watershed management water budget, hydrograph analysis
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Watershed Management Water Budget, Hydrograph Analysis . Hydrology and Water Resources -RG744 RS and GIS c , Institute of Space Technology October 30, 2013. An area that contributes flow to a point on the landscape - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
Watershed ManagementWater Budget, Hydrograph Analysis
HYDROLOGY AND WATER RESOURCES -RG744RS AND GISc, INSTITUTE OF SPACE TECHNOLOGY
OCTOBER 30, 2013
Watershed
An area that contributes flow to a point on the landscape Basic hydrologic unit within which all measurements, calculations,
and predictions are made in hydrology
• Slopes are used to define watershed boundaries, flow paths and directions• Slope = change in elevation (a rise) with a change in horizontal position (a run)
Watershed
Watershed may be quite small (few square meters in an area on a ridge or high slope)
May be quite large including continental areas that drains large rivers (Mississippi Rivers, Indus Basin, etc.)
Drainage Network
Set of cells through which surface water flows Convergence of flow direction may be used to
produce streams or drainage network Defining a Stream: any cell that has a contributing
watershed larger than some locally defined threshold
Watershed Delineation
Watershed Delineation
Ridge
As a general rule, water flows downhill perpendicular to contour lines
Basin Characteristics
Drainage Basin: Area draining to a common outlet Drainage Divide: separates two watersheds that drain
into different outlets Drainage Area: Area encompassed by divide Drainage Density: Stream length/unit area Stream Order System: …. Stream gradient: Drop of elevation/unit length Stream Frequency: Number of channels/unit area Basin Relief: Highest elevation – lowest elevation Time of concentration: Time of travel from the farthest
point in the catchment area to the gauging station
Stream Order
1st through 12th Order by Strahler's (1952)
Water Budget/Balance
• Inflows– Precipitation– Surface water Inflow– Groundwater Inflow– Artificial Import (Pipes)
• Outflows– Evaporation (surface water,
land areas)– Runoff– Groundwater Outflow– Artificial Export (withdrawal
from surface and groundwater)
Storage– Surface water in streams,
lakes and ponds– Soil moisture– Ice and snow on the
surface– Temporary depression
storage– Intercepted water on
plant surfaces– Groundwater
• Basin Hydrologic Mass BalanceInflow = Outflow ± Change in Storage
Water Budget
Examples
(10 + 5 + 4) – 19 = 0
0 200 400 600 800
1000 1200 1400 1600 1800 2000
6:00 0
8:00 10:00 12:00 14:00 16:00 18:00 20:00 22:00 0:00 0 Time
0.00
0.10
0.20
0.30
0.40
0.50
0.60
Rainfall Runoff Response
Flow Measuredfrom USGS Gage 403Inside Harris Gully
February 12, 1997 on Harris Gully
Rainfall Measuredfrom USGS Gage 400at Harris Gully Outlet
QRF
Rainfall and Runoff Analysis in Watersheds
To determine surface runoff from a watershed due to a particular storm
Rainfall and Runoff Relationship
Catchment may be treated as ‘black box’ having processes that control the rainfall to runoff transformation
CatchmentInput Output
Rainfall Runoff Modeling
Surface Runoff
Includes: Overland flow Precipitation falling directly on stream channelsDepends on: Basin Characteristics
– Size, shape, slope, land use/cover, soil type, antecedent conditions Storm Characteristics
– Storm intensity, storm duration, spatial variation, movement Hydrograph
– Size, shape, condition of flow conveyance systems
Hydrograph Analysis
Hydrologic response of rainfall at the outlet of an area Hydrograph: Graph of discharge (cubic feet per second) in a channel
vs. time Area under curve yields the volume of runoffStream flow = Direct Runoff + Base flowDirect Runoff (DRO) = Rainfall Excess or (rainfall – losses)
Source: Prof. Ke-Sheng Cheng
Hydrograph Component
• Direct Runoff– Surface runoff– Interflow or Quick Interflow: is runoff that infiltrates
the top layers of soil and exits to stream prior to reaching zone of saturation
• Baseflow: Entry of groundwater into stream– Delayed interflow: component of interflow which
contributes to baseflow– Groundwater runoff: flow component contributed to
the channel by groundwater (extremely slow)
Parts of Hydrograph
Rising Limb Crest or Peak: Maximum rate of flow for the event Falling limb or Recession Curve
Factors Affecting Hydrograph Shape
Climatic Characteristics Rainfall intensity: higher intensity storm produces rapid rise in
hydrograph and higher peak Rainfall duration: important when duration is more than time of
concentration Temporal distribution: in summer greater losses lesser peak, in winter
vice versa (also in winter soil moisture is high producing more runoff) Spatial distribution: ???
Catchment Characteristics Size Shape Elevation Slope Drainage density and topology Soil Type and land use
Catchment Characteristics
Size of the Catchment Volume of runoff for a given rainfall input is
proportional to the size of catchment But the response characteristics of a large catchment
is different from a small catchment rainfall -runoff response for a smaller impervious
catchments is different from a larger vegetative watersheds for a given rainfall
Catchment Characteristics: Shape
Catchment with same area but with different shape Narrow ends towards outlet Slow rising hydrograph with lower
peak
Catchment Characteristics
Shape of Catchment Pear shaped catchment with narrow ends
towards upstream and broader end near outlet Fast rising Hydrograph with high peak Water passing through outlets of both
catchment is same
Catchment Characteristics
Elevation Variation in temperature and precipitation at different
elevation Temperature reduces with the increase in elevation
and at very high altitude precipitation falls as snow The floods from snow melt are usually low peak and
broader base
Catchment Characteristics
Slope Larger slopes generate more velocity than smaller
slopes causing fast runoff Same rainfall input to 2 catchments of equal area but
different slopes, the one with steeper slope generates a hydrograph with steeper rising and falling limbs
Catchment Characteristics
Surface Roughness
Catchment Characteristics & Hydrograph Shape
Also need to consider the storm duration and time of concentration.Source: Prof Cheng, Taiwan
Baseflow Separation
What is observed flowing in the stream is the total discharge
The combined hydrograph can be split up into two parts: the base flow and the overland flow added to interflow
Process of separating the direct runoff from the base flow is called Baseflow Separation
Methods of Baseflow Separation: Straight line method Empirical Method Inflection Point Method
All methods are arbitrary and somewhat inaccurate
Base Flow Separation
Base Flow Separation: Straight Line Method
This method is not very accurate
Base Flow Separation: Empirical Method
N (in days) = 0.862 A0.2
A = area of the drainage basin in square kilometers (N= A0.2 , A is in miles)N is from the point of peak discharge to the point where flow is completely
dominated by base flow
N (Days)
Base Flow Separation: Inflection Point Method
tp = Time to peak discharge from start of rainfallInflection point on the falling limb is often assumed to be pointwhere direct runoff ends
Net Storm Rainfall and Hydrograph
Example 2-1 (Bedient)
Discrete step method for calculating area under hydrograph
Predicting Rainfall-Runoff
Regression Analysis
works best for long time periods