Heart, Lungs, & Blood

I. ________________ Circulation: the double circuit prevents mixing of oxygenated and deoxygenated blood. Therefore oxygen supply is highly efficient.

A. Systemic Circulation: thru out the system. It involves the , blood vessels, & ________ (bld).

oxygenated blood flows from the heart to the organ systems of the body. oxygen is delivered and ______________________ is taken on, deoxygenated blood flow from the organs systems back to the heart.

B. Pulmonary Circulation: deoxygenated blood flows from the heart to the ______________.

• _______________ is taken on and carbon dioxide is excreted,

• oxygenated blood flows from the lungs back to the heart.

I. Closed System : bld flows from w/in arteries à _____________________ à veins

A. Heart: birds & mammals have a _____ chamber .

1. Blood from the lungs enters the left atrium & passes into the left ventricle à ___________à body circulation.

2. Bld from the body enters the right atrium àright ventricle àlungs to get O2 & _______________ of CO2.

3. The has valves that prevents backflow of bld; they are opened & closed by pressure. The is a msl: myocardial msl. It is like skeletal muscle except:

• the msls are connected & acts like one

• it initiates its _______________________________ (like involuntary msl)

B. ____________________________________________

• The muscle making up the heart is called cardiac muscle.

• It is myogenic, i.e., stimulates itself to contract — does not need external stimulation.

• It is an __________________________, strong muscle that does not fatigue (no anaerobic respiration).

• The heart is a _______________________.

• The _________atrium collects deoxygenated blood from all parts (vena cava).

• The _________ ventricle pumps deoxygenated blood to the lungs (for gas exchange = ↑O2, ↓CO2) (pulmonary artery)

• The ___________ atrium collects oxygenated blood from the lungs (pulmonary vein)

• The __________ ventricle pumps oxygenated blood to all parts (aorta).

• The right and left side fill and empty in unison.

• Each chamber pumps the same volume of blood.

• The wall of the left ventricle is about three times thicker than that of the right ventricle.

• The left ventricle needs more cardiac muscle to give the blood a much stronger push.

• Blood pressure therefore _____________________________________________________

• Atria & their valves empty/open or fill/close together

• Ventricles & their valves empty/open or fill/close together

• When the atria open, ventricles are closed

• When the atria close, ventricles open

C. Arteries: carry bld _________________from the .

• walls are thick & elastic

• ________ valves

• ___________________________________________________

• regulates bld flow by _____ or ______its diameter.

D. Veins: carries bld _________the .

• thinner & < elastic walls

• they ______________valves to prevent back flow of bld

• venous system acts as bld reservoir

E. Capillaries: are the smallest of a body's blood vessels, which connect arterioles and venules, and enable the interchange of water, oxygen, carbon dioxide, and many other nutrient and waste chemical substances between blood

and surrounding tissues.

• Capillaries are _________________ thick allowing for diffusion of the above.

F. Heart action

•[ Blood enters the atria, filling them.

• The sino-atrial node (= SAN) in the right atrium generates a nerve impulse causing the atria to contract

• Blood forced into the ventricles (AV valves open).

• The impulse arrives at the atrio-ventricular node (= AVN)

• Impulse delayed (0.2 s) giving time for ventricles to fill (ventricular diastole).

• The ventricles contract and force the blood out of the pulmonary artery and aorta (ventricular systole).

• The AV valves close preventing blood returning to the atria.

• The semi-lunar valves are pushed open by the higher blood pressure in the ventricles.

• The elastic artery walls expand (=a pulse).

• Ventricular blood pressure falls, closing the semi lunar valves.

• This prevents blood flowing back into the ventricles from the arteries. ]

Blood Pressure

• The pressure varies along the circuit – measured with sphygmomanometer

• Pressure decreases in the following order:

• ____________ --> artery > arteriole > capillary > venule > vein > atrium.

• Standard healthy readings:

80 mm Hg diastolic, 120 mm Hg systolic.

H. Care of your cardiovascular system (CVS): most risk factors are w/in __________ control. One’s choices & behaviors affect the health of your CVS.

• ___________ puts added stress on the CVS & lungs. Nicotine increases bld pressure & heart rate. Being overweight causes the ____ to pump more bld thru more bld vessels.

• A regular exercise program & healthy diet will strengthen the & lungs, making them work more efficiently. It will also help circulation.

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I. Gas exchange: The Respiratory System:

Breathing v. respiration:

A. External respiration: exchange of gases between the atmosphere &____________.

B. Internal respiration: exchange of gases between _____ & cells.

C. Different than CELLULAR RESPIRATION which is ?????

II. The ___________

A. The lungs are a pair of _____________, air-filled organs located on either side of the chest (thorax).

• The trachea (windpipe) conducts inhaled air into the lungs through its tubular branches, called bronchi.

• The bronchi then divide into smaller and smaller branches (_______________), finally becoming microscopic.

B. The bronchioles eventually end in clusters of microscopic air sacs called _____________.

• In the alveoli, oxygen from the air is absorbed into the blood.

• Carbon dioxide, a _____________ product of metabolism, travels from the blood to the alveoli, where it can be exhaled.

C. The lungs are covered by a thin tissue layer called the pleura.

• The same kind of thin tissue lines the inside of the chest cavity -- also called pleura.

• A thin layer of fluid acts as a lubricant allowing the lungs to slip smoothly as they expand and contract with each breath.

• The primary function of the respiratory system is to _______________oxygen and carbon dioxide. Inhaled oxygen enters the lungs and reaches the alveoli.

• The layers of cells lining the alveoli and the surrounding capillaries are each only one cell thick and are in very close contact with each other;

• bld from the ____ventricle enters the lung via the Pulmonary Artery; blood in the capillaries is carrying CO2.

• blood in the capillaries is carrying _________. The capillaries surround the _________________of the lung.

• Here, CO2 is ridded via diffusion, as a waste & exhaled out of the body. Bld in the capillaries then pick up O2 via diffusion, re-enters the thru the Pulmonary Vein à L ventricle àaorta.

D. How You Breathe

Your lungs are located within your chest cavity inside the _______ cage (Figure 1). They are made of spongy, elastic tissue that stretches and constricts as you breathe. The airways that bring air into the lungs (the ____________and ______________) are made of smooth muscle and cartilage, allowing the airways to constrict and expand. The lungs and airways __________ fresh, oxygen-enriched air and ____________ of waste carbon dioxide made by your_________. They also help in regulating the concentration of hydrogen ion (pH) in your blood.

When you ___________, the diaphragm and _________________muscles (those are the muscles between your ribs) contract and ___________ the chest cavity. This expansion ____________ the pressure in the chest cavity below the outside air pressure. Air then flows in through the airways (from high pressure to low pressure) and inflates the lungs. When you __________, the diaphragm and intercostals muscles_______ and the chest cavity gets smaller. The decrease in volume of the cavity _______________ the pressure in the chest cavity above the outside air pressure. Air from the lungs (high pressure) then flows out of the airways to the outside air (low pressure). The cycle then repeats with each breath.

III. Lung Conditions

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD): Damage to the lungs results in difficulty blowing air out, causing shortness of breath. Smoking is by far the most common cause of COPD.

A.__________________________: usually caused by _______________. The fragile walls between the lungs' air sacs (alveoli) are damaged, trapping air in the lungs and making breathing difficult.

B.Chronic bronchitis: Repeated, frequent episodes of productive cough, usually caused by smoking. Breathing also becomes difficult in this form of COPD.

C. Pneumonia: Infection in one or both lungs. Bacteria, especially Streptococcus pneumonia, are the most common cause.

D. Asthma: The lungs' airways (bronchi) become inflamed and can spasm, causing shortness of breath and wheezing. Allergies, viral infections, or air pollution often trigger asthma symptoms.

E. Cystic fibrosis: A genetic condition in which mucus does not clear easily from the airways. The excess mucus causes repeated episodes of bronchitis and pneumonia throughout life.

F. Lung cancer: Cancer may affect almost any part of the lung. Most lung cancer is caused by smoking.

G. Tuberculosis: A slowly progressive pneumonia caused by the bacteria Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Chronic cough, fever, weight loss, and night sweats are common symptoms of tuberculosis.

H. Influenza (flu): An infection by one or more flu viruses causes fever, body aches, and coughing lasting a week or more. Influenza can progress to life-threatening pneumonia, especially in older people with medical problems

I. Mesothelioma: A rare form of cancer that forms from the cells lining various organs of the body with the lungs being the most common. Mesothelioma tends to emerge several decades after asbestos exposure.

J. Pertussis: (whooping cough): A highly contagious infection of the airways (bronchi) by Bordetella pertussis, causing persistent cough. A booster vaccine (Tdap) is recommended for adolescents and adults to prevent pertussis

Blood

• _______________: to and from tissue cells

• ________________to cells: amino acids, glucose, vitamins, minerals, lipids (as lipoproteins).

• Wastes from cells: urea, CO2 (mainly as HCO3- in solution in the plasma).

• Temperature Regulation: by altering the blood flow through the skin.

• Immunity: protection against pathogens — blood clotting; phagocytes, lymphocytes and antibodies distributed in blood.

• Communication: hormones distributed to all parts of the body in the blood.

• ___________________: clotting following a wound

I. Composition:

• plasma: liquid portion of bld (straw colored)

• Red Blood Cells (________): erythrocytes

• White Blood Cells (WBC): _______________

II. Plasma

• Composition _ ________

• Fxn : transport of proteins, nutrients, minerals, gases (CO2, O2), & waste.

III. Erythrocytes: RBC

1. _______-concave disc shape; mature RBC do NOT have a nucleus.

2. RBC are produced in the bone marrow of limb bones such as arms & legs & the ribs. X’s rbc are stored in the spleen or destroyed & recycled there – re-use Fe (iron) & Hgl (hemoglobin).

3. Fxn:

• _________________ (bright red in color)

• rids CO2 (no O2, dark red color)

• carries Fe

• RBC survive for _________ days in circulation & degrades in the spleen. New cells are constantly being produced.

4. Hemoglobin: (Hgl) an iron (Fe) containing protein molecule by which O2 & CO2 are transported; the Fe in hemoglobin gives rbc their color.

• Hgl releases _____ in the body where needed & picks up the waste gas _____ to be brought to the lungs & exhaled out of the body

IV. Leukocytes: White Blood Cells (______)

• Primary force in the immune response

• #s _____ as NEED arises

• larger than RBC, but < in #

• able to pass ___________ cells

• have a nucleus

• ___________________

A. Produced in: bone marrow, ___________________, & spleen.

B. Fxn: some WBC are scavengers that clean up dead cells, bac, & toxins.

• Other WBC actively seek out foreign material – bacteria, viruses, cells, etc & destroy them by_______________: cell “eat up” foreign/dead matter & destroys it.

• _________ cells release substances to call in “reinforcements”, turn other WBC into killer cells & keep scavenger cells around to clean up.

V. Platelets: are fragments of other bld cells; they too are made in the bone marrow. They have a short life span: 5-9days

• Fxn : - initiate bld clotting in response to injury

- seals small leaks in bld vessel

Blood Types

I Intro: the blood type you are depends upon the presence or absence of specific proteins called _____________(ag) on the RBC surface. (see h.o.’s on blood)

A. Antigen: a substance which illicit an ________________(ab) immune response

B. Antibody: a chemical substance that attacks a foreign ag.

C. In the plasma, your ab will agglutinate (clump) foreign ag.

Eg: type A recognizes all A ag as self & therefore, won’t produce ab will accept donated type A blood.

• If type B were given to a type A person, it would see it as a foreign invader & make ab against the B rbc.

• Since type O has NO ag on its surface, no ab will be made against it. It is the_____________________– anyone can accept it.

• Since type AB has BOTH A & B ag, it’ll recognize both blood types as self. It’s the universal receiver.

• Type O can only receive O blood. Why????

III. Rhesus blood group system: refers to the six main Rhesus antigens (C, c, D, d, E and e) as well as the many other less frequent Rhesus antigens. The terms Rhesus factor and Rh factor refer to the Rh D antigen only.

1. Individuals either have, or do not have, the Rhesus factor (or Rh D antigen) on the surface of their red blood cells. This is usually indicated by 'RhD positive' (has the RhD antigen) or 'RhD negative' (doesn’t have the antigen) suffix to the ABO blood type.

• Unlike the ABO antigens, the only way antibodies are developed against the Rh factor are through placental sensitization.

• That is, if a person who is RhD-negative has never been exposed to the RhD antigen, they do not possess the RhD antibody.

• The 'RhD-' suffix is often shortened to 'D pos'/'D neg', 'RhD pos'/RhD neg', or +/-.

• There may be prenatal danger to the fetus when a pregnant woman is RhD-negative and the biological father is RhD-positive

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I. __________________________________________________

• A collection of special drainage vessels receiving excess tissue fluid.

• Once the tissue fluid enters the lymphatic capillaries it is called__________________.

• Lymph nodes (e.g. tonsils) filter the lymph and produce lymphocytes.

• The lymph vessels have many valves, but low pressure.

• The lymph is moved along by the squeezing action of:

– the ________________muscles,

– pressure changes in the thorax during breathing and

– by the rhythmic contraction of the lymph vessel walls.

• Lymph re-enters the blood just before the right atrium.

II. Functions of the Lymphatic System:

A. Circulatory role

• Return the excess tissue fluid to the blood: this maintains blood volume, pressure and concentration.

• Collect and deliver the absorbed lipids from the small intestine to the blood

B. Defense role

• The lymph nodes _______________ out pathogens in the lymph.

• Production and ‘export’ of lymphocytes to the blood system for general distribution.

• Detection of antigens and production of specific antibodies.

Disorders

I.Of the Blood

A. Anemia: ___________________ RBC in circulation; therefore, not enough O2 is getting to the cells. A person feels tired, weak, & short of breath. There are 3 main causes for this:

• serious blood loss

• of rbc due to malfunction

• of the bone marrow nutritional deficiency (e.g. Fe+)

1. Sickle – Cell Anemia : a genetic condition due to a defect in the Hgl w/in the rbc.

• Cells develop a sickle shape & ______________ together, blocking blood flow to tissues.

• This leads to tissue death b/c they’re deprived of O2.

• Symptoms include severe joint & abdominal pain, weakness, & chronic kidney disease.

• _______cure but can be treated w/transfusions.

B. Leukemia: a _____________ of the WBC; it is a useless _____in the amount of wbc. In leukemia, there’s a 100,000 or > wbc/drop of bld; normal wbc count is ~8,000 & during an infxn ~30,000. These wbc are immature & unable to fight infxns. [A person w/this is highly susceptible to infxn & the wbc interfere w/rbc & platelet prodxn.]

Symptoms include:

• _____________ & being tired from lack of rbc

• Abnormal bleeding from cuts & bruises b/c of ___ platelets

• Infxn, since wbc aid in antibody prodxn

C. Hemophilia: a genetic disease in which the blood clotting factor is absent causing the blood to clot very slowly or not at all. The slightest bruise or cut can lead to bleeding to death. No cure but treatment involves giving injection of the clotting factor.

D. AIDS: Acquired Immunity Deficiency Syndrome. The ______ virus causes AIDS; the virus infects the T4 wbc. It destroys the cells as it replicates. People do ______ die from HIV infxn itself but from other diseases b/c T4 cells are not there to fight off infxns.

II. Of the Cardiovascular System

A. Congenital Heart Disease: congenital means occurring @ birth. These diseases/defects cover a wide variety of conditions. Valves may not fxn, there may be a__________ between the chambers, there may be a blockage from the vessels to the_______. Sometimes the defects are not noticed right away & sometimes the defect heals itself as the heart grows. Other defects may require surgery. Some cause of the defects include genetic, viral or drug use during pregnancy or vitamin deficiency.

B. Heart Murmurs: if the____ is not fxning right, noises or murmurs may be heard as bld goes thru the chambers.

The major cause of these is a defective valve in the _____. A valve that’s too narrow makes the bld push thru the restricted opening w/more force. A valve that doesn’t close properly allows bld to leak. Both cause a____________.

C. Heart Attacks: occurs when the supply of _______ rich blood to the heart is reduced or stopped; if the bld supply shuts down for a long time, msl cells die from lack of O2. If enough cells die, so too will the person. Often, only a small part of the____msl is deprived of O2 so the person can recover.

• There are many reasons why the bld supply is reduced or stopped. One common one is arteriosclerosis (artery hardens). Any chest pain could be a warning sign of a heart attack & should be investigated.

• A ______attack is sudden, the causes are not. Although anyone of any age can have one, years of unhealthy heart habits – obesity, smoking, drug use, etc. – increases dramatically the possibility of a _____attack.

D. Varicose Veins: swollen, enlarged veins, especially in the legs. They develop when the valves become weakened. It affects both sexes. Some inherit the tendency.

Contributing factors include:

• long periods of standing

• __________________________

• pregnancy

• wearing very tight clothing

• ______________

• When valves are weak backflow occurs, bld collects in the veins, & the veins dilate. Can be very painful.

• Exercise is both prevention & a treatment. It improves bld circulation & massages the walls of the veins. Surgery may be necessary for removal or stripping of the____________.

E. Thrombosis: formation of a bld clots w/in a bld vessel. The clot or ______________usually remains attached to the bld vessels & can interfere w/bld flow.

• A clot that dislodges is called an __________& can travel to other body parts, blocking bld vessels. A ____________embolism blocks a______ artery; a pulmonary embolism block bld vessels in the lung. Clots in the arteries to the brain can cause a stroke.

End For Exam