, UTI and STI diseases. From this dispensary data it can be

concluded that Many disease are related to water problem in the area

Disease August September Total

Malaria 82 61 143

ARI 53 36 89

Diarrhea 4 8 12

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Disease August September Total

Eye disease 7 4 11

Pneumonia 8 1 9

UTI 4 2 6

STI 2 3 5

Skin disease 0 5 5

Worms 2 2 4

Epileptic 1 2 3

Dysentery 1 2 3

Abscess 1 1 2

Cut wound 1 1 2

Athma 0 1 1

2.11 Socio-economic activities

The main economic activities that are found in Lengatei village include small scale

Agriculture, Pastoralism and small business activities. The crops that are produced

from the agriculture activities include Maize, Beans, Sunflower, groundnuts and

finger millet. Animals that are mostly kept by people of Lengatei include Cow, goat,

sheep and donkey

Photo 15: Domestic animal grazing in

Lengatei village

Photo 16: Donkey caring luggage’s in

Masai Land

2.10.1 Social services

The village has the social services in the area of education, health and spiritual as

shown in the table below

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Table 2: Available institutions in the village

Service Quantity Name Location in the

village

Primary schools 4 Zambia,Lengatei,Krashi

and Malimbogo

Primary schools

Church 2 Anglican Church and

Tanzania Assembly of

God (TAG)

Mosque 6 Zambia 3, Ilala 1,

Magomeni 1,

Malimogo 1

Bars(Local Bar) 4 Zambia

Guest Houses 3

Dispensary 1

Pharmacy 3

From the above social services the dispensary in the area` has only 4 workers in

which two are Medical attendant, one Enrolled nurse and one Clinical officer. All

the workers have certificate level education except the Clinical officer who has

diploma. The dispensary has one rest bed and one examination bed .The dispensary

provides the service in the area of Health of Mother Father and Child, Maternity

services and Out Patient services. Other services include testing of Malaria and HIV.

The dispensary receives 10 to 30 patients per day and 4 to 9 expecting mothers per

month. The dispensary faces the challenge of water and electricity although the

government has made the initiative of installation of rain harvesting tanks in order

harvest water from rainfall.

Having seen these challenges, TAEEs through its Director donated immediately cash

Tsh. 200,000/= to the health centre to buy One bed and its mattress

Photo 17: Rain Harvesting Tanks installed in Lengatei Dispensary

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3.0 OBSERVATION FROM WATER SOURCE SITES VISITED Among different sites visited, the possible water technology observed to be feasible in the

areas is shallow wells installed with and pump. The following water source sites were

identified in priority by the team to be feasible for construction of shallow wells but before

concluding the water quality test results as detailed in table 3 below

Table 3: Water source analysis and technological options with prioritization

Water source

name Observations

Possible

technology Priority Priority Factor

Kwa Kiondo

Water is clear, soft, and have

high recharge capacity,

shared by two villages of

Olekitikiti and Zambia sub-

villages and in particular the

Maasai people

Shallow well fitted

with hand pump

either NIRAF85 or

Rope pump

1

Low cost

investment,

save few

people,

suitable to

start with due

to fund factor

Kwa

Muhamadi

Water has milk colour, they

are available all the

yearlong, the source is a

manmade well/hole, can be

deepen with rings, soil type is

mud clay and there were

signs of availability of iron

Shallow well fitted

with hand pump

either NIRAF85 or

Rope pump

2

Low cost

investment,

save few

people,

suitable to

start with due

to fund factor,

supports

priority 1

above

Kwa Salimu

Water available all season-

Enough and used for drinking,

washing and other domestic

use, can save many people

in the area as is close to the

Zambia sub-village, 2-3

shallow wells can be drilled

from here

Shallow well fitted

with hand pump

either NIRAF85 or

Rope pump

3

This serves

many people

in Zambia sub-

village, may

need slight

much fund

investment,

Kwa

Mabululu


enough and used for

drinking, washing and other

domestic use, animals also

do drink from this source (but

separate from where people

do fetch water), water is

clear with slight salinity

Shallow well fitted

with hand pump

either NIRAF85 or

Rope pump

4

Water is clear

though slightly

salt, serves

many people

in the village,

may need

slight much

funds to invest,

Kwa

Ng’unda


Not enough but never dried

up since then, water is used

for cooking and drinking by

Shallow well fitted

with hand pump

either NIRAF85 or

Rope pump

5

Water has milk

colour, serves

many people

in the village,

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Water source

name Observations

Possible

technology Priority Priority Factor

the Lengatei community may need

slight much

funds to invest,

water has

never dried in

life history from

this source

3.1 Existing Water Quality Situation

The water quality experience in the area tells that there is no any serious water quality

problems have been reported at neither Kiteto nor Lengatei to impact with people’s

health but there is low salinity for some of drilled boreholes in other parts of Kiteto district

and its villages including Lengatei for the existing shallow/natural wells, although water is

still fit for human consumption due to water challenges that exist in the area.

3.2 Water quality analysis from laboratory

The water samples were taken from Kiondo, Kwamohamedi and Mabululu water sources

for analysis to identify whether water is suitable for human consumption or not. These

samples were taken to Ardhi University laboratory for quality analysis.

The results from the laboratory test indicate that there is feacal contamination in all sources

which makes the water sources to be unsatisfactory for human consumption. The levels

exceed the required standards both WHO and Tanzania standards as listed in table 8

Nevertheless, the pH levels in all three water samples were less than a lower permissible limit

which is 6.5 which indicates the water to be acidic and probably might be caused by the

presence of E.Coli bacteria which are capable of fermenting lactose with production of

acid and gas at 35 - 37°C in less than 48 hours. The Mabululu waters seemed to fall out of

lower limits as compared to waters from Kwa kiondo and Muhamadi although they have

less value compared to required lower permissible limit of 6.5

From the bacteriological results point of view, the water seems to be unsatisfactory from

the basis that both total and feacal coliform counts are above the required limits.

However, the consultant is on the following opinions which are thought to be deployed

before concluding whether to abandon the plan or carryon with the drilling and

construction plans:-

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More parameters would preferably be tested since this phase was limited with funds

to carry out all possible parameters including fluoride, nitrate, nitrite, sulphur, etc

which will assist to decide on basing on chemical findings,

Since all available water sources where water samples were carried there might be

that the contamination might have come from human course for the reason that

fetch that water one gets in within the water itself which creates vulnerability of

contamination. This can be reduced if these water will be protected which includes

barring people from getting through into the water itself but rather create a good

way for people to reach that water without stepping into it.

Education to villagers on the need to boil water may of help though few people

may adopt it since many of the people in the area are used to drink from the fetch

point without being boiled.

Table 4: Laboratory measurement results from three samples

S/n Parameter Units Mabululu Kiondo Muhamadi Acceptable

Standard

Lower

limit

Upper

limit

1 pH 4.88 5.16 5.88 6.5 9.2

2 Salinity ppt 0.60 0.30 0.10

3 Electric

conductivity µS/cm 1278 621 322

4 Total

dissolved

solids (TDS)

Mg/l 623 302 154.9 500 2000

5 Chloride Mg/l 688 241 76

6 Total

hardness Mg/l 250 109 53 500 600

7 Faecal

coliform Count/100ml 11 53 21 0 0

8 Total coliform Count/100ml 19 69 36 0 3

3.3 Microbiological quality requirements

The National Environmental Standards Compendium (NESC) by Tanzania bureau of

standards (TBS), states that drinking water should not contain any organisms of faecal

origin. The presence of coliform organism should be considered as an indication of remote

faecal pollution. The presence of Escherichia coli (faecal coliform) indicates recent faecal

pollution, and hence dangerous condition if found in consecutive sample of water tested.

Coliform organisms are those organisms, which are capable of fermenting lactose with

production of acid and gas at 35 - 37°C in less than 48 hours, and are Indole negative.

Escherichia Coli (faecal coliform), are those organisms which are capable of fermenting

lactose with the production of acid and gas at 44°C in less than 24 hours, and which are

Indole positive.

17 | P a g e

The microbiological standard to be aimed at is the same as the WHO one which demands

that there be no coliform (E. coli) in each 100 ml portions (piped water supplies)

Table 5: Microbiological requirements

Class of piped Water/Type

of test count

Coliform count per 100 ml

at 37°C

E. Coli (faecal coliform)

count per 100 ml at 44°C

Excellent 0 0

Satisfactory 1 - 3 0

Suspicious 4 -10 0

Unsatisfactory More than 10 1 or more

Considering microbiological requirements indicated in the table 5 above, it is hereby said

advised that more water samples should be veiled for testing before concluding to embark

on drilling unless more initiatives will be accompanied to this option including educating

people on the importance of boiling water before drinking and also protecting water from

direct entry and wadding into water while fetching.

3.4 Implementation options

To implement one or more options of the noted area will generally depend on the

following factors that can be judged by ELEWA-Africa Association and associated partners

looking on either capacity to raise sufficient funds or basing on the technology that can be

feasible in each part/source identified or both funds and appropriate technology as well

as urgency of intervention.

a. Technology

Having visited the area (core zone of influence – Lengatei village) the

technological options noted to exist in the area that can be used in the area

include but not limited to

Drilling shallow well and installing hand pump

Drilling and constructing sump well and fitted with hand pump

Drilling medium/deep well and installing motorized water pump

Drilling deep well and installing solar pump

b. Cost analysis for each option

In order to implement this project, each technological option has been

analysed with engineering estimate that can give light picture of the

associated cost to realise the project.

18 | P a g e

Table 6: Detailed analysis of the implementation options and associated costs

Water source Observations Technical Recommendations Remarks

Kwa Kiondo

Water is clear,

soft, and have

high recharge

capacity,

shared by two

villages of

Olekitikiti and

Zambia sub-

villages and in

particular the

Maasai people

Type of well: Shallow tube well

Proposed pump type: hand pump either

NIRAF85 or Rope pump,

Reason: Cheap, low O&M, need low

skills, easy to train local operator

Materials required: precast Rings, auger,

Proposed well diameter: 90-100cm

Probable Depth: 5-15m

Manpower: 1 skilled labour to supervise

the work (from district as counterpart),

Qualification: hydrologist or

Hydrogeologist

Main supervisor: Consultant

Consultant activities: technical and

facilitation services

Supervision manpower: technical

(engineer, civil technician) see table 8

facilitation – Sociologist, Hygiene

specialist) - see table 8

Local manpower: Sourced from local

area 10 max.

Probable drilling cost: see table 7

Other costs: see table 7

Low cost

investment, save

few people,

suitable to start

with due to fund

factor, has clear

water and is

given priority one

to start with, two

wells can be

drilled from this

area spaced

from 50-100m

interval

Kwa

Muhamadi

Water has milk

colour, they are

available all the

yearlong, the

source is a

manmade

well/hole, can

be deepen with

rings, soil type is

mud clay and

there were signs

of availability of

iron as one looks

from naked eyes

The same as above except input will be

varied as there will be time increase if

drilling will be made in series, no costs for

mobilization of equipment, manpower

will be less unless drilled separately and

alone

Low cost

investment, save

few people,

suitable to start

with due to fund

factor,

comprehends

priority 1 above

Can be

combined when

drilling to share

costs with water

source at

kwakiondo as

they are within

the same

location

Kwa Salimu

Water available

all season-

Enough and




This serves many

people in

Zambia sub-

19 | P a g e


used for

drinking,

washing and

other domestic

use, can save

many people in

the area as is

close to the

Zambia sub-

village, 2-3

shallow wells

can be drilled

from here









Hydrogeologist









area 15 max.



village, may

need slight much

fund investment,

implementation

team may

decide where to

start as all bear

same urgency in-

terms of water

demand, the

available health

centre depends

water from here.

2-3 shallow well

may be require

from this area

spaced at an

interval of at

least 50m

Kwa

Mabululu

Water available

all season-

enough and

used for

drinking,

washing and

other domestic

use, animals also

do drink from

this source (but

separate from

where people

do fetch water),

water is clear

with slight salinity












Hydrogeologist









area 15 max.



Water is clear

though slightly

salt, serves many

people in the

village, may

need slight much

funds to invest.

Implementation

team may

decide where to

start as all bear

same urgency in-

terms of water

demand, the

available health

centre depends

water from here.

At least 2 shallow

wells may be

require from this

area spaced at

an interval

between 25-50m

Kwa Water available Type of well: Shallow tube well Water has milk

20 | P a g e


Ng’unda all season-Not

enough but

never dried up

since then,

water is used for

cooking and

drinking by the

Lengatei

community











Hydrogeologist









area 15 max.



colour, serves

many people in

the village, may

need slight much

funds to invest,

water has never

dried in life

history from this

source

Note:

1. Implementation of either option from above table will depend on the decision of

the implementer guided with preference, interest, funds collected, prioritization in-

terms of number of people to benefit or severity of the problem, etc.

2. Supervision costs may be lowered depending on the options accepted and number

of wells to be drilled within a given timeframe. Supervising the one well is as

expensive as supervising two or three wells drilled within one given timeframe

21 | P a g e

Table 7: Cost analysis per technological option per one

S/n Technological

option Activities

Engineering cost estimate

Tsh Euro

1

Drilling of

shallow tube

well and fitting

with either

hand pump

NIRA F85 or

Rope pump

Mobilization of equipment- 1,500,000.00 750.00

Drilling of well 8,000,000.00 4,000.00

Purchase of rings 3,450,000.00 1,725.00

Installing of rings 1,500,000.00 750.00

Pump purchase and installation

Well flushing 4,000,000.00 2,000.00

Total 1 18,450,000.00 9,225.00

2

Drilling and

constructing

sump well and

fitted with

hand pump

Mobilization of materials and

equipment- 2,500,000.00 1,250.00

Drilling of sump well (10m) max. 12,000,000.00 6,000.00

Construct reinforced sump well

structure 15,000,000.00 7,500.00

Pump purchase and transport

(NIRA F85) 3,000,000.00 1,500.00

Pump Installation and Well

flushing 3,000,000.00 1,500.00

Total 2 35,500,000.00 17,750.00

3

Drilling

medium/deep

well and

installing

motorized

water pump


equipment- 2,500,000.00 1,250.00

Hydrogeological survey 3,000,000.00 1,500.00

Drilling of well 60m 15,000,000.00 7,500.00

Pump test Development 3,600,000.00 1,800.00

Well flushing 3,000,000.00 1,500.00


(AFRIDEV/India Mark II) 4,000,000.00 2,000.00

Total 3 31,100,000.00 15,550.00

4

Drilling deep

well and

installing solar

pump


equipment- 2,500,000.00 1,250.00

Hydrogeological survey 3,000,000.00 1,500.00

Drilling of deep well up to 200m 24,000,000.00 12,000.00

Pump test Development 4,000,000.00 2,000.00

Well flushing 3,000,000.00 1,500.00

22 | P a g e

S/n Technological

option Activities

Engineering cost estimate

Tsh Euro


Grandfos 36,000,000.00 18,000.00

Purchase and install solar panel

and associated fittings 65,000,000.00 32,500.00

Total 4 72,500,000.00 36,250.00

99,000,000.00 49,500.00

Note:

The cost enlisted in the table is for one well

The cost indicated above are engineering cost estimates which might either be

above or below the actual project implementation costs but have been compiled

from previous and current experience and are based on engineering expertise and

does not necessarily reflect the actual project costs but rather approximate.

Table 8: Proposed Construction Supervision costs

Description Unit QTY Rate Total (Tsh) Total (€)

Manpower

- -

From district Days 7 45,000.00 315,000.00 157.50

Consultant

- -

Technical

- -

Engineer Days 7 150,000.00 1,050,000.00 525.00

Technician Days 14 100,000.00 1,400,000.00 700.00

Facilitation

- -

Sociologist Days 30 150,000.00 4,500,000.00 2,250.00

H&S specialist Days 30 125,000.00 3,750,000.00 1,875.00

unskilled labour Days 30 50,000.00 1,500,000.00 750.00

Transport

- -

Car hire with

driver Days 30 250,000.00 7,500,000.00 3,750.00

Fuel &Services Ltrs 600 3,000.00 1,800,000.00 900.00

Car transit cost LS 1 1,500,000.00 1,500,000.00 750.00

Communication LS 1 500,000.00 500,000.00 250.00

Stationaries LS 1 400,000.00 400,000.00 200.00

24,215,000.00 12,107.50

Note: Depending on planning and approach to be used; the project might cost high or

low

23 | P a g e

Apart from the above costs, in order for the community to operate and maintain the

installed infrastructures, there are related costs that they will have to incur in order the

facility live longer.

The costs can be shared with the district council particularly on the expertize part by

sending technical personnel or community development officer to facilitate and partly

monitor the installed facilities and refreshing people on their roles and responsibilities to

maintain and make the facilities last longer.

Table 8: Proposed year 1 village operation and maintenance costs of installed facility

VILLAGE

NAME

Pump operator

salary & Security

charges

Minor

pump

repairs

Spare parts

repair

charges

Regular training of

the COWSO & other

water infrastructure

caretakers by

District council

Total O&M

costs

Lengatei 600,000 300,000 270,000 750,000 1,920,000.00

24 | P a g e

4.0 Conclusion and recommendation

4.1 Conclusion

The initiation of this concept by the EMEKA lead by Krysia is a remarkable initiative that

needs to be backed-up by local community as well as supported by the government.

Despite the challenges therein including distance to transport materials such as pumps,

cement, etc but the water problem in the area hold significant need to support these

people of Lengatei since the most affected people are women and children who walk

long distance to fetch water either on their heads or using colt. Thins inhibit women from

being engaged in other development activities while children are being disturbed from

attending classes and hence this has impacts on their academic performances.

The project is highly needed by the Lengatei community not only the Maasai or Zambia

sub-villages but also the entire Lengatei community in all 4 sub-villages but this can be

commanded with availability of funds

4.2 Recommendations

It is hereby recommended that apart from the technical part that can be done in the area

to ensure that people have water, also the facilitation work will need to be invested which

will deal with preparing people to educate them, formulate the water committees that will

be responsible to manage water infrastructures that will be installed and continue with

operation and maintenances (M&O) at their own capacity so that the project can be

sustainable. TAEEs has a long experience in this water and sanitation issues particularly

those issues involving communities as it has been there since 2005 working with

communities, facilitating communities towards participating to various community projects

in water and sanitation and communities have been able to raise their cash contributions

to facilitate construction of infrastructures.

Nevertheless, if depending on funds availability, the project can be implemented in phases

starting with priorities of either the most vulnerable and troubled people where priority 1

holds or number of population to be served which priority 3&4 hold.

Moreover, it is hereby recommended that

Initiatives to raise funds to construct water sources in Lengatei should not stop as this

will still allow the same situation in the area to persist longer and longer without hope

of solution

More parameters be tested on the chemical context as this phase was limited with

funds to carry out full water sample analysis which would create a basis of firm

decision on whether to go on with the implementation or not

The available bacteriological results might be a course of unprotected water

sources which creates vulnerability of contamination; hence improvement of this

25 | P a g e

situation may reduce the risk of contamination to those water sources since most of

them are far located from human settlement except Mohamedi water source.

Drilling can be done at the point where there source do exist since there are good

terrain and the opening eye seems to be there. However, drilling downstream from

the existing water source still bear possibility to find water as it looks that the water

table flow line can be traced within the area. With an exception of Mohamedi

water source which seems to be water beyond 5m (from visual perspective) the rest

can be drilled within the context of 20-50m zone of influence downstream within the

line water table flow.

Education to villagers on the need to boil water should be part and parcel of the

program since local community from pastoralist do not boil water for drinking, as this

was demonstrated during site visit in Lengatei.

26 | P a g e

Appendix 1: Water quality laboratory results

water supply situation analysis report

Documents