Unit JK: Bloody PacketDeadline for Unit: _________________1. Screencast Unit J1 and K2 ______

2. Vocab words. ______

3. Diagrams. ______

4. Coloring/Notes ______

5. Practice question ______

6. Journal Prompts ______

i) Midterm: Good? Bad? Ugly? Why?

ii) What worked well in your preparation for the midterm? What could you have done or what can you do to better prepare next time?

This is quite a hodge-podge unit full of diagrams and little bits, so it is HIGHLY recommended for your learning journey that you follow closely to the clues as outlined below

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Overview1. Major blood vessels of the human body – Mr. Man and Headless diagrams

2. Five types of blood vessel – focus on S and F.

3. The 2 circuits- direction and type of blood and eventually how they are different!

4. Fetal Circulation – label, trace, and compare to adult.

5. Heart structures and their functions as well as flow of blood

5. Blood- what is it made of, and what are the functions?

Unit J Videos– Part 1For this diagram you should be able to:

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1. Label major arteries and veins2. Where the vessel is headed3. Give type of blood4. ID the 2 systems

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Five Types of Blood Vessels - Compare

Blood Vessel Structure Function1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

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Diagram it!!Below create for yourself a nice little map, clearly outlining the 2 circuits. One step above, add colour to show oxygen rich blood and carbon dioxide blood.

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Systemic and Pulmonary Circulation

1. What is the difference between systemic and pulmonary circulation?

2. In the diagram below, color the oxygenated blood RED, and the deoxygenated blood BLUE. Be sure to label the three types of blood vessels: artery, vein, and capillary. Also, label the four chambers of the heart!

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Structure Pulmonary or Systemic?

Function

Inferior Vena Cava

Superior Vena Cava

Right Atrium

Right Ventricle

Pulmonary Arteries

Pulmonary Veins

Left Atrium

Left Ventricle

Aorta

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Fetal Circulation There are 5 structures present in the fetus that are not present in the adult circulatory system.

Why does the fetus have an altered circulatory system?

Locate each structure on the diagram. Label the structure on the diagram and fill in the chart for its function. (Note structure “U” belongs to the mother, not the fetus. Include it in your labels but not in the chart.

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Fetal Struture Function

Note the umbilical arteries and umbilical vein are named for the baby’s cirucaltory system, not the mothers.

The umbilical vein carries ________________________ blood, to the baby’s _________________.

The umbilical artery carries _______________________ blood and wastes away from the baby and to the

___________________ for exchange within the ______________________.

Like in the pulmonary circuit the oxygen carrying of the blood is reversed. Blood in the umbilical vein is traveling to the baby’s heart, BUT the blood is oxygenated (or red). Blood in the umbilical artery is traveling away from the baby’s heart, BUT the blood is de-oxygenated or blue.

Why do you think the umbilical vein travels to the baby’s liver (via the venous duct), before entering the baby’s heart

Does the vena cava in the baby carry oxygenated or deoxygenated blood? Where is this blood coming from?

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Does the aorta in the baby carry oxygenated or deoxygenated blood? Why? What structure in the fetus does aorta lead in to? Where does this lead to in the mother?

How do the vena cava and aorta in fetal circulation differ from that of the adult?

Bloody MessBlood consists of approx ______% formed elements and _______ % plasma.

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Formed elements

(You are responsible for distinguishing between the 3 cell types in the table, but you do not need to be able to distinguish between the different types of white blood cells (basophils, neutrophils, lymphocytes etc…)

Formed Element Shape Function Origin

Red Blood Cells( )

White blood Cells( )

Plasma( )

Plasma

Contains a variety of organic & inorganic substances.

________ % is water, which functions to…

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Blood has transport, regulatory and protective functions, such as:

- transports

- transports

-regulates

-regulates

_______ % is plasma proteins which function to…

Plasma contains minute (less than 1%) amounts of:

- ________, which help maintain blood osmotic pressure.

- ________, for cellular respiration.

- ___________________, as food for cells

- ___________________, from excretion by the kidneys

- ______________, _______________ etc… which have various functions in regulation of the body (homeostasis) and metabolism.

Antigens and Antibodies

What is an antigen? (try the glossary)

An antibody is a “Y” shaped molecule also known as an immunoglobulin. Antibodies are typically made of ________________ (peptide chains). The variable regions of the antibody are specific for a particular ______________.

Antigens combine with antibodies in a ___________ - _______ - ________ manner. When the antigens and antibodies form a complex together the antigens are….

Antibodies are produced in response to invading pathogens. (They are also produced when you receive a vaccination with a weakened form of an antigen, such as a virus.) Antibodies are ____________ to the antigen for which they are made. An individual is said to be immune to an antigen if he/she has antibodies to that particular antigen. The blood of the individual contains lymphocytes that can remain in the system for years ready to produce antibodies if the ____________ is detected.

Exposure to the antigen, either naturally or by way of a vaccine will cause active immunity to develop. In active immunity, the individual produces their own antibodies which remain in their blood stream to protect against future attacks. When antibodies are produced they bind to the antigens and destroy them.

Unit K – part 1 - Heart Structure and Function

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Unit K – part 2

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Draw it out!

Nervous Control

Starts in the _______________________________________

Diagram – draw box to show 2 nodes.

Outline pathway of nervous message.

Heart Cycle.

Atria Contracts = __________________________________

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Ventricles Contract = _______________________________

Diastole – describe

Systole – describe

Blood Pressure – taken at ____________________________________________.

Units = ____________________________________________________________.

Normal =

Hypertension =

Hypotension =

BP Reading =

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Cardiac Cycle

Diastole

Systole

Heart Problems

-coronary arteries

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Have you?

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Biology 12 - The Heart & Circulatory System

1. The major systemic artery in the body is the _______________.2. The systemic system begins with the ______________________________ of the heart and ends with the ______________________________ of the heart.3. Contraction of the heart is called _______________; just following contraction, blood pressure is at it _______________.4. The SA node is often called the _______________.5. The first wave in an electrocardiogram occurs during the contraction of the _______________; the second occurs during the contraction of the _______________.6. A vein is a blood vessel that takes blood to the _______________.7. Movement of blood in the veins is aided by _______________muscle contraction.8. Capillaries are tiny vessels with very _______________walls, facilitating the exchange of molecules.9. The lymph vessels begin in the tissues and eventually join the _______________veins.10. Two dietary components that may contribute to the medical condition hypertension are _______________and _______________.11. A stroke occurs when _______________cells are denied oxygen.

12. Label the parts of the circulatory system in this diagram below:1. 2. 3.4. 5. 6.7. 8. 9.10. 11. 12.13. 14. 15.16.

13. Match the structures in the key to the statements below:Key: ARTERY VEIN CAPILLARYi. has the thickest walls: _______________ii. has valves: _______________iii. has the greatest total cross-sectional area: _______________iv. takes blood away from the heart: _______________v. takes blood to the heart: _______________vi. exchanges carbon dioxide and oxygen with tissues: _______________

14. The path of blood through the heart. Starting with vena cava, list the structures in order through which blood flows. Use the parts in the column on the left.

Structures (Alphabetical listing) Correct Order1. aorta2. bicuspid valve3. left atrium4. left ventricle5. lungs6. pulmonary artery7. pulmonary semilunar valve8. pulmonary veins9. right atrium10. right ventricle11. semilunar valve12. tricuspid valve13. vena cava

15. The heart beats about _______times a minute. What actually happens is that the ______________node initiates the contraction of the____________(chambers). The nervous stimulus is picked up by the ____________________________node, and this initiates the contraction of the _______________ (chambers). When the chambers are not actually contracting, they are relaxing. Contraction is termed systole, and resting is termed _______________.

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16. When the atria contracts, this forces the blood through the ______________________________valves into the ______________________________. The closing of these valves is the lub sound. Next the ventricles contract and force the blood into the arteries. Now the ______________________________ valves close, and this is theDUPP sound. A heart murmur is caused by ___________________________.

17. Of what significance is each of the following in an electrocardiogram like the one on the right?i. P wave:______________________________ii. QRS wave: ______________________________iii. T wave: ______________________________18. Using the diagram of the circulatory system in your text that shows the major blood vessels, trace the path of blood from:i. the left ventricle to the legs: _______________, _______________, _______________, _______________ii. the legs to the right atrium: _______________, _______________, _______________iii. the aorta to the liver: _______________, ______________________________, _______________, ______________________________, ______________

19. a) Label the indicated parts of the fetal heart at right:b. List the four structural differences between the fetal circulatory system and the adult, as well as the function of each difference.Structure AFunctionStructure BFunctionStructure CFunctionStructure DFunction

20. There are only two types of lymph vessels, the lymph ______________________________and the lymph _______________.

21. Mix and match the correct term for each description on the left.___ 1. largest artery A valves___ 2. returns tissue fluid to the circulatory system B thrombus___ 3. prevent blood from flowing in the wrong direction C systolic blood pressure___ 4. vessel transporting blood through kidneys D stroke___ 5. vessel transporting blood through legs E renal___ 6. localized swelling due to excess tissue fluid F lymphatic system___ 7. supply blood to the heart G iliac___ 8. the highest arterial pressure H hypertension___ 9. the lowest arterial pressure I heart attack___ 10. condition of high blood pressure J embolism___ 11. "hardening of the arteries" K edema___ 12. a stationary clot along an arterial wall L diastolic blood pressure___ 13. a dislodged, moving thrombus M coronary arteries___ 14. when a portion of the brain dies due to a lack of oxygen N atherosclerosis___ 15. chest pain (including pain in the left arm) O aorta___ 16. occurs when circulation to part of the heart is blocked P angina pectoris

22. How is a lymph capillary like a blood capillary? a) they both contain blood b) they both contain valves c) they both have thin walls d) they are both connected to the vena cava

23. If you press a finger down on a prominent vein, say, on the back of your hand and then slide the finger distally to a new pressure point closer to the fingers, would you expect the section of vein you just moved along to refill with blood? Suppose you had moved the finger proximally toward the upper arm?

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24. Explain how the blood that right now is arriving at your fingertips will get back to your heart. What will drive its movement?

25. Questions from Provincial Exams

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Bloody Notes - Circulation

      Blood vessels                        i.         Arteries                                    (1)       Muscular layers allow them to withstand high pressure.                                    (2)       Carry blood away from heart.                                    (3)       Arteries are elastic to allow them to expand and recoil when

receiving blood from heart.                        ii.        Arterioles                                    (1)       Form a large network of smaller vessels, leading away from the

heart.                                    (2)       They are also elastic.                                    (3)       Have muscles that control their diameters.                        iii.       Capillaries                                    (1)       The smallest blood vessels, these are typically less than 1 mm long.                                    (2)       The diameter is so small that red blood cells travel single file.                                    (3)       The very thin walls allow exchange of materials between blood and

cells.                                    (4)       Capillaries have a huge total surface area.                                    (5)       Blood velocity decreases in capillary beds to allow time for

exchange of materials with extracellular fluid.                                    (6)       Blood releases oxygen and nutrients, picks up carbon dioxide and

wastes.                                    (7)       Exchange                                                (a)       At the arterial end of capillaries blood pressure forces fluid

out and into the surrounding tissues. As blood moves through the capillary, the blood pressure decreases so that near the venous end, less is leaking into the surrounding tissues.

                                                (b)       As blood flows through the capillary and fluid moves out, the blood that remains behind becomes more concentrated. Osmosis then causes fluid to move back into the capillary near the venous end.

                                    (8)       Lymphatic system                                                (a)       During the exchange, some fluid is also removed from the

blood. Most fluid reenters the blood by osmosis but some does not.

                                                (b)       The remaining fluid is returned to blood by the lymphatic system.

                                                (c)       Lymphatic vessels contain vein-like one-way valves .                                                (d)       The lymphatic system connects to the circulatory into veins

on the side of the neck.

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                                                (e)       Blockage of the lymphatic systems leads to the retention of water in the tissues. The resulting swelling is called edema.

                        iv.       Venules - Capillaries merge to form venules and venules merge into veins.                        v.         Veins                                    (1)       Large vessels that carry blood back to the heart.                                    (2)       Blood pressure is quite low in the veins.                                    (3)       The pressure is too low to allow the return of blood to the heart

from the lower body.                                    (4)       The return is aided by the contraction of skeletal muscles and one-

way valves that prevent blood from flowing backward in the veins.            d.         The diameter of arteries and arterioles can be changed as needed                        i.         Vasoconstriction - contraction of the muscular layer causes the diameter to

narrow, decreasing blood flow.                        ii.        Vasodilation - relaxation of the muscular layer causes the diameter to

increase, increasing blood flow.                        iii.       Sphincter muscles (called precapillary sphincters) in arterioles can open

and close specific capillary beds as needed.            e.         The heart                        i.         In birds and mammals, the heart is a double pump.                        ii.        The heart is four chambered, with a wall separating the left and right

ventricules.                        iii.       The left side of the heart pumps oxygenated blood to the body tissues. This

is systemic circulation.                        iv.       The right side of the heart pumps unoxygenated blood to the lungs. This is

pulmonary circulation.                        v.         The left ventricle is much more muscular than the right as it must move

blood through the whole body.                        vi.       Human heart                                    (1)       Oxygenated blood from the lungs is carried through pulmonary

veins to the left atrium.                                    (2)       Blood flows from the atrium into the left ventricle as it relaxes.                                    (3)       The ventricle then contracts, to force blood out to the aorta.                                    (4)       Valves between the atrium and ventricle (AV valve) and between

the ventricle and the aorta (semilunar valve) prevent blood from flowing backward.

                                    (5)       Oxygenated blood is carried to all parts of the body.                                    (6)       The heart itself receives blood from the coronary arteries. They

have a very small diameter and may become blocked, producing a heart attack.

                                    (7)       Blood from the upper body enters the heart through the superior vena cava while blood from the lower body enters through the inferior vena cava.

                                    (8)       Blood moves from the right atrium through an AV valve to the right ventricle.

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                                    (9)       When the right ventricle contracts, blood moves through a semilunar valve into the pulmonary arteries to the lungs.

                                    (10)     Blood returns from the lungs through the pulmonary veins to the left side of the heart to complete the cycle.

                        vii.      Control of the heartbeat                                    (1)       The heartbeat does not require nerves but generates its own beat.                                    (2)       If all the nerves to the heart are cut it will continue to beat.                                    (3)       Nerve signals from the brain can influence the heart rate though,

slowing it or speeding it up.                                    (4)       Muscle cells in the heart can all contract to produce a regular

heartbeat but they must be coordinated.                                    (5)       This coordination is accomplished by the pacemaker which causes

all the cells to contract together. The pacemaker (or SA node) is a group of cells in the wall of the right atrium called the sinoatrial node (SA node) that sets the origin of the heartbeat in mammals.

                                    (6)       To be filled with blood from the atria, the ventricles must contract slightly later than the atria. This is the job of the atrioventricular (AV) node. It recieves the signal from the SA node but delays it for about 0.1 s before passing it along to the ventricles. This ensures that the atria completely empty before the ventricles contract.

                        viii.     Heart sounds                                    (1)       The sounds of the heartbeat are caused by the closing of the heart

valves.                                    (2)       The first sound (lub) is caused by blood hitting the AV valves as

they close.                                    (3)       The second sound (dub) is caused by blood hitting the semilunar

valves as they close.                                    (4)       If the valves do not close properly, some blood can pass through

the valves and cause a heart murmur. The heart must work harder to get the same volume of blood circulating. This can be corrected by replacing the valve.

                        ix.       Blood pressure                                    (1)       When the heart relaxes between beats (diastole) the arterial

pressure drops to about 80 mm Hg. This is called diastolic pressure. The pressure does not drop to 0 because the arterial walls are elastic and squeeze the blood. The 80 mm Hg diastolic pressure keeps blood flowing between beats.

                                    (2)       When the ventricles contract (systole) the pressure in the arteries leaving the heart rises to about 120 millimeters of mercury (mm Hg). This is called systolic pressure.

                                    (3)       Normal values: systolic/diastolic = 120/80 mm Hg.                                    (4)       Blood pressure is monitored by the medulla oblongata through

sensors in the aorta and carotid arteries. Vasoconstriction can be used to increase blood pressure and vasodilation can be used to lower it as needed.

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