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g]kfnL hgtfsf] tkm{af6 To;sf] oyfy{k/s d"NofÍg x'g] g} 5 eGg] s'/fdf g]kfnL sf+u|]; ljZj:t 5 .>4f / ;Demgf xfd|f] >4fk"0f{ ;Demgfdf oltv]/ g]kfnL sf+u|];sf c;+Vo h'emf? g]tf, sfo{stf{ tyf z'e]R5's ;fyLx¿ x'g'x'G5 . h;n] ljut ;ft bzssf] cjlwleq h]n–g]n, lgjf{;gsf] kL8f / d[To'o'nfO{ ;d]t j/0f u/]/ b]zsf] nf]stflGqs ;+3if{ / r]tgfnfO{ hLljt /fVg dxTjk"0f{ e"ldsf lgjf{x ug{'eof] . sf+u|];hgsf] of] ;+3if{ ofqfsf] kl5Nnf jif{x¿df lg/+s'z /fhtGqsf] k|tf8gf;Fu} dfcf]jfbL lx+;fsf] ;d]t lzsf/ x'g'k¥of] . o; qmddf hLjg u'dfpg] of]4fx¿;Fu} cËeËsf] kL8f, 3/–;DklQ x/0fsf] b'Mv / cfˆgf kl/jf/af6 lj:yflkt ePsf ;a}sf] nf]stflGqs d"No / dfGotfk|lt slxNo} gxlNng] cf:yfsf] pRr sb/ ub{5f}F . cfh h'g kl/jt{gk|lt xfdL uf}/j ul//x]sf 5f}F / h'g :jtGqtfsf] hudf xfdL nf]stGq / ;+j[l4sf] ofqfdf cl3 a9\g] k|of; u/L/x]sf 5f}F, of] tLg} of]4fx¿sf] ;+3if{ / w}o{sf sf/0f ;Dej ePsf] xf] . lxdfn–kxf8sf s'gf sGb/fdf xf];\ jf t/fO{sf kmfF6df a;]/ cfˆgf] cf/f]x cj/f]xsf] ;fdgf ub{} lx+;f / lg/s+'ztfsf sl7gtd lbgx¿df ;d]t lagf s'g} :jfy{ tg, dg, jrg / sd{n] nf]stGqsf] /Iffsf lglDt clj>fGt s[ofzLn nf]stGqk|lt cf:yfjfg g]kfnLx¿sf] cbDo ;fx; / ;lqmotfsf sf/0fn] g} cfh klg g]kfnL sf+u|];sf] zfg, zlSt / uf}/j c8]sf] 5 . pxfFx¿sf] Tof] ;fx; / cfTdljZjf;sf] g]kfnL sf+u|]; ;Ddfg JoQm ub{5 .xfdL of] dxTjk"0f{ 38Ldf @))& ;fnsf] P]ltxfl;s hgqmflGtsf g]tf tyf To;kl5 nf]stGq axfnLsf nflu ePsf ;+3if{sf gfos Pj+ sf+u|];–ljrf/wf/fsf kyk|bz{s ljZj]Zj/k|;fb sf]O/fnfnfO{ >4f / ;Ddfgsf ;fy ;DemG5f}F . @)!& ;fnkl5sf] cToGt sl7g / k|lts'n kl/l:yltdf kf6L{ ;Ë7g / nf]stflGqs cfGbf]ngnfO{ hLjGt agfO/fVg] >4]o g]tf ;'j0f{ zDz]/nfO{ Åbob]lv g} :d/0f u5f}{ . To;}u/L, xfdL @)$^ ;fnsf] hg–cfGbf]ngn] k|Hjlnt u/]sf] nf]stflGqs cfGbf]ngsf ;jf]{Rr g]tf u0f]zdfg l;+xsf] cys ;+3if{ufyf / cfGbf]ngkl5sf] ;ª\qmd0fsfnLg /fhgLltdf >4]o g]tf s[i0fk|;fb e§/fO{sf] ;Gt'lnt / a'l4dQfk"0f{ of]ubfgnfO{ ;;Ddfg :d/0f ub{5f}F . /fhtGqsf] cGTo / ;+3Lo nf]stflGqs u0ftGqsf] :yfkgf;lxt zflGtk"0f{ hg–

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cfGbf]ng @)^@÷^# df k|s6 ePsf g]kfnL hgtfsf] ;a} rfxgfnfO{ Wofgdf /fVb} /fhgLlts bnx¿nfO{ ;'ema'emk"0f{ Pstf / ;femf p2]Zosf] ;+3if{df 8f]¥ofpg xfd|f >4]o g]tf lul/hfk|;fb sf]O/fnfn] lgjf{x ug{'ePsf] P]ltxfl;s e"ldsfk|lt xfdL ;a}n] pRr ;Ddfg / ;Demgf ub{5f}+ . xfdL of] P]ltxfl;s cj;/df g]kfnL hgtfsf] cfsf+Iff cg'¿k dfcf]jfbL lx+;fTds åGå ;dfKt u/L lbuf] zflGt :yfkgf ug{] p2]Zon] cufl8 a9]sf] zflGtk|s[of / o;df ;xefuL ;a} kIfnfO{ xflb{s wGojfb lbG5f}F . zflGtk|lqmofnfO{ cg'udg ug{] ;+o'Qm /fi6« ;+3 Pj+ zflGt k|lqmofnfO{ ;xof]u / ;dy{g ug{] tyf bf];|f] ;+ljwfg;efsf] lgjf{rgk|lt ;sf/fTds / ;xof]uL /xg] ;a} ldq/fi6« / cGt/f{li6«o ;+3–;+:yfk|lt g]kfnL sf+u|]; cfef/ k|s6 ub{5 . k|lta4tf / ;+sNkg]kfnL /fhgLlt olta]nf ce"tk"j{ ;ª\qmd0fsf] r/0fdf 5 . d'n'ssf ;fd'Gg] pkl:yt r'gf}tLx¿sf] ;fdgf ub{} b]znfO{ ;ª\qmd0fsf] o; cGof]naf6 /fhgLlts lgsf; lbg] lhDd]jf/L k'gM Psk6s g]kfnL sf+u|];sf] sfFwdf cfPsf] 5 . Oltxf;sf cg]sf}+ sl7g 3'DtLx¿df g]kfnL sf+u|];n] cfkm"nfO{ g]kfnL hgtfsf cfsf+Iff / lxtsf kIfdf bx|f] u/L pEofPsf] 5 / kl/jt{gsf] cu'jfO{ ub{} cfPsf] 5 . ut ;+ljwfg;ef lgjf{rg kl5sf] em08} ^ jif{sf] xfd|f] cg'ej / ljut ;+ljwfg;efsf] c;kmntfn] klg oltj]nf d'n'sn] sf+u|];sf] ;Gt'lnt / bl/nf] g]t[Tjsf] vf]hL u/]sf] 5 . ct o; 3f]if0ffkqdfkm{t g]kfnL sf+u|]; d'n'sdf ljBdfg ;+s6 ;dfwfg ug{ / ;+ljwfg;efaf6 nf]stflGqs ;+ljwfg lgdf{0f ug{] lhDd]jf/L k'/f ug{ g]t[TjbfoL e"ldsf lgjf{x ug{] b[9 ;+sNk JoQm ub{5 . g]kfnL sf+u|]; klxnf] ;+ljwfg;ef leq cfˆg} kxn / cu|;/tfdf nf]stflGqs ;+ljwfgsf ;Gbe{df ePsf ;xdltsf ljifox?nfO{ u|x0f ub{}, ;xdlt x'g afFsL ljifox?df ;+ljwfg;ef leq / aflx/ /xg] ;a} /fhgLlts zlQmx?;Fu ;dGjo / ;Djfb u/L cfjZostf cg';f/ cfˆgf] klxrfg / clwsf/sf nflu ;+3if{/t ljleGg hflt, ju{, lnË, If]q, ;d'bfo / ;d"x;Fu ;Djfb ub{} cfufdL Ps jif{leq ;+ljwfg;efaf6 ;+3Lo nf]stflGqs u0ftGqfTds ;+ljwfg lgdf{0f ug{] ;+sNk ub{5 .

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g]kfnL sf+u|]; ;+ljwfg;ef u7g ePsf] ^ dlxgfleqdf :yfgLo lgsfosf] lgjf{rg ;DkGg ug{] ;+sNk ub{5 . g]kfnL sf+u|]; ;+ljwfg lgdf{0fsf] sfo{ef/ ;Fu;Fu} lgjf{lrt ;+;bsf] rf/ jif{sf] cjlwdf hgcfsf+Iffcg'?k kl/jt{gsf] cg'e"lt lbnfpg] u/L cfly{s ljsf;, ;Dj[l4 / /f]huf/L l;h{gfsf nflu sfo{qmdx? b'|tt/ ultdf cufl8 a9fpg] k|ltj4tf JoQm ub{5 . g]kfnL sf+u|]; o; cj;/df lbuf] zflGt :yfkgf ug{] hgtfsf] ;+sNknfO{ lglj{Wg k'/f u/L 5f8\g] k|lt1f ub{5 . ;fy} ;+ljwfg;efsf] o; dxTjk"0f{ lgjf{rgsf dfWodaf6 /fi6«nfO{ ;d[4 / ;d'Ggt agfpg] P]ltxfl;s dxfo1df ;fd]n x'g ;Dk"0f{ g]kfnL lbbL–alxgL, bfh'–efOdf xflb{s cfXjfg ub{5 .

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v08 Ps M g]kfnL sf+u|]; / ;+ljwfg lgdf{0f;+ljwfg;efsf] ;kmntf M ;+3Lo nf]stflGqs

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nf]stflGqs cfGbf]ng / eljiosf] g]kfnL k':tfsf lglDt cToGt} 7"nf] dxTj /fVb5 . To;}n] klxnf] ;+ljwfg;ef ;+ljwfg agfpg ;kmn geP klg ;+ljwfg;efn] ;+ljwfg agfpg] sfo{sf] dxTjk"0f{ / cj;/nfO{ Ifl0fs pQ]hgf, efjfj]z, g}/fZo jf c¿ s'g} tfTsflns sf/0faf6 k|efljt eP/ Go"g ug{ jf u'Dg lbg' x'Fb}g . o:tf] cj;/ /fi6«sf] Oltxf;df lj/n} cfp5 . t/ lxhf] ;+ljwfg;efsf] cfjZostf b]vfP/ pu| gf/f nufpg]x¿sf] Pp6f ;d"x cfh ;+ljwfg;ef eGbf aflx/af6 ;+ljwfg agfpg] ljsNk vf]lh/x]sf] b]lvG5 . t/ g]kfnL sf+u|]; ;+ljwfg;ef af6} ;+ljwfg agfpg'k5{ eGg]df :ki6 5 . To;}n] xfdL ;+ljwfg;efsf] bf];|f] lgjf{rg u/]/} eP klg cfˆgf] P]ltxfl;s bfloTjnfO{ k'/f ug{ cu|;/ ePsf 5f}F . xfdLnfO{ o;/L cu|;/ x'g k|]l/t ug{] w]/} sf/0f dWo] s]lxnfO{ tn pNn]lvt u/]sf 5f}+ .d'n'sn] cfh;Dd k6s–k6s hgtfdf lglxt ;fj{ef}d;Qfsf] rrf{u/]sf] / ;'g]sf] 5 t/ k'/f ePsf] 5}g . ;+ljwfg;efsf] dfWodåf/f ;+ljwfg agfpFbf klxnf]k6s hgtfdf lglxt ;fj{ef}d;Qfsf] k|of]u / cEof; x'g]5 . /fhgLlt / /fi6« lgdf{0fdf hgtfsf] ;jf]{Rrtf / ;Dk|e'tf :yflkt x'g]5 . ;+ljwfg;efåf/f aGg] ;+ljwfgn] d'n'sdf æxfdL g]kfnL hgtfÆ eGg] Pp6f gofF nf]stflGqs / /fli6«o efjwf/fsf] lgdf{0f ug{]5 . @ s/f]8 ^) nfveGbf a9L g]kfnL hgtfsf] k|ltlglwk"0f{ ;xefuLtf / lqmofzLntfåf/f n]lvg] of] gofF ;+ljwfg g]kfnsf] /fli6«o Pstf / nf]stflGqs klxrfgsf] gofF cfwf/ aGg]5 .;+ljwfg;efaf6 ;+ljwfg agfpg] sfo{n] lx+;fTds /fhgLlt ug{ cEo:t /fhgLlts bnx¿nfO{ zflGtk"0f{ dfWodaf6 pknAwL x'g ;Sb5 eGg] jf/] cfZj:t u/fpg] 5 . ;fy} d'n'sdf ljBdfg eljiosf ;a}vfn] /fhgLlts, cfly{s, ;fdflhs tyf ;fF:s[lts åGånfO{ lgsf; lbg] cj;/ klg pknAw u/fpg] 5 . lx+;f / åGbaf6 cfqmfGt /fi6« / hgtfnfO{ lbuf] zflGtsf] k|Tofe"lt ug{] / nf]stflGqs k|lqmofåf/f Jofks /fli6«o ;xdltsf] ;'b[9 cfwf/ k|bfg ug{] dfWod klg aGg] 5 .;+ljwfg;efsf] of] bf];|f] lgjf{rgn] d'n'ssf] jt{dfg s]G›Ls[t / PsfTds /fHosf] :j¿knfO{ klxrfg e]l6g] hftLo åGå d]l6g] u/L abn]/ /fHo ;+/rgfleq ;a}sf] klxrfg, k|ltlglwTj / kx'FrnfO{ ;'/lIft ub{} lbuf] / clwsf/ ;DkGg ;+3fTds 9fFrfdf

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/fHosf] nf]stflGqs k'g;{+/rgf ug{] lhDd]jf/L k'/f ug{]5 . of] gofF jGg] ;+ljwfgn] s]Gb|Ls[t / PsfTds /fHosf] k'/fgf] :j¿knfO{ ;+3Los/0fsf dfWodaf6 las]Gb|Lt u/L clwsf/sf] lgIf]k0f u/L u|fdL0f tx;Dd k'¥ofpg]5 .#= hgcfGbf]ng @)^@÷^# sf]] hgfb]z/fhtGqsf] :j]R5frfl/tfsf lj?4 nfvf}Fsf] ;+Vofdf ;8sdf cf]ln{Psf g]kfnL hgtfn] a[xQ/ hgcfGbf]ngdfkm{Tf ;a}vfn] clwgfosjfb / cltjfbnfO{ g]kfnL /fhgLltaf6 ;w}+sf lglDt ;dfKt ug{] cfsf+Iff k|s6 u/]sf x'Gf .dfcf]jfbL lx+;fTds lj›f]x / /fhtGqsf] clwgfosjfbL zf;gsf] k|ltlx+;fn] cfqmfGt g]kfnL hgtfsf] csf]{ :ki6 cfb]z /fhgLlts lx+;fsf] cGTo / lbuf] zflGtsf] :yfkgf ug{' lyof] . g]kfnL hgtfn] lx+;f, o'4, ad / aGb'ssf] qf;bLaf6 d'lQm tyf zflGtk"0f{ hLjg / hLljsfsf] k|Tofe"lt zflGtk"0f{ hgcfGbf]ngsf] dfWodaf6 Jofks u/]sf x'Gf ./fHosf] jt{dfg ;+/rgfn] g} cfly{s–;fdflhs–/fhg}lts lje]b / c;dfgtf l;h{gf ug{] ePsf] x'Fbf ;a}vfn] c;dfgtfsf] cGTo ug{] u/L ;dfj]zL, Gofok"0f{ / ;+3Lo nf]stflGqs u0f/fHosf] /rgf hgcfGbf]ngkl5 ePsf dw]z cfGbf]ngnufot ljleGg ;d'bfo, If]qaf6 ePsf ;a} cfGbf]ngsf cfsf+Iffx¿ lyP .hgcfGbf]ngsf] cfb]z k'/f ug{] Ps dfq zflGtk"0f{ / ljlw;Ddt k|lqmof eg]sf] hgtfaf6 lgjf{lrt ;+ljwfg;efaf6 ;+ljwfg lgdf{0f u/L bL3{sfnLg ¿kdf hgk|ltlglwåf/f hgtfsf] k|ToIf :jfldTjsf] :yfkgf ug{' xf] . To;}n] ljleGg r'gf}tLsf aLr klg bf];|f]k6s r'gfj u/fO{ ;+ljwfg;efaf6} ;+ljwfg agfpg] k|lqmofsf] ljsNk 5}g eGg] af/] xfdLn] k|i6 kf/]sf xf}+ . $= klxnf] ;+ljwfg;efsf rf/ jif{ klxnf] ;+ljwfg;efsf] rf/ jif{sf] cjlwdf sf+u|];n] s] u¥of] eGg] k|Zg p7\g ;S5 . o; af/] xfdL cfFkm"n] u/]sf sfd af/] k|i6 kfg{ rfxG5f} o; cjlwdf g]kfnL sf+u|];n] cfˆgf] Wofg dfcf]jfbLn] af]s]sf] xltof/sf] Joj:yfkg;lxt zflGtk|lqmofnfO{ k"0f{tf lbg] / nf]stflGqs d"No / dfGotfleq /x]/ ;+ljwfg agfpg] sfddf g} k"0f{ ¿kdf s]Gb|Lt u/]sf] xf] . ;+ljwfg;efsf] bf];|f] lhDd]jf/L ;+;bLo e"ldsf;lxt ;/sf/sf] lgdf{0f klg lyof] . g]kfnL

9

sf+u|];n] ;Qfsf] k|nf]eg / To;sf lglDt ul/g] ckljq u7aGwgaf6 cfkm"nfO{ hf]ufP/ hgtfsf hGdl;4 clwsf/sf lglDt n8]sf] xf] . g]kfnL sf+u|];n] ;+;bLo k|lqmofdf ;xefuL x'g] / ;3fpg] sfo{ u¥of] t/ ;Qfsf] nf]edf h:tf];'s} / hf];'s};Fu ;Demf}tf u/]/ eP klg ;/sf/ agfpg] / g]t[Tj ug{] s'/fnfO{ k|fyldstf lbPg .g]kfnL sf+u|];n] ;a} kIfnfO{ ;d]6\b} / ;a};Fu ;dGjo ub{} !@ aF'b] ;dembf/Lb]lv klxnf] ;+ljwfg;efsf] lgjf{rg;Ddsf] 5f]6f] cjlwdf ;Dk"0f{ k|lqmofsf] g]t[Tj u/]sf] lyof] . !@ a'Fb] ;dembf/L, P]ltxfl;s hgcfGbf]ng, k|ltlglw;efsf] 3f]if0ff, dfcf]jfbL;Fu jftf{ lj:t[t zflGt ;Demf}tf, cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, dfcf]jfbL n8fs"sf] Joj:yfkgsf] k|f/De, ;+ljwfg;ef lgjf{rg / ;+ljwfg;efsf] klxnf] a}7saf6 ;+3Lo nf]stflGqs u0ftGqsf] 3f]if0ff h:tf sfd 5f]6f] sfnv08df g]kfnL sf+u|];sf] g]t[Tjdf ePsf] lyof] . ;+ljwfg;ef lgjf{rgkZrfTf g]skf dfcf]jfbL 7"nf] bnsf] ¿kdf :yflkt eof] . 7"nf] bn ePkl5 emGf lhDd]jf/Lsf ;fy ;a}nfO{ ;d]6]/ cufl8 a9g' k5{ eGg] cfd rfxgf ljkl/t dfcf]jfbLn] !@ a'Fb] ;dembf/Lb]lv ;+ljwfg;ef lgjf{rg;Dd cfpFbf k6s–k6s ePsf ;xdlt / ;Demf}tfsf] ;d]t cjd"Nog ub{} cfkm"n] lht]sf] / c¿ ;a}n] xf/]sf] eGg] dfgl;stf agfof] . d}n] eg]s} dfq x'g' k5{ eGg] Jojxf/af6 ;xofqfdf /x]sf bnx¿nfO{ ;d]t lgif]w ug{ yfNof] . p:fn] ;+ljwfg;ef lgjf{rgdf cfd hgtfsf aLrdf k|:t't u/]sf] cfˆg} 3f]if0ffkq ljk/Lt ?kdf k|:t't eof] . o;k6s klg dfcf]jfbL 3f]if0ffkqdf nf]stflGqs k|lta4tf hgfP/ hfg ;S5 t/ kl5 ljutdf h:t} p;sf] gLlt nf]stGqnfO{ lgif]w ug]{ gxf]nf eGg ;lsGg . ;+ljwfg;ef leqsf ljifout ;ldltx¿df p;n] nf]stflGqs d"NodfGotf;Fu d]n gvfg] lsl;dsf k|:tfjx¿ k]z u¥of] . ;+ljwfg;efaflx/ ;d]t cgfjZos ljifodf klg p;n] anhlˆtk"0f{ x:tIf]k u¥of] . zflGtk|lqmof 6'Uofpg] s'/fdf p;sf] s'g} rf;f] /x]g . cfˆgf b:tfj]hx¿df ;d]t g]kfnL sf+u|];nfO{ lgif]w ug{] gLlt lnof] . kmn:j¿k, h'g ;xhtfsf ;fy ;+ljwfg;efn] sfd ug{'kYof]{ Tof] ultdf sfd x'g ;s]g .

10

cGo bnx¿sf] ;Qf /fhgLlt / dfcf]jfbLsf] kf6L{leqsf] cGt/åGån] ubf{ ;+ljwfg;efsf ultljlw g/fd|f];Fu k|efljt eP . of] cj:yfdf g]kfnL sf+u|];sf] d'Vo bfloTj unt af6f]df lxF8]sf] dfcf]jfbLnfO{ /f]Sb} ljutsf ;xdlt sfof{Gjog u/fpg' / p;sf] ¿kfGt/0f ub{} nf]stflGqs ;+ljwfg lgdf{0fsf nflu k|lta4 agfpg' lyof] . g]kfnL sf+u|];n] x/;Dej k|of; klg u/]s} xf] . g]skf Pdfn]sf] 9'nd'n] k|j[lQ / dw]zs]Gb|Lt bnx¿sf] ;Qf :jfy{sf sf/0fn] g]kfnL sf+u|];n] /fv]sf] ;bfzotf / ;demfbf/L cg'¿ksf] ;a} sfd x'g ;s]g . oBlk ;+VofTds ¿kdf sd ePklg hgtfsf clwsf/ ;'lglZrt ug{]b]lv dfcf]jfbLn] k|:t't u/]sf nf]stGqlj/f]wL k|:tfjx¿nfO{ cg'df]bg x'g glbO{ nf]stflGqs ;+ljwfgsfnflu kxn u/]sf] xf] . ;''lglZrttf u/]s} xf] . :d/0fLo 5, Pdfcf]jfbLsf lglDt ;+ljwfg;ef ;z:q ljb|f]xaf6 xfl;n x'g g;s]sf] ;Qf k|flKtsf] ;fwgdfq lyof] . ut ;+ljwfg;efsf bf}/fgdf Pdfcf]jfbLn] Ps xf]Og, cg]sk6s xltof/L ljb|f]xsf] wfs b]vfP/ jf eL8tGqsf] ;xf/f lnP/ clwgfosjfbL lg0f{o u/fpg vf]h]sf] lyof] . g]kfnL sf+u|];sf] k|an k|ltjfbn] dfq Tof] /f]lsPsf] xf] . rf/ jif{sf] o:t} ;+3if{sf ljrdf klg ;+ljwfg;efsf ljifout ;ldltleq clwsf+z ¿kdf g]kfnL sf+u|];n] ut ;+ljwfg;ef lgjf{rgdf k|:tfljt u/]sf nf]stflGqs ;+ljwfgsf cGt/j:t'x¿df ;xdt u/fpg ;kmn ePsf] xf] .

%= ;+ljwfg;efM lgjf{rgb]lv lj36g;Dd@)^% h]7 !% ut] a;]sf] ;+ljwfg;efsf] klxnf] a}7sn] ;+3Lo nf]stflGqs u0ftGq g]kfnsf] 3f]if0ff u/]sf] lyof] . To;sf] ´08} ;ft dlxgf kZrft dfq ;+ljwfg;ef ljifout ;ldltx¿n] cfk\mgf] sfd k|f/De u/]sf lyP . oBlk ljifout ;ldltx¿n] ;+ljwfg;efsf] klxnf] b'Ojif]{ sfo{sfnleq g} cfk\mgf] sfo{If]qdf kg]{ ljifodf cjwf/0ff;lxtsf] k|f/lDes k|lta]bg tof/ u/]sf lyP . t/ tf]lsPsf] b'O{ jif]{ sfo{sfndf ;+ljwfg aÌ ;s]g .

11

To;kZrft k|f/Dedf ;+ljwf;efn] / kl5 ;+j}wflgs ;ldltn] ljjfb ;dfwfgsf nflu ;+oGq lgdf{0f u/]sf] lyof] . pQm ;+oGqn] @)^* h]7 !$ ut];Dd cfOk'Ubf s]xL ljjflbt ljifodf ;xdlt h'6fP klg /fHo k'g;{+/rgf, zf;sLo :j¿k, Gofo k|0ffnL, lgjf{rg k|0ffnL, gful/stf h:tf ljifodf ;xdlt h'6fpg ;s]g . lj8Djgf dfcf]jfbL leqsf] cGt/åGå / s:tf] ;+ljwfg lgdf{0f ug]{ eÌ]df dfcf]jfbL g]t[Tjsf] bf]xf]/f] rl/q / c8fgsf sf/0f pk;ldltdf ;xdlt ePsf sltko ljifox¿ klg ;+j}wflgs ;ldltdf k]z x'g ;s]gg\ eg] pk;ldltdf ;xdlt eP/ ;+j}wflgs ;ldltdf k]z ePsf ljifo ;d]t cg'df]bg x'g ;s]gg\ . @)^* sflt{s !% ut] zflGtk|s[ofsf ;DaGwdf ;ft a'Fb] ;xdlt ePkZrft r}q @* df ljz]if ;ldltn] dfcf]jfbL k"j{ n8fs'sf lzlj/ g]kfnL ;]gfnfO{ x:tfGt/0f ug]{ cfslids lg0f{o u¥of] . ;f] lg0f{o;Fu} ;+ljwfg lgdf{0fsf ;Gbe{df bnx¿sf aLrdf % a'Fb] ;xdlt eof] . h;df /fli6«o ;xdltsf] ;/sf/sf nflu dlGqkl/ifb eª\u ug]{, h]7 !$ ut] cufl8 g} ;+ljwfgsf ljjflbt ljifodf ;xdlt u/L ;+ljwfgsf] d:of}bf tof/ ug]{ / ;+ljwfg hf/L ug]{ ;dodf g]kfnL sf+u|]; g]t[Tjdf /fli6«o ;xdltsf] ;/sf/ u7g ug]{ eGg] lyof] . @)^( h]7 @ ut] k|d'v rf/ zlQmaLr /fHo k'g;{+/rgf, zf;sLo :j¿k, lgjf{rg / Gofok|0ffnL h:tf ljifodf /x]sf ljjfbx¿ 6'ª\UofpFb} dxTjk"0f{ ;xdlt u/] . pQm ;xdltdf hgtfaf6 k|ToIf lgjf{lrt /fi6«klt;lxtsf] ldl>t zf;sLo :j¿k / ax'klxrfg ;lxtsf !! k|b]z k|:tfljt lyP . k|b]zsf] gfd / ;Ldf ;'´fjsf nflu ;+3Lo cfof]u u7g ug]{ / p;sf] l;kmfl/;sf cfwf/df To;sf] lg0f{o Joj:yflksf ;+;bn] ug]{ / clGtd 6'Ëf] k|b]z ;efn] ug]{ pNn]v lyof] . o; ;xdltk|lt c;Gt'i6 /x]klg dw]zL df]rf{ ;+ljwfg hf/L ug{sf nflu ;xdt ePsf] lyof] . ;xdlt;Fu} cfd hgtfdf ;+ljwfg hf/L x'g] eof] eÌ] s'/fn] pT;fx NofPsf] lyof] . t/ Pdfcf]jfbL cWoIf k|r08n] k'gM Ps k6s g]kfnL hgtfsf] Tof] ljZjf; / pT;fxdfly t';f/fkft u/]/ cfkm}Fn] x:tfIf/ u/]sf] ;xdltsf] d;L ;'Sg gkfpFb} pQm ;xdltnfO{ c;fGble{s ePsf] 3f]if0ff u/]/ cfGbf]ng/t

12

kIfx¿nfO{ ;8s sAhf ug{ p:sfP . o;/L ;+ljwfg aÌ] clGtd ;dodf cfP/ Pdfcf]jfbL cWoIfn] ;xdltsf] jftfj/0f agfpg'sf] ;6\6f leÌ leÌ ;d'bfonfO{ leÌ / lj/f]wfefifk"0f{ cfZjf;g lbFb} ;+ljwfg lgdf{0f k|s[of cj?4 u/] .Tolta]nf ;+ljwfg;efsf] k|s[of hf]ufpg ljsNkx¿ sd x'Fb} uPkl5 ;+ljwfg hf/L ug{ Pp6} dfq af6f] b]v]/ g]kfnL sf+u|];n] k|:tfj u/]sf] lyof] æ;+ljwfg lgdf{0fsf ;Gbe{df ePsf ;d´bf/Lx¿sf cfwf/df ;efaf6 ;+3Lo nf]stflGqs u0ftGqsf] ;+ljwfg hf/L ug]{ . gofF ;+ljwfgdf ;+3Lo cfof]usf] Joj:yf ug]{ . /fHo k'g;{+/rgf ;ldlt / cfof]usf km/sdt ;lxtsf k|ltj]bgdf 6]s]/ klxrfgnfO{ klxnf] cfwf/ / ;fdYo{nfO{ bf];|f] cfwf/ dfGb} cfof]un] tLg dlxgf leqdf ¿kfGtl/t ;+;bdf k|b]zx¿sf] ;+Vof, ;Ldf / gfd k|:tfj ug]{ h;nfO{ ljBdfg zlQm;Gt'ng /x]sf] ;+;bsf] b'O{ ltxfOn] cg'df]bg ug{'kg]{ . tLg dlxgf leq} cfof]un] k|ltj]bg a'´fpg'kg]{ ePsf]n] ;+3Lotfsf] d'2f k5fl8 ws]lnPnf ls eg]/ ;z+lst x'g'kg]{ klg cj:yf lyPg . tfTsfnLg cj:yfdf gofF ;+ljwfg lgdf{0fsf nflu of] g} pQd ljsNk lyof] t/ sf+u|];sf] of] k|:tfjnfO{ klg dfcf]jfbLn] ;+3Lotf lj/f]wL eGb} c:jLsf/ u¥of] . Psftkm{ Psn hftLo klxrfgsf] d'2f p7fPsf] hghflt ;d'bfon] ;d]t ldl>t gfd /fv]/ ;+ljwfg hf/L ug{ ;lsg] ;xdlt u/]sf lyP eg] csf]{tkm{ ldn]sf ljifox¿ ;d]6]/ ;+ljwfg hf/L u/L gldn]sf ljifox¿ ¿kfGtl/t ;+;bn] 6'+uf] nufpg] ljifo ;d]t ;xdltsf] glhs k'u]sf] cj:yfdf lgsf; w]/} 6f9f lyPg t/ ljleÌ axfgf agfP/ cg]sg pkfo x'Fbf x'Fb} cfˆgf] xftdf ;/sf/ ePsf] kl/l:yltsf] cg'lrt kmfO{bf p7fP/ Pdfcf]jfbLn] ;+ljwfg;efsf] lj36g u¥of] . o;/L k|wfgdGqL afa'/fd e6\6/fO{ / dfcf]jfbL g]t[Tjn] ;Qf 5f]8\g] ljsNkeGbf cfkm}Fn] hGdfPsf] eg]/ bfjL ul/cfPsf] ;+ljwfg;efsf] xTof ug{ tof/ eof] .^= klxnf] ;+ljwfg;efdf ;+ljwfg lgdf{0f ubf{ b]lvPsf cfwf/e"t ;}4flGts dte]b

13

klxnf] ;+ljwfg;efn] w]/} sfdx? ubf{ ub}{klg ;+ljwfg agfpg ;s]g . o;sf] d'Vo sf/0f g]kfnL sf+u|]; / tTsflng g]skf dfcf]jfbL aLrsf] cfwf/e"t ;}4flGts dte]b xf] .nf]stflGqs ;+ljwfg lgdf{0f ug{ g]kfnL sf+u|];n] u/]sf d"ne"t k|:tfj / g]skf dfcf]jfbLn] /fv]sf] c8fgaLrsf] dte]b d'ntM nf]stflGqs dfGotf, ax'njfb, dfgjflwsf/sf] k|Tofe"lt, :jtGq Gofokflnsf, ;DklQsf] clwsf/ / hftLo ljljwtfsf] ;Ddfg h:tf ljifo g} d'Vo lyP . o;jf/] cfd hgtfnfO{ :ki6 hfgsf/L u/fpg' g]kfnL sf+u|];sf] bfloTj ;DemG5 / tnsf a'Fbfx?af6 oxL k|of; ul/Psf] 5 .g]kfnL sf+u|];n] cfˆgf] uf}/j / ;+3if{n] el/Psf] ljut, kf6L{sf] ljwfg, p2]Zo / gLlt, !@ a'Fb] ;dembf/L, k'g{:yflkt k|ltlglw;efsf] 3f]if0ff, lj:t[t zflGt ;Demf}tf, cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, cflbjf;L hghflt, dw]zLnufot cfˆgf] ljeGg ;d'bfo;Fu ePsf ;Demf}tfx¿, kf6L{n] ;+ljwfg;efsf] lgjf{rgdf k|:t't u/]sf] 3f]if0ffkq / kf6L{n] cjnDjg u/]sf] j}rfl/s dfGotfnfO{ s]G›laGb'df /fVb} ;+ljwfg;ef leq cfKmgf wf/0ff / c8fg /fv]sf] lyof] / To;} cg'?k nf]stflGqs ;+ljwfg lgdf{0f sfnflu k|oTg /Xof] . o;sf nflu g]kfnL sf+u|];n] k|:t't u/]sf s]xL cfwf/e"t dfGotf / cjwf/0ffx? lgDgg';f/ 5gM nf]stGq / dfgjclwsf/M nf]stGqsf ljZjJofkL d"NodfGotf Pj+ dfgjclwsf/sf] ljZjJofkL 3f]if0ffkq !($* tyf cGt/f{li6«o dfgjLo sfg'gåf/f Jojl:yt / kl/eflift dfgjclwsf/sf ;j{JofkL dfGotfx¿sf] cfwf/zLnfdf 6]s]/ g]kfnL sf+u|];n] nf]stflGqs ;+ljwfgsf] cfwf/ to u/]sf] lyof] . aflnu dtflwsf/, cfjlws lgjf{rg, ax'blno k|lt:kwf{, zlQm k[ysLs/0f, ;+j}wflgs ;Gt'ng / lgoGq0f, :jtGq / ;Ifd Gofokflnsf, cs'l07t k|]; :jtGqtf, ljlwsf] zf;gnufotsf nf]stGqsf ;j{JofkL d"No / dfGotfx¿ Pj+ ;dfg'kflts k|ltlglwTj, pQ/bfoL Pj+ kf/bzL{ / ;dfj]zL zf;gk|0ffnL ;lxtsf] ax'njfbdf cfwfl/t ;+3Lo nf]stflGqs u0ftGqsf] ;+ljwfg lgdf{0fsf nflu k|oTg u/]sf] lyof] .df}lns xs M g]kfnL sf+u|];n] hgtfsf /fhgLlts clwsf/ b]lv cfly{s ;fdflhs, ;fF:s[lts clwsf/;Dd, ufF;, jf;, skf;, lzIff, :jf:Yo, /f]huf/sf] clwsf/b]lv ;d"xsf] clwsf/ ;Ddsf ljleGg ## j6f xsx¿ df}lnsxssf] ?kdf ;'lglZrt ug{ kxnsbdL lnPsf] xf] . blnt,

14

cflbaf;L, hghflt, dw]zL ;d'bfo, dlxnf, ckfËtf ePsf, cNk;+Vos, clt ljkGg, >lds ;LdfGts[t ju{, If]q / ;d'bfosf] clwsf/sf] ;+/If0f / ;''lglZrttfsf nflu ;+3if{/t lyof] . /fHok'g;{+/rgf / ;+3LotfM @)^@÷^# sf] hgcfGbf]ng kZrft /fHosf] k'g;{+/rgfsf] laifo ;j}sf] ;femf ;+sNk ag]sf] xf] . To;kZrft k'g:yflkt k|ltlglw;efsf] 3f]if0ff, lj:t[t zflGt ;Demf}tf x'Fb} cGtl/d ;+ljwfg / u0ftGq 3f]if0ff;Dd cfpFbf;Dd /fHosf] k'g;{+/rgfsf ;Gbe{df dxTjk"0f{ pknlJw ePsf 5g . ;dfj]zL /fHo ;+/rgf, ax'eflifs gLlt, ax'hftLo /fHo, wfld{s :jtGqtf, ;dfg'kflts ;dfj]zL k|ltlglwTj, blnt, dlxnf, cflbjf;L÷hghflt, dw];L, d'l:nd, cNk;+Vos / lk5l8Psf] If]q ju{ / ;d'bfonfO{ laz]if Joj:yf nufotsf laifox¿ Toltj]nf g} 6'luPsf lyP . /fHok'g;{+/rgfnfO{ k"0f{tf lbg g} g]kfndf ;+3Lotf cjnDjg ul/Psf] xf] . g]kfnL sf+u|];n] oL pknlAwnfO{ sfof{Gjog / ;+:yfut ug{] ;+sNk;lxt g]kfnsf] ljljwtfsf] ;Djf]wg / ;Ddfgsf nflu ;+3Lo ;+/rgfsf] kIfdf k|:6 wf/0ff /fv]sf] lyof] . ;+3LotfnfO{ ;+ljwfgsf] c;+zf]wgLo ljifo agfpg'k5{ eGg] wf/0ff ;lxt g]kfnsf] :jtGqtf, ;fj{ef}ldstf, ef}uf]lns cv08tf, /fli6«o Pstf, :jfwLgtf Pj+ :jfledfgnfO{ cIf'0f /fVb}, klxrfg / ;fdYo{sf] cfwf/df wflgg ;Sg] u/L ;+3Lotf x'g'k5{ eGg] kIfdf cfˆgf] wf/0ff /fv]sf] lyof] . sf+u|];n] /fHo k'g;{+/rgf ;ldltn] to u/]sf l;4fGtdf cfwfl/t eP/ ^ j6f k|b]zsf] gS;f k|:t't u/]sf] lyof] . xfdL cfd g]kfnLsf] rfxgf adf]lhdsf] ;+l3o ;+/rgf lgdf{0f ug{ h'g;'s} ljsNkdf v'nf ax; ug{ tTk/ 5f} eGg] s'/f k|i6 /fv]sf] lyof] . zf;sLo :j¿kM g]kfnL sf+u|];n] b'O{ ;bgfTds Joj:yflksf;lxtsf] ;+;bLo zf;gk|0ffnLsf] kIfdf cfˆgf] wf/0ff /fv]sf] lyof] . g]kfnsf] ljljwtfsf] ;Ddfg / /fHosf] pRr cf]xbfdf h'g;'s} ju{ / ;d'bfosf gful/s k'Ug ;Sg] cj:yfsf] l;h{gf ug{ ;+j}wflgs /fi6«klt / sfo{sf/L k|wfgdGqLsf] Joj:yf u/]sf] lyof] . lgjf{rg k|0ffnLM g]kfnL sf+u|];n] ldl>t lgjf{rg k|0ffnLsf] kIfdf cfˆgf] wf/0ff /fv]sf] lyof] . o;/L Psftkm{ g]kfnL sf+u|];n] ;+ljwf;ef leq nf]stflGqs ;+ljwfg lgdf{0fsf nflu kxnsbdL lnof] eg] csf{tkm{ dfcf]jfbLn] eg] nf]stflGqs ;+ljwfgsf] la?4df cfˆgf

15

wf/0ff / c8fg k|:t't u¥of] . @)^$ ;fnsf] ;+ljwfg;ef lgjf{rgdf k|:t't 3f]if0ffkqdf g]skf dfcf]jfbLn] ;+ljwfgsf] ;jf{]Rrtf, lalwsf] zf;g, jx'bnLo k|lt:kwf{, jflnu dtflwsf/, :jtGq Pj+ lgikIf cfjlws lgjf{rg, k"0f{ k|]; :jtGqtf, nufotsf nf]stflGqs k4lt cg';/0f ug{] k|ltj4tf JoQm u/]sf] lyof] . t/ lgjf{rgdf cfkm" 7'nf] bnsf] ?kdf :yflkt ePkZrft ;+lawfg;efsf ljifout ;ldltx¿df p k"0f{t nf]stflGqs d"No dfGotf ljkl/t k|:t't eof] . o;s'/fnfO{ k|i6 kfg{ ;+ljwfgsf s]xL d'n ljifodf Pdfcf]jfbLn] u/]sf] k|:tfj pbfx/0f :j?k tn k|:t't ul/Psf] 5 . h;af6 of] k|i6 x'G5 .ax'njfb gdfGg] M ;+ljwfg;efsf] lgjf{rgdf k|:t't x'Fbf dfcf]jfbL nf]stflGqs d"NodfGotfk|lt k"0f{ k|lta4tf hgfpFb} k|:t't ePsf] lyof] . hgtfn] zflGt / nf]stGqk|ltsf] p;sf] k|lta4tfdf ljZjf; u/]/ g} dt lbPsf lyP . t/ ;+ljwfg;ef lgjf{rgkZrfTf dfcf]jfbLsf wf/0ffx¿ kl/jt{g eP . ;fj{hlgs ¿kdf nf]stflGqs d"NodfGotfk|lt k|lta4tf hgfP klg dfcf]jfbLn] k|To]s ;ldltx¿df k|:t't u/]sf wf/0ffx¿ nf]stflGqs dfGotfljk/Lt lyP . ;+ljwfg;ef lgjf{rgdf p;n] JoQm u/]sf] k|lta4tfsf klg lj?4 lyP . nf]stGqsf cfwf/e"t dfGotfdf g} c;xdlt hgfpFb} dfcf]jfbLn] ax'njfb gdfGg] lg0f{o u¥of] . ;a}n] bn vf]Ng gkfpg] M dfcf]jfbLn] cl3 ;f/]sf] k|:tfjdf ;+ljwfg;efsf s]xL ljz]iftf o:tf lyP—g]kfndf k|lt:kwf{Tds ax'blno zf;gk|0ffnL /xg] t/ /fhgLlts bn ;a}n] vf]Ng gkfpg] . tL ;a} bn Pp6} ljrf/wf/f cyf{Tf dfcf]jfbL ljrf/wf/df cfwfl/t x'g afWotf agfpg] lsl;dsf] /Xof] .k|ltkIf g/xg] M k|lt:kwf{ ug{] cg'dltk|fKt bnx¿sf pDd]bjf/x¿dWo] k|lt:kwf{df ax'dt k|fKt pDd]bjf/ sfo{sfl/0fL clwsf/;DkGg /fi6«kltsf ¿kdf lgjf{lrt x'g] t/ hgtfaf6 k|ToIf lgjf{lrt /fi6«kltnfO{ ;DjlGwt bnn] lkmtf{ af]nfpg ;Sg] dfGotf cl3 ;f¥of] . Ps ;bgfTds Joj:yflksf x'g] / tTsfn To;df sfod /x]sf] ;b:ox¿ dWo]af6 /fi6«kltn] lghsf] cWoIftfdf dlGq kl/ifb\sf] u7g ug{] t/ ;+;bdf k|ltkIf g/xg] wf/0ff agfof] . lgolGqt / lgb{]lzt cbfnt M To:t} Gofokflnsfsf ;Gbe{df dfcf]jfbLn] k|ltkIfljxLg Joj:yflksfnfO{ g} ;+3Lo ;jf]{Rr cbfntsf] k|wfgGofofwLz Pj+ GofofwLzx¿sf] lgo'lQm / avf{:t ug{] nufot ;+ljwfgsf] clGtd JofVof ug{], k|wfgGofofwLz

16

aflx/af6 Nofpg ;Sg], cbfntdf lg0f{o k|lqmofdf /x]sf ljifodf ;d]t ax; ug{ / cfjZos kbf{ cbfntnfO{ Joj:yflksfn] lgb{]zg lbg ;Sg] c;fwf/0f clwsf/ /fVg] k|:tfj u¥of] .Ifltk"lt{ glbg] M ;DklQsf] clwsf/sf ;Gbe{df dfcf]jfbLn] Pp6f JolStn] clwstd ;DklQ slt /fVg kfpg] eGg] ;Ldf /fHon] tf]lslbg] / s'g} klg JolSt jf ;+:yfsf] xbaGbLeGbf a9L hldg clwu|x0f ubf{ /fHon] Ifltk"lt{ glbg] dfGotf cl3 ;f¥of] . hflt ljz]ifsf] cu|flwsf/ M ;+3Lotfsf ;Gbe{df s'g} Ps k|b]zdf s'g} Ps lglZrt hflt ljz]ifsf] cu|flwsf/ /xg] t/ ;f]xL hfltsf] gful/s cGo k|b]zdf /xFbf bf];|f] bhf{sf] gful/s x'g] Joj:yf agfof] . o;afx]s dfcf]jfbLn] /fli6«o em08f km]g{'kg{] nufotsf k|:tfj;d]t /fv]sf] lyof] . oL k|:tfjx¿ k"0f{t nf]stGqlj/f]wL / d'Vo ¿kdf d'n'snfO{ clwgfosjfbtkm{ n}hfg] dfGotfdf cfwfl/t lyP . dfcf]afbLn] o:t} k|fjwfgx¿ ;lxtsf] ;+ljwfgnfO{ g} hg;+ljwfg jf hgtfsf] ;+ljwfg eGb} cfO/x]sf] 5 .g]kfnL sf+u|]; dfcf]jfbLsf o:tf nf]stGqlj/f]wL / hgtflj/f]wL ;+ljwfgsf k|fjwfglj?4 b[9tfsf ;fy pleof] / cGQt ;+lawfg;efsf laifout ;ldltleq clt bDesf ;fy hgjfbL ;+lawfgsf k|fjwfg;lxt k|:t't ePsf] dfcf]jfbLnfO{ ;+ljwfg;efsf] clGtd ;do;Dd cfOk'Ubf nf]stflGqs d"No dfGotfdf ;xdlt u/fpg sf+u|]; ;kmn ePsf] lyof] . g]kfnL sf+u|];n] ut ;+ljwfg;efdf h] k|:tfjx? k|:t't u/]sf] lyof] cGtt tLg} ljifox? g} klf/t eP . of] s'/fnfO{ g]kfnL sf+u|]; uj{sf ;fy :d/0f ug{ rfxG5 . of] ljrf/wf/fTds ;+3if{df cGo bnx¿sf] e"ldsf bf]xf]/f] / ;Qfs]Gb|Lt ePs} xf] . ljifout ;ldltdf kf6L{sf] cflwsfl/s wf/0ff lnP/ hfg g;Sg], slxn] g]kfnL sf+u|];sf] k|:tfjdf ;dy{g hgfpg] t slxn] dfcf]jfbLsf] k|:tfjdf ;dy{g hgfpg] cGo s]xL bnx?sf] 9'nd'n] / ;Qf s]lGb|t k|j[lt g]kfnL sf+u|];sf] nf]stflGqs ;+ljwfg lgdf{0fsf] ;+3if{df ;xof]uL aGg g;s]s} xf] . &= gofF ;ljwfg lgdf{0f M g]kfnL sf+u|];sf] b[li6sf]0f

æ;+3Lotf xfd|f] k|lta4tf, nf]stflGqs u0ftGq xfd|f] cfbz{zfGt, ;d[4 / ;f´f g]kfn xfd|f] ;kgf xfd|f] ;s+NkÆ

17

;+ljwfg;efsf] lgjf{rg ;+;bLo lgjf{rg h:t} ;/sf/ agfpg] lgjf{rg dfq xf]Og, of] b]zsf] ;jf]{Rr sfg"g lgdf{0f ug{] lgjf{rg xf] . ;+ljwfg ;Dk"0f{ g]kfnL hgtfsf] rf;f] / ;dy{g k|fKt b]zsf] d"n sfg"g x'g] ePsfn] ;+ljwfg lgdf{0fsf] k|lqmofdf ;a} hgtf / kIfsf] ;xdlt / ;xefuLtf k|f]T;flxt ug{ cfjZos x'G5 eGg] g]kfnL sf+u|];sf] dfGotf 5 . oxL sf/0fn] ubf{ g} ;+ljwfg;ef lgjf{rg k|0ffnLnfO{ ;dfj]zL / ;xefuLtfd"ns agfOPsf] xf] . g]kfnL sf+u|];n] g} c;xdt kIfsf] ;d]t ;xefuLtfsf nflu kxn u/]sf] xf] . ;+ljwfg lgdf{0f k|s[ofnfO{ klg ax'dt / cNkdtsf] ljefhgåf/f xf]Og, ;xdltsf] k|of;åf/f 6'+uf] nufpg] ljlw cjnDjg ul/g' kb{5 eGg] g]kfnL sf+u|];sf] wf/0ff /x]sf] lyof] / clxn] klg g]kfnL sf+u|]; ToxL dfGotfdf ljZjf; ub{5 . g]kfnL sf+u|]; ;+ljwfg;efsf] klxnf] j}7sdf lautsf] ;

+ljwfg;efdf ljifout ;ldltx?df nf]stflGqs ;+ljwfgsf ;Gbe{df ;dembf/L eO;s]sf ljifox¿nfO{ u|x0f u/L To;sf] :jfldTj lng / ToxL ljGb'af6 k|lqmof cufl8 a9fpg] k|:tfj k|:t't ug]{5 .

g]kfnL sf+u|];n] ;+ljwfg;efsf] Ps jif{ cjlwleq gofF ;+ljwfg hf/L ug]{ ;+sNk ub}{ To;sf lglDt ;+ljwfg;ef leq /x]sf bnx?, ;+ljwfg;ef lgjf{rgdf ;xefuL gePsf bn tyf ;d"xx?;Fu ;Djfb / ;dGjo ug]{5 .

;xdltsf nflu clwstd k|oTg ug]{5 . ;xdlt x'g g;s]df dtbfgsf] k|s[of cjnDjg ul/g]5 .

gldn]sf /fli6«o dxTjsf ljifox?nfO{ hgtfsf] cledtsf] cfwf/df 6'Ëf] nufO{ Ps jif{leq} ;+ljwfg hf/L x'g]5 .

*= ;+ljwfgsf dxTjk"0f{ ljifosf ;Gbe{df g]kfnL sf+u|];sf] b[li6sf]0f /fli6«o Pstf / cv08tfg]kfnL sf+u|]; …ljljwtfaLrsf] Pstf, cfd g]kfnLsf] ;Rrf /fli6«otfÚ eÌ] d"n dGqsf ;fy g]kfn /fi6«df ljBdfg hftLo, eflifs, ;fF:s[lts, ef}uf]lns nufot ;a} k|sf/sf ljljwtfsf] klxrfg, k|ltlglwTj / :jfldTjnfO{ ;'lglZrt ub}{ g]kfnL hgtfsf aLr ;b\efj

18

Pj+ ;f}xfb|{tfnfO{ cIf'0f /fVb} g]kfnsf] /fli6«o Pstf, ;fj{ef}d;Qf Pj+ cv08tfnfO{ ;'lglZrt / ;'b[9 ug]{5 .hgtfdf lglxt ;fj{ef}d;Qf;+ljwfg;efåf/f ;+ljwfg lgdf{0fsf] d"n cfwf/ ;fj{ef}d;Qf ;DkÌ g]kfnL hgtf x'g\ . To;}n] ;fj{ef}d;Qf / /fhsLo;Qf k"0f{ ¿kn] g]kfnL hgtfdf lglxt /xg]5 .gful/s :jtGqtfx/]s gful/ssf] cleJolQm :jtGqtf, zflGtk"0f{ e]nfx'g] :jtGqtf, /fhgLlts bn tyf ;+3;+:yf u7gug]{ :jtGqtf, b]zsf] s'g}klg efudf cfjt÷hfjt / a;f]af; ug]{ :jtGqtf / s'g}klg k]zf, Joj;fo, pBf]u, Jofkf/ / /f]huf/ ug]{ :jtGqtf ;'lglZrt ul/g]5 .;+ljwfgsf] ;jf]{Rrtf;fj{ef}d;Qf ;DkÌ hgtfsf] ;xefuLtfdf hgtfsf] ;fj{ef}d clwsf/åf/f lgdf{0f ul/Psf] ;+ljwfgsf] ;jf]{Rrtf cpnª\3gLo x'g]5 . g]kfn /fHosf] :j¿kg]kfn Ps :jtGq, cljefHo, ;fj{ef}d;Qf ;DkÌ, jx'hftLo, jx'wfld{s, jx';fF:s[lts, ef}uf]lns ljljwtfo'Qm, wd{lg/k]If, ;dfj]zL ;+3Lo nf]stflGqs u0ftGqfTds /fHo x'g]5 .ljljwtfdf Pstfg]kfn ljleÌ efiff, hflt, ;+:s[lt tyf ;fdflhs ljljwtfn] el/Psf] b]z xf] . of] g]kfn /fi6«s} k"FhL xf] . o;nfO{ s'g} Psn efiff, hflt, ;+:s[ltsf cfwf/df s'l07t ul/g] 5}g . ;a}sf] ;Ddfg, klxrfg / xs clwsf/sf] ;+j}wflgs dfGotfsf ;fy} ;+j4{gsf nflu :jtGq, ;+j}wflgs ;+:yfut Joj:yf ul/g] 5 ./fli6«o ´08fMl;ld|s /+usf] e"OF / uf9f lgnf] /+u lsgf/f ePsf] b'O{ lqsf]0f clnslt hf]l/Psf], dflyNnf] efudf v'k]{ rGb|sf] aLrdf ;f]x|df cf7 sf]0f b]lvg] ;]tf] cfsf/ / tNnf] efudf afx|

19

sf]0fo'Qm ;"o{sf] ;]tf] cfsf/ c+lst ePsf] k/Dk/fut ´08f g} g]kfnsf] /fli6«o ´08f x'g]5 .dfgj clwsf/Mdfgj clwsf/sf] ljZjJofkL 3f]if0ffkq !($* tyf cGt/f{li6«o dfgjLo sfg'gåf/f Jojl:yt / kl/eflift Pj+ lj:t[t zflGt ;D´f}tf@)^# / g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg @)^# df k|ltj4tf ul/Psf dfgj clwsf/ / cs'l07t k|]; :jtGqtf ;lxt gful/ssf /fhgLlts, cfly{s, ;fdflhs, eflifs Pj+ ;fF:s[lts xs nufot ;a} clwsf/ ;j}sf nflu eGg] dfGotf cg'?k ;a} j}olQms clwsf/ Pj+ :jtGqtfnfO{ ;'/lIft ul/g] 5 .df}lns xsMklxnf] ;+ljwfg;efdf g]kfnL sf+u|];s} kxnsbdLdf ;'lglZrt u/]sf lgDg adf]lhdsf xsx?nfO{ lg/Gt/tf lbOg]5 .gful/ssf] ;Ddfgk"j{s afFRg kfpg] xs, :jtGqtfsf] xs, ;dfgtfsf] xs, Gofo ;DaGwL xs, ck/fw kLl8tsf] xs, oftgf lj?4sf] xs, lgjf/s gh/aGb lj?4sf] xs, 5'jf5't tyf e]befj la?4sf] xs, ;DklQsf] xs, wfld{s :jtGqtfsf] xs, ;"rgfsf] xs, uf]klgotfsf] xs, zf]if0f lj?4sf] xs, jftfj/0f ;DaGwL xs, lzIff ;DaGwL xs, efiff tyf ;+:s[lt ;DaGwL xs, /f]huf/Lsf] xs, >d ;DaGwL xs, :jf:Yo ;DaGwL xs, vfB ;DaGwL xs, cfjf; ;DaGwL xs, dlxnfsf] xs, afnaflnsfsf] xs, Ho]i7 gful/ssf] xs, blnt ;d'bfosf] xs, kl/jf/ ;DaGwL xs, pkef]Qmfsf] xs, ;fdflhs Gofosf] xs, ;fdflhs ;'/Iffsf] xs, s"6gLlts ;+/If0fsf] xs, df}lns xssf] sfof{Gjog / ;+j}wflgs pkrf/sf] xs . gful/ssf] :jtGqtfnfO{ lj:tfl/t / Jofks agfpb} hgcfGbf]ngsf] efjgf cg'?k ;dfj]zL nf]stGqsf] k|Tofe't x'g]u/L dlxnf, blnt, cflbjf;L, hghflt, dw];L, d'l:nd, cNk;+Vos, lk5l8Psf] ju{, If]q / ;d'bfosf] xs clwsf/nfO{ k"0f{ ?kn] ;'lglZrt / ;'/lIft ul/g]5 .nf]stflGqs ;dfhjfbsf] cjwf/0fff cg'?k gfgf, vfgf, 5fgf ,lzIff, :jf:Yo, /f]huf/, gful/ssf] dof{bf, Gofo / ;fdflhs ;'/Iff nufotsf clwsf/x¿nfO{ ;'lglZrt / Jojl:yt ul/g]5 .

20

;fdflhs Gofo, ;fdflhs ;'/Iff ;dfj]zL /fHo;+/rgf / ;dfg'kflts k|ltlglwTjM;dfgtf / clje]bsf] dfGotfcg'¿k ;a} k|sf/sf ;fdflhs, ;fF:s[lts lje]b cGTo ub{} dof{lbt / ;Ddfgk"j{s hLjgofkg ug{ kfpg] k|To]s gful/ssf] clwsf/ ;'lglZrt ul/g]5 . dlxnf, blnt, dw]zL, cflbjf;L hghflt, lk58fju{, d'l:nd, cNk;ÎØs tyf ;LdfGts[t, ;d'bfo, pTkLl8t ju{, of}lgs tyf n}ª\lus cNk;+Vos, ckfËtf ePsf JolQm, k5fl8 kfl/Psf] If]q, ul/a, ls;fg, dhb'/, o'jf ju{nfO{ ;dfj]zL l;4fGtsf] cfwf/df d'n'ssf] /fHo ;+/rgf tyf ;fj{hlgs ;]jfdf ;dfj]zL ;dfg'kflts ;xefuLtfsf] l;4fGtsf cfwf/df ;xefuL u/fOg]5 . nf]ssNof0fsf/L /fHosf] cjwf/0ffcg'¿k blnt, cflbaf;L, hghflt, dw]zL ;d'bfo, dlxnf, ckfËtf ePsf, cNk;+Vos, o'jf, afnaflnsf, h]i7 gful/s, dhb'/÷>lds, s[ifs, lk5l8Psf] If]q, ljkGg ju{, n}ª\lus tyf of}lgs cNk;+Vos nufot ;LdfGts[t ju{, If]q / ;d'bfosf] lxtsf] ;+/If0fsf nflu ;fdflhs Gofosf] xs cGtu{t /fHoåf/f ljz]if Joj:yf ul/g]5 . ;fdflhs ;'/Iffsf] xs cGtu{t ul/a tyf ljkGg ju{ / nf]kf]Gd'v hflt, dlxnf, czQm, c;xfo, ckfËtf, Psnkg, afNofj:yf, j[4fj:yf / cfˆgf] x]/rfx cfkm} ug{ g;Sg] JolStnufotsf gful/snfO{ :jf:Yo, lzIff, lgjl[Qe/0f, ;fdflhs ladfh:tf pkfodfkm{t ;fdflhs ;'/Iffsf] xs x'g]5 .gful/ssf] df}lns st{JoM /fi6«k|lt lgi7fjfg x'Fb} g]kfnsf] /fli6«otf, ;fj{ef}d;Qf /

cv08tfsf] /Iff ug{', ;+ljwfg / sfg"gsf] kfngf ug{', /fli6«o ljklQ / ;+s6sf] ;dodf ;]jf ug{', ;fj{hlgs tyf

/fli6«o ;Dkltsf] ;+/If0f / ;+j4{g ug{', sfg"g adf]lhd s/ tLg{', /fi6«, ;dfh / cGo JolQmsf] clwsf/df cf3ft gk'Ug] u/L

cfˆgf] :jtGqtf / clwsf/sf] k|of]u ug{', >dsf] ;Ddfg ug{', cfdf, afa', afnaflnsf, h]i7 gful/s, dlxnf, czQm tyf c;xfo,

ckfËtf ePsf JolSt tyf dfgj ;d'bfok|lt cfb/ / ;Ddfg ug{',

21

jftfj/0f ;+/If0f / k|fs[lts, P]ltxfl;s tyf ;fF:s[lts ;Dkbfsf] ;+/If0f / ;+a4{g ug{' k|To]s gful/ssf] st{Jo x'g]5 .

/fHosf] bfloTj g]kfnsf] ;fj{ef}d;Qf, /fli6«o :jflwgtf / cv08tf cIf'0f /fVb}

df}lns xs tyf dfgj clwsf/sf] ;+/If0f / ;+j4{g ug]{, /fHosf lgb]{zs l;4fGtx¿sf] cg'z/0f ug]{ tyf /fHosf gLltx¿sf] j|mdzM sfof{Gjog ub}{ nlug]5 .

hgcfGbf]ngsf] efjgf / dd{ cg'?k hgtfn] kl/jt{gsf] cg"e'lt ug]{ u/L /fHosf] ;dfj]zL / nf]ssNof0fsf/L rl/qnfO{ Jojxf/df ptfg{ cfjZos sfg'gL nufot ;+:yfut ;+/rgf lgdf{0f ub}{ To;sf] sfof{Gjog ug'{ /fHosf] bfloTj x'g]5 .

ax'bnLo nf]stflGqs k4ltjflnu dtflwsf/, cfjlws lgjf{rg, jx'bnLo k|lt:kwf{, zlQm k[ysLs/0f, ;+j}wflgs ;Gt'ng / lgoGq0f, :jtGq Gofokflnsf, :jtGq k|];, ljlwsf] zf;g, ;dfg'kflts k|ltlglwTj ;lxtsf] pQ/bfoL Pj+ kf/bzL{ / ;dfj]zLk"0f{ zf;g k|0ffnLsf] ;'lglZrttf x'g]5 . cfly{s 9fFrf / ;DklTtsf] xs ;|f]t ;fwgsf] Gofof]lrt ljt/0f, ;a} k|sf/sf cfly{s zf]if0f /

c;dfgtfsf] cGTo tyf ;fj{hlgs, ;xsf/L / lghL If]qsf] ;fem]bf/L tyf ;xsf/L / lghL If]qsf] :jtGq ljsf; dfkm{t pknAw ;fwg ;|f]tsf] clwstd\ pkof]u ub}{ lbuf] cfly{s ljsf; ug]{ Pj+ k|fKt pknAwLx?sf] Gofof]lrt ljt/0f ub}{ zf]if0f/lxt ;dfhsf] lgdf{0f u/L /fli6o cy{tGqnfO{ cfTdlge{/ , :jtGq tyf pGgltzLn agfpb} ;dfhjfb pGd'v cy{tGqsf] ljsf; ul/g]5 .

;a} gful/snfO{ cfˆgf] OR5f cg';f/ pBd / Joj;fosf] :jtGqtfsf] xs x'g]5 .

k|To]s gful/snfO{ k|rlnt sfg"gsf] cwLgdf /xL ;DklQ cfh{g ug]{, ef]u ug]{, a]rlavg ug]{, Jofj;flos nfe k|fKt ug]{ / ;DklQsf] cGo sf/f]af/ ug]{ xs x'g]5 .

22

/fHon] af}l4s ;DklQsf] ;+/If0f ug]{5 . k|ultzLn s/sf] dfGotf cg'¿k /fHon] JolQmsf] ;DklQdf cfjZostf cg';f/ s/ nufpg ;Sg]5 .

;+ljwfg ;+zf]wg Mhgtfdf lglxt ;fj{ef}d;Qf, u0ftGqfTds Joj:yf, ;+3Lotf, ljlwsf] zf;g, :jtGq Gofokflnsf, df}lns clwsf/, dfgj clwsf/, k|]; :jtGqtf, ax'njfb, ax'bnLo k|lt:kwf{, jflnu dtflwsf/ / cfjlws lgjf{rg ;DaGwL d"No / dfGotfx¿sf] k|lts"n x'g] u/L of] ;+ljwfg ;+zf]wg ug{ ;lsg] 5}g .efiff af/] g]kfndf af]lng] ;a} dft[efiffx¿ g]kfnsf /fi6«efiffsf ¿kdf /xg]5g . b]jgfu/L lnlkdf g]kfnL efiff ;+3Lo ;/sf/sf] ;/sf/L sfdsfhsf] efiff x'g]5 . ;+3Lo ;/sf/sf] ;/sf/L sfdsfhsf] efiffsf cltl/Qm k|b]z ;efn] sfg"gåf/f lgwf{/0f u/]adf]lhd k|b]zleq af]lng] dft[efiffnfO{ k|fb]lzs ;/sf/sf] ;/sf/L sfdsfhsf] efiff tf]Sg ;lsg]5 . Gofofno / ;/sf/L sfof{nodf ;a} gful/snfO{ dft[efiffdf cfˆgf] egfO /fVg] clwsf/ x'g]5 . b[li6ljxLg tyf cfjfh ljxLgx¿sf nflu a]|n lnlk tyf ;fÍ]lts efiffsf] k|of]u ug{ kfpg] clwsf/ x'g]5 .gful/stfM ;+3Lo g]kfndf k|fb]lzs klxrfg;lxtsf] Psn ;+3Lo gful/stfsf]

Joj:yf ul/g] 5 . s'g} klg g]kfnL gful/snfO{ ;+ljwfg tyf sfg'g adf]lhd

gful/stf k|fKt ug]{ xsaf6 jl~rt ul/g] 5}g . k|To]s gful/snfO{] j+zsf] cfwf/df nl}Ës klxrfg ;lxtsf]

g]kfnL gful/stfsf] k|df0fkq k|bfg ul/g] 5 . u}/cfjf;Lo g]kfnLx?sf] g]kfnL gful/stfnfO{ lg/Gt/tf lbOg] 5

. ;fy} cWoog, >d jf ljleGg k]zf Joj;fosf] l;nl;nfdf g]kfnjflx/ /x]sf g]kfnLx¿sf] dtbfgsf] clwsf/nfO{ ;'lglZrt ul/g] 5 .

wd{af/]M

23

g]kfn wfld{s Pstf ePsf] jx'hftLo, jx';fF:s[lts, ax'wfld{s / ax'eflifs b]z xf] . /fHon] s'g}klg wd{sf] kIf jf ljkIf lng] 5}g . /fHon] ;j} wd{ / ;+:s[ltsf] ;Ddfg / ;+/If0f ug{]5 . ljleGg wd{x¿sf] pb\ud ynf] g]kfndf ;j{wd{ ;defjnfO{ dfGotf x'g]5 . wd{nfO{ JolStut ljZjf; / lgi7fsf] ljifo dflgg]5 . ;a}nfO{ cf–cfˆgf] ;gftg wd{, ;+:s[lt / k/Dk/f dfGg] :jtGqtf /xg]5 . t/ s;}n] s;}sf] wd{sf] lgGbf jf 3[0ff ug{], k|nf]eg jf bjfadf kf/L wd{ kl/jt{g ug{ u/fpg kfOg] 5}g . wd{ lg/k]Iftfsf] cy{ s;}sf] wfld{s efjgfdf rf]6 k'¥ofpg jf k/Dk/fb]lv rlncfPsf] wd{÷;+:s[ltdflysf] cltqmd0f xf]Og / cGo s;}k|lt kIfkft klg xf]Og . lg/k]Iftf eg]sf] /fHosf tkm{af6 kIfkft gu/Lg' xf] . ;dfhdf wfld{s :jtGqtfsf] k|Tofe"lt / wfld{s ;lxi0f'tfsf] jftfj/0f sfod /fVg' /fHosf] st{Jo x'g]5 .:jtGq ;+j}wflgs c+ux¿MzlQm / clwsf/sf] b'¿kof]u lgoGq0f, e|i6frf/ lgoGq0fsf ;fy} hglgjf{lrt Pj+ pQ/bfoL zf;g ;'lgZrt ug{ lgjf{rg cfof]u, dfgj clwsf/ cfof]u, nf]s;]jf cfof]u, dxfn]vf k/LIfs, ;fdflhs ;dfj]zLs/0f cfof]u, /fli6«o k|fs[lts ;|f]t cfof]u, /fli6«o ljklQ cfof]u, /fli6«o dlxnf cfof]u, /fli6«o blnt cfof]u, e|i6frf/ tyf clVtof/ b'¿kof]u lgoGq0f cfof]u h:tf :jtGq, ;+j}wflgs cfof]ux¿sf] Joj:yf ul/g] 5 .lghfdtL ;]jfM;+3Lo ;+/rgf adf]lhd s]Gb| / k|b]zsf] cfcfˆg} lghfdtL k|zf;g /xg]5 . nf]s;]jf cfof]usf] ;+/rgf klg ;f]xL adf]lhd x'g]5 .:jtGq GofokflnsfMnf]stflGqs d"No / dfGotfsf] hu]gf{ ub}{ ;+j}wflgs ;jf]{Rrtf / ljlwsf] zf;g sfod u/fpg] dxTjk"0f{ lhDd]jf/L Gofokflnsfsf] x'g]5 . s]Gb|df ;+3Lo ;jf]{Rr cbfnt x'g]5 . k|b]zdf k|b]z pRr cbfnt / :yfgLo txdf :yfgLo cbfntx¿ /xg]5g . cfjZostf cg';f/ k'g/fj]bg / cGo cbfntx¿sf] Joj:yf ;+3Lo ;+/rgf cg'¿k x'g]5 . Gofofno :jtGq x'g]5 . lgikIf, l56f] / 5l/tf] 9+un]

24

cfdhgtfsf lglDt Gofo lbnfpg] s'/fsf] ;'lglZrtf ug{ Gofofnosf s'g} klg txdf k/]sf d'2fx¿sf] Pp6f lglZrt ;do tflnsf leq lg0f{o ug]{ kl/kf6L sfod ul/g] 5 .(= /fHosf] zf;sLo :j¿k M tLg txsf] ;/sf/ ;+3Lo ;/sf/M g]kfnsf] ;+3Lo ;+/rgfsf] ;a}eGbf dflyNnf]

txsf] ¿kdf ;+3Lo tx /xg] 5 . ;+3n] g]kfnsf cfˆgf] k|b]zx¿ :yfgLo tx / ljz]if ;+/rgfsf] ;dli6ut :j¿knfO{ lgwf{/0f ub{5 . ;+3sf] ;~rfng clwsf/sf] k|of]u kfngf ug{] u/fpg] sfo{sf nflu ;+3Lo Joj:yflksf, sfo{kflnsf / Gofokflnsfnufot ;+3Lo ;+j}wflgs cfof]ux¿;d]t /xg]5g . ;+3Lo ;ef b'O{ ;bgfTds x'g]5 .

k|fb]lzs ;/sf/ M ;+3Lo PsfOdf ljefhg ul/Psf] If]q / :j¿ksf] ¿kdf k|b]zsf] zf;g ;~rfng / k|fb]lzs If]qsf] clwsf/sf] k|of]u ug{ k|fb]lzs sfo{kflnsf, Joj:yflksf / Gofokflnsf /xg]5 . k|fb]lzs ;ef Ps ;bgfTds x'g]5 . k|b]z;efnfO{ ;dfj]zL agfOg]5 . k|b]zdf d"VodGqL / ue{g/sf] Joj:yf ul/g]5 . k|b]zsf] d"VodGqLsf] lgjf{rg k|b]z ;efsf ;b:ox?af6 x'g]5 .

:jfoQtf ;lxtsf] :yfgLo txM ;3Lo ;+/rgfsf] tNnf] txsf] ¿kdf :jfoQtf ;lxtsf] clwsf/;DkGg :yfgLo tx /xg] 5 . ;f] cGtu{t u|fdkflnsf, lhNnf / gu/kflnsfsf] Joj:yf ul/g]5 .

;+;bLo zf;gk|0ffnL M ;+j}wflgs /fi6«klt / sfo{sf/L k|wfgdGqL /fi6«klt ;+j}wflgs /fi6«k|d'vsf] ¿kdf / k|wfgdGqL sfo{sf/L clwsf/ ;DkGg ;/sf/ k|d'vsf] ¿kdf /xg] u/L ;+;bLo zf;gk|0ffnL cjnDjg ul/g] 5 . /fi6«klt ;+3Lo ;+;bsf b'j} ;bg / ;j} k|b]z ;ef ;b:ox?af6 lgjf{lrt x'g]5g . k|wfgdGqL k|ltlglw ;efaf6 lgjf{lrt / k|ltlglw ;efk|lt g} pQ/bfoL x'g]5g\ . o; Joj:yfsf] zf;sLo :j?k k"0f{ ;dfj]zL x'g]5 / g]kfn h:tf] ljljwtfo'St d'n'sdf To;sf] ;Ddfg / a9LeGbf j9L hgtfsf] k|ToIf ;+nUgtfdf ;a} hflt, ju{ , ln+u / If]qsf] JolQm /fi6«k|d'v / ;/sf/ k|d'v h:tf] /fHosf] pRr cf]xbfdf k'Ug;Sg] cj:yf ;+;bLo k4ltdf dfq ;+ej 5 .

25

k|To]s txsf] lgjf{rg ubf{ lgjf{rg k|0ffnL ;dfj]zL, lgjf{lrt k|ltlglwx? hgtfk|lt pQ/bfoL x'g] Joj:yfsf] ;'lglZrttf ul/g]5 . k|To]s txdf Ps JolQm clwstd b'O{ sfo{sfnsf nfludfq lgjf{lrt x'g kfpg] Joj:yf x'g]5 . !)= /fHosf] k'g;{+/rgf / ;+3LotfMg]kfnsf] ;fj{ef}ldstf, /fli6«o Pstfsf] kl/lwleq /x]/ ;+3Lo nf]stflGqs u0ftGqfTds /fHosf ¿kdf ;a} If]q, ju{ / ;d'bfosf ;a} gful/ssf nflu /fHo ;+/rgf / zlStsf] ljt/0f, ;'ljwf / cj;/sf] pknJwtf, kx'Fr / k|ltlglwTj ;dfg x'g] / ;a}sf] klxrfgsf] ;Ddfg Pj+ ;Daf]wg x'g] cj:yfsf] ;''lglZrttf g} g]kfnsf] ;Gbe{df /fHo k'g;{+/rgf xf] . ;du|df /fhtGqfTds zf;gsf] :yfgdf nf]stflGqs u0ftGq, s]lGb|s[t / PsfTds ;+/rgfsf] :yfgdf cs]lGb|t / ;+3fTds ;+/rgf, alx:s/0fsf] :yfgdf ;dfj];Ls/0f, Psn klxrfgsf] 7fFpdf ax'klxrfg, ;fdflhs Gofo;lxtsf] ;dfj]zL nf]stGq, Ps efiff, Ps hflt, Ps wd{, Ps ;+:s[ltsf] 7fpFdf wfld{s :jtGqtf, ax'efiff, ax'hflt, ax';f+:s[lts klxrfg;lxt ;a} ju{, If]q / ;d'bfosf] klxrfg, kx'Fr, k|ltlglwTj, k|ult / k|lti7f k|Tofe"t x'g] u/L Gofok"0f{ t/Lsfn] ;+3Lo nf]stflGqs u0f/fHodf ¿kfGt/0f ug{' g} g]kfnsf] ;Gbe{df /fHo k'g;{+/rgf xf] .;+3LotfM sf+u|];sf] k|lta4tfM;+3Lotf /fHo k'g;{+/rgfsf] Pp6f dxTjk"0f{ Ph]08f xf] . @)^# df3df ePsf] dw]z cfGbf]ngsf] lgsf; lbg] j|mddf g]kfnL sf+u|];sf tTsfnLg ;efklt Pj+ k|wfgdGqL lu/Lhfk|;fb sf]O/fnfn] cfˆgf] 3f]if0ffdfkm{t ;+3Lo ;+/rgfdf cfwfl/t /fHosf] k'g;{+/rgf ug{] pNn]v ug{'ePsf] lyof] . ;f]xL 3f]if0ffsf cfwf/df cGtl/d ;+ljwfgdf ePsf] t];|f] ;+zf]wgkZrfTf g]kfn ljlwjt ¿kdf ;+3Lo nf]stflGqs g]kfn aGg] ;'lglZrt ePsf] xf] . cfˆg} g]t[Tjdf ePsf] ;Demf}tfnfO{ sfof{Gjog ug{] ;Gbe{df g]kfnL sf+u|];n] cfˆgf] ljwfgsf] ;+zf]wg u/L ;+3Lo u0ftGqfTds /fHo, ax'njfbdf cfwfl/t ax'bnLo Joj:yf tyf ;+;bLo zf;gk|0ffnLsf] dfWodaf6 g]kfndf Gofok"0f{, ultzLn / zflGtk"0f{ ;dfhsf] lgdf{0f u/L ;fdflhs /fhg}lts tyf cfly{s ljsf; ug{] nIo /fVb} ;+3Lotfsf] ;Gbe{df cfkm\gf] k|lta4tfnfO{ k'li6 u/]sf] lyof] .

26

;+3Lotfsf] d"n dd{ PsfTds / s]G›Ls[t ¿kdf /x]sf] g]kfnsf] /fHo ;+/rgfnfO{ ;a} txsf hgtfsf] kx'Frdf k'¥ofpg' xf] . k"0f{¿kdf nf]stGqdf ljZjf; ug{] / nf]stGqs} lglDt cgj/t ;+3if{/t bn ePsf gftfn] g]kfnL sf+u|]; ;+3Lotfsf] d"n dd{;Fu cfa4 /x]sf] 5 . o;sf] Joj:yfkg / ;kmntf nf]stGq;Fu cleGg 9Ën] hf]l8Psf] 5 . lsgeg] ax'njfb / nf]stGqlagfsf] ;+3Lotf ;Dej 5}g / To;n] jf:tljs cy{df hgtfnfO{ clwsf/;DkGg klg agfpg ;Sb}g . g]kfnL sf+u|];sf] !@ cf} dxflwj]zgdf kfl/t b:tfj]hdf pNn]lvt g]kfn ;+3Lo ;+/rgfdf hfg'kg{] lgDg tLg d'Vo sf/0f k|i6 /fv]sf] 5 .

ljljwtfo'Qm xfd|f] d'n'ssf ;a} hflt ;d'bfo efiff / ;+:s[ltsf] klxrfg k|s6 xf]:f .;a} hflt, ;d'bfo, efiff, ;+:s[lt / If]qsf hgtfn] ;dfg ¿kdf cfly{s ljsf; / ;d[l4sf] k|ltkmn k|fKt u¿Gf tyf /fHon] k|bfg ug{] ;]jf ;'ljwf Gofok"0f{ / l56f] 5l/tf] xf]:f ./fHozlQm ;fwg ;|f]t / clwsf/df s'g} Ps hflt efiff ;+:s[lt / If]qsf] Psflwsf/ gxf]:f . ;a} tx / If]qdf pQm clwsf/ / ;fwg ;|f]t ljtl/t xf]; .

g]kfnsf] ;Gbe{df ;+3Los/0fsf tLgcf]6f d"ne"t nIo 5g . Ps klxrfg / ;xefuLtf, bf];|f] ;dtfd"ns ljsf; / t];|f] zlStsf] lgIf]kLs/0f . g]kfnsf] ;Gbe{df ;+3Lotf “;dfj]zL nf]stGqdf cfwfl/t ;d[4 g]kfn” lgdf{0f ug{] dxTjk"0f{ dfWod aGg'kb{5 h;n] ljljwtfaLrsf] PstfnfO{ yk alnof] / g]kfnL /fli6«otfnfO{ dha't agfpg ;sf]; . log} p2]ZonfO{ s]G›laGb'df /fVb} g]kfnL sf+u|]; nf]stflGqs/0fsf dfWodaf6 /fHosf] k'g;{+/rgf ug{] ;s+Nk/Tf 5 .g]kfnL sf+u|];n] g]kfnL hgtfn] cfkm\gf] klxrfg, kx'Fr / k|ltlglwTjsf vflt/ u/]sf ;+3if{ / cfGbf]ngdfkm{t JoQm efjgfnfO{ dha't nf]stGqsf] dxTjk"0f{ cfwf/sf ¿kdf lnFb} !@ a'Fb] ;dembf/Lnufot ljutdf ePsf ;xdlt / ;dembf/L, ljutsf] ;+ljwfg;ef lgjf{rg 3f]if0ffkq, ;+ljwf;efleq sf+u|];n] /fv]sf] wf/0ff / ;xdlt ePsf ljifox¿, lj:t[t zflGt ;Demf}tf, cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, cflbjf;L, hghflt, dw]zL ;d'bfo;Fu ePsf ;Demf}tfx¿ / kf6L{sf] ljwfg, gLlt / sfo{j|mdnfO{ d"n cfwf/ dfGb}

27

nf]stGqnfO{ s]G›laGb'df /fv]/ ;a}nfO{ dfGo x'g] / ;a}sf] klxrfg ;'lglZrt x'g]u/L :j= eLd axfb'/ tfdfËsf] ;+of]hsTjdf ul7t ;ldltsf] ;'emfjnfO{ ;d]t dWogh/ ub}{ klxrfg e]l6g] hftLo åGå d]l6g] ;+3Lo ;+/rgf lgdf{0f ug{]5 .g]kfnL sf+u|]; ax'hftLo, ax'eflifs / ax';f+:s[lts klxrfg k|s6 ug{] cfly{s ;fdYo{ / ;+j[l4 ;'lglZrt ug{] tyf /fHozlQm / ;|f]tdf Psn hftLo Psflwsf/ sfod x'g glbg] /fHosf] nf]stflGqs k'g;{+/rgfn] dfq b]zsf] Pstf / ;fdflhs ;befj dha't x'g ;Sb5 eGg] s'/fdf k|:6 5 . ;a} hflt, ;d'bfo, efiff, ;+:s[ltsf] klxrfg k|s6 u/fpg], ;a} hflt, ;d'bfo, efiff, ;+s[lt / If]qsf hgtfsf] cfly{s ljsf; / ;+j[l4 ;'lglZrt ug{] / /fHozlSt, ;fwg;|f]t / clwsf/df s'g} klg hflt, efiff, ;+:s[lt / If]qsf] Psflwsf/ sfod gx'g] ;+3Lo nf]stflGqs u0ftGqsf] :yfkgf g} g]kfnL sf+u|];sf] 3f]lift gLlt / sfo{j|md xf] . o;sf nflu g]kfnL sf+u|]; sl6a4 5 .ljz]if If]q;lxt tLg txsf] ;+/rgf /xg], :yfgLo tx alnof] agfpg'kg{], k|b]z lgdf{0f ubf{ klxnf] cfwf/ klxrfg / bf];|f] cfwf/ ;fdYo{ /xg], tLg} txsf ;/sf/x¿sf] clwsf/ / zlSt afF8kmfF8sf] ;"rL ;+ljwfgdf g} /xg] cflb ljifox¿ g]kfnL sf+u|];sf] kxn / cu|;/tfdf klxnf] ;+ljwfg;efdf ;a{;Ddt ?kdf 6'ª\luPsf laifo x'g . g]kfnL sf+u|]; lt laifox¿nfO{ ;+3Lo ;+/rgf lgdf{0fsf] ;}4flGts cfwf/sf] ¿kdf u|x0f ub{5 / ;xdlt h'6\g g;s]sf ljifoxx?df ;Gbe{df cfkm\gf wf/0ff k|i6tfsf ;fy /fVg rfxG5 . oBlk ;+ljwfg lgdf{0fsf nflu ;dGjo / ;dembf/L ckl/xfo{ ePsf] s'/fdf g]kfnL sf+u|]; ;r]t 5 . tLg txsf] d"n ;+/rgf:g]kfnL sf+u|];n] ;+3Lo tx, k|fb]lzs tx / :yflgo tx u/L tLg txsf] d'n ;+/rgf lgdf{0f ug]{5 . cfjZostf k/]sf] 7fpFdf hftLo, eflifs, ;d'bfout, ;3g pkl:yltsf] If]t/ jf ljz]if k|s[ltsf] ef}uf]lns If]qnfO{ ;fF:s[lts ljz]iftf ;lxtsf] :jfoTt If]q, ;+/lIft If]q / ljz]if If]q lgdf{0f ug{ ;lsg] 5 . k|b]z lgdf{0fsf] cfwf/M klxrfg / ;fdYo{Mg]kfn Ps ax'hftLo, jx'wfld{s, ax';f+:s[lts, ax'eflifs, ef}uf]lns ljljwtfo'Qm d'n's xf] . k|b]z lgdf{0f ubf{ klxrfg / ;fdYo{nfO{

28

d'Vo cfwf/sf] ¿kdf lnOg]5 . ;+3Lo ;+/rgfcGtu{t k|b]z lgdf{0f ubf{ ljljwtfk"0f{ g]kfnL ;dfhsf] hftLo, eflifs, ;f+:s[lts / P]ltxfl;s klxrfg k|s6 ug{] u/fpg] cfwf/;Fu} k|b]zsf] ;d[l4 / :jfoQ zf;gsf nflu cfjZos cfly{sef}ltsk|zf;lgs ;fdYo{;d]tnfO{ cfwf/ agfOg]5 .klxrfgsf] cfwf/M ;fdYo{sf] cfwf/MhftLo÷;d'bfout klxrfg cfly{s cGt/;DaGw / ;fdYo{eflifs klxrfg k"jf{wf/ ljsf;sf] cj:yf / ;Defjgf;f+:s[lts klxrfg k|fs[lts ;fwg / ;|f]tsf] pknAwtfef}uf]lns÷If]qut lg/Gt/tf k|zf;lgs ;'udtfP]ltxfl;s lg/Gt/tfclwsf/ afF8kmfF8Ms]G›, k|b]z / :yfgLo ;/sf/sf] clwsf/ / sfd, st{JonfO{ ;+ljwfgdf cnucnu ;"rLsf cfwf/df 5'6ØfOlbg]5 . o;/L sfo{If]qsf] ljefhg ubf{ k//fi6« ;DaGw, d'›f gLlt, /fli6«o ;'/Iffnufot k|b]zx¿aLr ;dGjo ug{'kg{] ljifox¿ h:t} xjfO{ oftfoft, /fhdfu{, 7"nf hnljB't nufot /fli6«o dxTjsf cfof]hgfx¿ s]G›df / cGo /fhgLlts cfly{s ;fdflhs ;f+:s[lts tyf eflifs clwsf/sf ;fy} s[lif, jg, lzIff, :jf:Yo, /f]huf/L cflb ljifox¿ k|b]zdf / :yfgLo ;/sf/sf] txdf /xg]5g . sltko dfly plNnlvt k|b]z / :yfgLo txdf elgPsf ljifoj:t' To;sf] /fli6«o dxTj / :j¿ksf] cfwf/df s]G›Lo txdf /xg ;Sg] 5g . eG;f/, d"No clej[l4 s/, cfos/, cGtM z'Nsh:tf s/ /fh:j ;Íng s]G›n] ug{]5 . pQm /fh:j s]G›x¿ s]G›Lo / k|fb]lzs txdf Jojl:yt, ju{Ls/0f / afF8kmfF8 ul/g]5 . 3/÷hUuf ;DklQ s/, ;jf/L ;fwg /lh:6]«;g b:t'/nufotsf /fh:jsf cGo ;|f]tx¿ k|b]z / :yfgLo ;/sf/;Fu /xg]5g . s]G›Lo /fh:j / cg'bfgsf] afF8kmfF8sf nflu ljQLo cfof]u u7g ul/g]5 . o;sf ;fy} k"jf{wf/ lgdf{0f k|of]hgsfnflu k|fb]lzs ;/sf/nfO{ C0f kl/rfng ug{] clwsf/ x'g]5 .lajfb ;dfwfg kl/ifb M;+3Lo ;/sf/ / k|fb]lzs ;/sf/ jf b'O{ jf b'O{ eGbf a9L k|fb]lzs ;/sf/ jf :yfgLo ;/sf/ / k|fb]lzs ;/sf/ / k|fb]lzs ;/sf/ jf :yfgLo ;/sf/aLr clwsf/sf] afF8kmf8 / k|of]usf ;DaGwdf

29

pTkGg x'g;Sg] ljjfb ;dfwfgsf nflu Ps ljjfb ;dfwfg kl/ifb lgdf{0f ul/g]5 . k|b]zsf] ;+Vof / ;Ldf+sg Mk|b]z lgdf{0fsf] d"n laifo o;sf] ;}4flGts cfwf/ xf] . klxrfg / ;fdYo{sf] cfwf/df g} k|b]z lgdf{0f ul/g]5 . k|b]zx¿ lgdf{0fsf nflu g]kfnL sf+u|];n] & k|b]z k|:tfljt u/]sf] 5 . :ki6 5, ;fdYo{nfO{ jl9 k|fyldstf lbbf k|b]zsf] ;+Vof yf]/} x'G5 / klxrfgnfO{ cln jl9 k|fyldstf lbbf k|b]zsf] ;+Vof cln w]/} x'G5 . o; ljifodf ljut #÷$ jif{df uxg jx; / 5nkmn ;+ljwfg;ef leq / jflx/ ePsf] 5 . cf;Gg ;+ljwf;efsf] lgjf{rgsf] qmddf ;+jfbsf] of] k|s[ofnfO{ g]kfnL sf+u|]; hgtfsf] 3/b}nf];Dd k'¥ofpg rfxG5 . cflbjfl; hghflt, dw];L, yf?, nufot ;j} hgtf;Fusf] ;3g ;+jfbsf] of] k|s[ofaf6 æklxrfg e]l6g], hflto åGå d]l6g]Æ cyf{t ;j}nfO{ dfGo x'g] k|b]z /rgfsf] k|:tfj ;+ljwfg;efdf g]kfnL sf+u|];n] k|:t't ug]{5 . ;a} bnx?Fu ;xdlt h'6fO{ k|b]z /rgfsf] ljifonfO{ ;+ljwfg;efsf] klxnf] ^ dlxgfleq 6'Ëf] nufOg] 5 .klxrfg v'Ng] gfdk|b]zsf] ;LdfÍg ;+ljwfgdf g} ul/g] 5 t/ gfdfÍg k|fb]lzs ;/sf/n] ug{]5 . /fHok'g;{+/rgfsf] j|mddf s]xL k|b]zsf] dfq geP/ :yfgLo OsfO{, u|fdkflnsf / gu/kflnsf ;Ddsf ;a} lgsfosf] k'ggf{dfÍg x'g] x'Fbf gfdfÍgsf j|mddf ;a} klxrfgx¿sf] k|ltlglwTj x'g]5 . ;+3Lo PsfO{sf] gfd h] /fv] klg Tof] gfd s'g} efiff, ;+:s[lt jf lnlkaf6 g} cfPsf] x'G5 . ljutsf] g]kfnsf] cg'ejnfO{ g} x]g{] xf] eg]klg clxn] ljBdfg gfdx¿ s'g} g s'g} efiff jf ;+:s[ltaf6 g} cfPsf x'g . gfdnfO{ ;fk]Iftfdf x]l/g'kb{5 . k|To]s k|b]zsf] gfdfÍg ubf{ Tof] k|b]zdf cfd?kdf :jLsfo{ x'g'kb{5 .ax'klxrfgo'Qm k|b]z Mg]kfnsf] ;Gbe{df ;a}eGbf tNnf] lgsfo ufpFx¿sf] cfwf/e"t rl/q g} ax'hftLo, ax'eflifs / ax';fF:s[lts ePsfn] xfdLn] hlt;'s} k|b]z agfPklg k|b]zx¿ :k:6tM ax'hftLo / ax'klxrfgo'Qm g} aG5g . klxrfg / ;fdYo{sf] cfwf/df ag]sf o:tf k|b]zx¿df d'Vo hfltsf] klxrfg d'v/ eP tfklg k|To]s k|b]z ax'hftLo, ax'eflifs,

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ax';f+:s[lts g} x'g]5g . s;}n] Psn hftLo jf Psn klxrfgo'Qm k|b]z agfpg] ;kgf af8]sf] 5 eg] Tof] s]jn hgtfnfO{ e|ldt kfg{sf nflu agfOPsf] gf/f dfq} xf] . alnof] :yfgLo ;/sf/M;+3Lotfsf] s]G›laGb'df g]kfnL gful/s g} x'g'kb{5 . :yfgLo ;/sf/ hlt ;|f]t ;fwg / clwsf/n] ;DkGg x'G5, hlt alnof] x'G5, gful/s Tolt g} alnof] x'G5 . ;+3Los/0fsf] gfddf hlt ;ÎØf, hlt gfd, hlt cfsf/ lbP/ k|b]z lgdf{0f u/] tfklg Pp6f s]G›sf] 7fpFdf c¿ s]xL yfg s]G›x¿, s]xL zf;ssf] 7fpFdf yk s]xL zf;sx¿dfq hGdg] xf] eg] To:tf] ;+3Lotfsf] s]xL cy{ /xFb}g . t;y{, g]kfnL sf+u|]; alnof] :yfgLo ;/sf/sf] kIfdf /x]sf] 5 . cu|flwsf/ / cfTdlg0f{osf] clwsf/ af/] M hftLo cfwf/df cu|flwsf/ /xg] 5}g . hª\un, hldg / hnh:tf k|

fs[lts ;|f]t ;fwgsf] k|of]u, pkof]u, pkef]u, Joj:yfkg / ;+/If0f ug]{ sfo{df cflbjf;L tyf :yfgLo ;d'bfosf] klxnf] clwsf/ ;'/lIft ul/g]5 . k|fs[lts ;|f]t ;fwgsf] Joj:yfkg, ;+/If0f / pkof]u ubf{ :yfgLo ;d'bfosf] lxtnfO{ Wofg lbOg]5 .

cfTdlg0f{osf] clwsf/ nf]stGqsf] d"n cfwf/ xf] . of] JolQmsf] df}lns clwsf/ x'g'sf ;fy} ;d'bfosf] ;f+:s[lts :jfoQtfsf] clwsf/ klg xf] . of] d"ntM cflbjf;L–hghfltsf] P]ltxfl;s yftynf]df k|fs[lts ;|f]t / ;fwgdf cfl>t cflbjf;L–hghfltsf] pkef]u clwsf/sf] sfg"gL ;'/Iff, k|fs[lts ;|f]t ;fwgsf] bf]xg ug'{ cl3 k"j{ ;xdlt / nfesf] Gofof]lrt afF8kmfF8sf] xssf] Uof/]06L;Fu ;DjlGwt /x]sf] tyf cflbjf;L–hghfltsf /fhgLlts clwsf/ / x}l;ot, cfly{s ljsf; tyf pgLx?sf] efiff, ;+:s[lt, e]ife'iff, l/ltl/jfh / k/Dk/fsf] ;+/If0f ug]{ cfOPncf] !^( sf] ;Gbe{sf clwsf/ ;DjlGwt /x]sf]n] cfTdlg0f{osf] clwsf/ d"ntM ;f+:s[lts :jfoQtf / k|fs[lts ;|f]t ;fwgdf ;lbof}Fb]lvsf] cflbjf;L–hghfltx?sf] lge{/tf, :jfldTj / ;fd'bflos pkef]usf] xssf] ;+/If0fdf s]lGb|t 5 eGg] s'/fdf sf+u|]; k|i6 5 .

!!= casf] lhDd]jf/L / bfloTj

31

nf]stflGqs cfGbf]ngsf] ;ft bzssf] ofqfdf g]kfnsf] nf]stGqn] cg]sf}F r'gf}tLx¿sf aLr leGg–leGg cfofdx¿ yk ub{}, kl/is[t / kl/dfh{lt x'Fb} oxfF;Dd cfOk'u]sf] 5 . nf]stGqsf] hudf /fli6«otf / ;dfhjfbsf] em08f af]s]/ g]kfnL sf+u|]; of] ofqfdf cgj/t ¿kdf lxFl8/x]sf] 5 . of] aLrdf zflGtk"0f{ ¿kdf hlt klg kl/jt{gsf cfGbf]ngx¿ cfP, rfx] tL ;fdflhs Gofosf] ;Gbe{df x'g jf ;dfj]zLs/0fsf] ;Gbe{df, klxrfgsf] ;Gbe{df xf]; jf kx'Frsf] ;Gbe{df, oL ;a}nfO{ u|x0f ub{} g]kfnL sf+u|]; nf]stGqnfO{ yk kl/dflh{t, kl/:s[t / ;d[4 agfpg s[ofzLn 5 . k|fKt pknlAwx¿nfO{ ;+ljwfgdf ;"qa4 ug{' cfhsf] d'Vo sfo{ef/ xf] . pknAlwsf] sfof{Gjogsf nflu sfg'gL tyf cGo ;+oGqx¿ lgdf{0f ub{} /fHosf lgsfonufot /fhgLlts bnx¿nfO{ ;d]t ;f] cg'¿k kl/is[t ug{' cfhsf] bf];|f] sfo{ef/ xf] . ;f]xLcg'¿k d"NodfGotf / cEof;df Jofjxfl/s kl/jt{g ub{} nf]stflGqs/0fsf dfWodaf6 /fHosf] rl/q / :j¿kdf kl/jt{g ug{' cfhsf] t];|f] sfo{ef/ xf] . g]kfnL sf+u|]; cfˆg} cu|;/tf / g]t[Tjdf lat]sf ;ft bzsdf ePsf pknAlwx¿nfO{ ;+:yfut ug{, ;+ljwfgdf ;"rLa4 ug{, P]g, lgod / sfg'gdf kl/jt{g ug{, ;f]xL cg'¿k /fHo ;+oGqx¿sf] lgdf{0f ug{, d"NodfGotf / cEof;df cjnDag ub{} ;+3Lo k|0ffnLsf dfWodaf6 To;nfO{ k"0f{tf lbg k"0f{ k|lta4 / ;+sNk/t 5 . g]kfnL sf+u|]; lgif]w / k|ltzf]waf6 xf]Og zflGt, ;b\efj, Pstf / clwsf/sf b[li6sf]0f / nf]stfGqLs/0fsf dfWodaf6 of] k|lqmofnfO{ lgisif{df k'¥ofpg rfxG5 . k|fKt pknJlwx¿sf] /Iff ub{} juL{o, hftLo, eflifs, n}ª\lus, ;fF:s[lts, wfld{s, / If]qLo e]b\efjsf] cGTo ub{} dlxnf, blnt, cflbjf;L hghflt, dw]zL, pTkLl8t, pk]lIft / cNk;ÎØs ;d'bfo, lk5l8Psf If]qnufotsf] klxrfg, kx'Fr, k|tlglwTjsf] ;'lglZrt ub{} ;a} g]kfnLn] k|ult, cfTd;Ddfg Pj+ k|lti7f;lxtsf] hLjgofkg ug{ kfpg] jftfj/0fsf] lgdf{0f ug{ g]kfnL sf+u|]; k|lta4 / ;+sNk/t 5 . o;sf lglDt g]kfnL sf+u|]; lgDg kfFr …kÚ df cfwfl/t dfGotf cjnDag ug{]5 .!!=! klxrfgM ax'hftLo, ax'wfld{s, ax';f+:s[lts, ef}uf]lns ljljwtfo'Qm ljlzi6 cj:yf g]kfnsf] df}lns klxrfg xf] . of] dxTjk"0f{ ;fdflhs k"FhL / ;'Gb/tf xf] . klxrfgnfO{ lgif]w u/]/ xf]Og ;x–

32

cl:tTj / ;j}sf] ;Ddfg jf6 g} ;femf g]kfnL klxrfg aGg;S5 eGg] g]kfnL sf+u|]; 7fGb5 . g]kfnL sf+u|]; g]kfnsf] ;femf klxrfgnfO{ OG›]0fLsf] :j?kdf ljsl;t ug{ rfxG5 . hxfF ;j} hfthflt, efiff, If]q / ;+:s[ltsf] 5'§f5'§} klxrfg t /xG5 g} ;j}sf] ;dli6ut ;femf g]kfnL klxrfg klg lgdf{0f ePsf] x'G5 . ljljwtfo'Qm ;femf g]kfnL klxrfgleq ;a}sf] 5'§f5'§} klxrfg ;'lglZrt x'g], ;a}sf] ;Ddfg / ;Daf]wg x'g], ;a}sf] clwsf/ ;+/If0f ePsf] cj:yf g} ;xL cy{df /fli6«otf xf] . g]kfnL sf+u|]; ljljwtfaLrsf] Pstf cfdg]kfnLsf] ;Rrf /fli6«otf eGg] dfGotfsf ;fy ;a}sf] klxrfgsf] ;Daf]wg, ;+/If0f / ;Ddfg ub{} ;femf g]kfnL klxrfg lgdf{0f ug{]5 . !!=@ k|ltlglwTjMg]kfnL sf+u|];n] g]kfnleq /x]sf ;j} txdf ;dfg'kflts / ;dfj]zL k|ltlglwTjsf] ;'lglZrt ug{]5 . ;+ljwfg, sfg'g, /fHo;+/rgf To;} cg'?k ljsf; ub{} Jojxfl/s cEof;df g} ;j}sf] k|ltlglwTjsf] ;''lglZrttf ug{]tkm{ g]kfnL sf+u|]; cu|;/ /xg]5 .!!=# kx'FrM g]kfnL sf+u|]; /fHosf ;j} tx, ;j} lgsfo / ;j} If]qdf ;j} hflt, efiff, lnË, ju{, If]q, ;d'bfo / ;d"xsf] ;dfg 9Ën] kx'Fr ;'lglZrt ePsf] cj:yfsf] l;h{gf ug{ rfxG5 . sfg'gsf] ;dfg ;+/If0f, JolQmsf] :jtGqtfsf] ;dfg pkof]u ;Fu} al~rlts/0fdf k/]sfx¿nfO{ ;fdflhs Gofosf] ;''lglZrttfsf nflu /fHoåf/f ljz]if Joj:yf / lglZrt u/LjLsf] /]vfd'gL /x]sf gful/sx¿sf] pTyfg / ;d'Ggltsf nflu laz]if gLlt cjnDjg u/L ;j} gful/ssf] kx'rsf] ;''lglZrttf ul/g]5 . !!=$ k|lti7fMk|To]s JolSt cfˆgf] efiffsf] k|of]u ug{, cfˆgf] ;d'bfosf] ;f+:s[lts hLjgdf ;xefuL x'g, cfˆgf] ;+:s[lt / ;f+:s[lts ;Dkbfsf] ;+/If0f / ;+j4{g ug{, cfˆgf] wfl{ds k/Dk/f cg';f/ cf:yf k|s6 ug{ cfˆgf] /f]hfO{cg';f/sf] k]zf Joj;fo ug{ :jtGq /x]sf] cj:yfdf g} x/]s JolStsf] k|lti7fsf] ;Ddfg ePsf] cj:yf xf] . k|To]s JolStsf] k|lti7f ;dfhsf] k|lti7f;Fu hf]l8Psf] x'G5 . JolStsf] k|lti7fsf] ;Ddfg / ;+/If0f ug{' /fHosf] bfloTj xf] . laleGg efiff, hflt, ;+:s[lt tyf ;fdflhs ljljwtfn] el/Psf] b]z

33

g]kfndf ;j}sf] ;Ddfg, klxrfg / ;+j4{gsf nflu :jtGq ;+j}wflgs ;+:yfut ljsf; dfkm{t ;j}sf] k|lti7fsf] ;Ddfg / ;+/If0f ul/g]5 . !!=% k|ultM JolStsf] k|ultsf] cfwf/ eg]sf] p;sf] :jtGqtf xf] . JolStsf] :jtGqtfnfO{ s'l07t u/]/ xf]Og lj:tfl/t u/]/ dfq} k|ult ;Dej 5 . JolStsf] s'g} klg cj:yfdf :jtGqtf s'l07t gx'g] cj:yf, cfkm'n] rfx]sf] k]zf, Joj;fo lgjf{w?kdf ug{ kfpg] cj:yf / dof{lbt / ;d'Ggt hLjgsf nflu cfly{s ;+j[l4sf Go'gtd cfwf/x¿sf] ;''lglZrttf ePsf] cj:yfdf dfq} JolStsf] k|ult ;+ej 5 . g]kfnL sf+u|];n] JolQmut :jtGqtfnfO{ /fhgLlt :jtGqtfsf] cfwf/ dfGb} JolQmdf /x]sf] IfdtfnfO{ klxrfg u/L /fHon] pQm rfxgf / Ifdtfsf] klxrfg, k|j4{g, ljsf;, pkof]u / sfdsf nflu aftfj/0f k|bfg ug{] cj:yfsf] l;h{gf u/L JolStsf] k|ultsf] cfwf/ to ug{]5 . xfd|f] ;+sNkM xfd|f] cg'/f]w:jtGq, lgikIf / eo/lxt ¿kdf ;+ljwfg;efsf] lgjf{rg, sf+u|];sf] g]t[Tjdf ;+3Lo nf]stflGqs u0ftGqfTds ;+ljwfgsf] lgdf{0f / To;s} hudf zflGt / ;j[l4tkm{sf] ofqf to ug{' g} cfhsf] d'Vo /fhgLlts sfo{ef/ xf] . /fli6«o Pstf, ;d'Ggt nf]stGq, cfly{s ;j[l4 / lbuf] zflGt g]kfnL sf+u|];sf] k|d'v Ph]08f xf] . ;+3Lo nf]stflGqs u0ftGq g} sf+u|];sf] nIo / uGtJo xf] . nf]stGqsf] d"No / dfGotf leq /x]/ d'n'ssf ;a} ;d:ofx¿sf] ;dfwfg ug{ ;lsG5 / d'n'snfO{ ;j[l4tkm{ 8f]¥ofpg ;lsG5 eGg] sf+u|];sf] b[9 ljZjf; xf] . g]kfnL sf+u|]; o; 3f]if0ffkq dfkm{t @))^ ;fnb]lvsf] ;+lawfg;efaf6 ;+ljwfg lgdf{0f ug{] cfˆgf] k|ltj4tfnfO{ d"t{tf lbg ;j}nfO{ ;dGjo ub{} cfufdL Ps aif{df ;+3Lo nf]stflGqs u0ftGqfTds ;+ljwfg lgdf{0f u/L To;s} hudf ;d'Ggt g]kfnsf] gofF ofqf to ug{] ;+sNk ub{5 .clxn] xfdL bf];|f] k6s x'g nfu]sf] ;+ljwfg;efsf] lgjf{rgsf] ;+3f/df 5f} . klxnf] ;+ljwfg;ef c;kmntfsf] sf/0f gvf]lhsg xfdL bf];|f] ;+ljwfg;efsf] ;kmntfsf] sfdgf dfq} u/]/ j:of} eg] lglZrt xf] xfdL km]/L csf{] ;+s6df kg]{5f} . xfdL lg:sg} g;lsg] u/L /fhgLlts c:ly/tfsf] ;'?ª\df k|j]z ug{]5f} . ;+VofTds ?kdf g]kfnL sf+u|];sf] sdhf]/ pkl:yltsf sf/0f lautdf ;+ljwfg;ef leq ;dGjosf/L e"ldsfsf] ;j{yf cefj /xg uof] . dfcf]jfbLsf]

34

lgif]wsf] /fhgLlt / jblgot, Pdfn]sf] 9'nd'n] rl/q / dw]zs]Gb|Lt bnx¿sf] ;Qf:jfy{sf sf/0f nf]stflGqs ;+ljwfg lgdf{0fsf] ljifo k|fyldstfdf k/]g . nf]stGq;Fu ;+;ok"0f{ ;DaGw /fVg]x¿sf] g]t[Tjdf nf]stflGqs ;+ljwfg aGg] ;Dej lyPg / 5}g . klxnf] ;+ljwfg;efsf] c;kmntfn] g} k|dfl0ft u/L;s]sf] 5 ls lgif]wsf] /fhgLltdf ljZjf; ug{]x¿n] ;a}nfO{ ;dGjo u/]/ nfg ;Sg] ;fdYo{ /fVb}gg . ;Fw} låljwfdf /xg] / 9'nd'n ug{] /fhgLlts bnn] klg ;+qmd0fsfnsf] g]t[Tj ug{ ;Sb}g . g]kfnL /fhgLltdf sf+u|]; afx]s c? bnn] ;a}nfO{ ljZjf;df lnP/ ;dGjo ub{} ;a}nfO{ dfGo x'g] ljsNk lbg;Sg] ;fdYo{ b]lvPg . ;+ljwfg;ef leqsf ;j} kIf;Fu ;dGjo ug{ / ;+ljwfg;efnfO{ ;kmn agfpg ;+ljwfg;efdf g]kfnL sf+u|];sf] alnof] pkl:ylt ckl/xfo{ 5 .;+ljwfg;efaf6 g]kfnL sf+u|];n] PSn} ;+ljwfg agfpg] xf]Og . ;+ljwfg lgdf{0fsf qmddf ;+ljwfg;ef leq /x]sf zlStx¿;+usf] ;dGjodfq xf]O{g, ;+ljwfg;ef aflx/ /x]sf /fhgLlt zlQm / ;dfsf ljleGg ;d'x;+usf] ;+jfb klg plTts} dxTjk"0f{ 5 . g]kfnL sf+u|]; ;j} kIf / zlStnfO{ ;dGjo ug{] 5, ;j};Fu ;+jfb ug{]5 / nf]stflGqs d"No dfGotfnfO{ s]G›ljGb'df /fVb} ;j}nfO{ dfGo x'g] u/L ;+ljwfg hf/L ug{] jftfj/0f lgdf{0f ug{]5 .g]kfnL sf+u|];n] cfˆgf] g]t[Tjdf ;+3Lo nf]stflGqs u0ftGqfTds ;+ljwfg hf/L ub{} ubf{ s;}n] klg xf/]sf] dxz'; ug{' kg{] 5}g, ;j}sf] hLt x'g]5, ;j}n] ;kmntfsf] cg'e'lt ug{ ;Sg]5g . o;jf/] cfZj:t kfg{ rfxG5f} . To;}n] cjsf] ;+ljwfg;ef ;kmn jf c;kmn s] agfpg] eGg] lg0f{o ug{] lhDdf km]/L Psk6s g]kfnL hgtfsf] sfFwdf cfPsf] 5 . Oltxf;df lj/n} dfq o:tf] cj;/ k|fKt x'g] ub{5, h'g ;dodf lng] lg0f{on] l;Ëf] d'n'ssf] eljio ;of}+ jif{sf nflu ;kfg{ jf laufg{ ;S5 . cfufdL d+l;/ $ ut] g]kfnL hgtfn] ug{] ljj]s;Ddt lg0f{odf g} g]kfnsf] nf]stGq zflGt ;+j[l4sf] eljio cl8Psf] 5 . ctM g]kfnL sf+u|]; ;a} g]kfnL gful/sx¿nfO{ …;++ljwfg;ef xfd|f] Ph]08f, u0ftGqsf] :yfkgfdf xfd|f] g]t[Tj, ;+3Lotf xfd|f] k|lta4tf, nf]stGq xfd|f] cfbz{,

35

zfGt, ;d[4 / ;femf g]kfn xfd|f] ;kgf xfd|f] ;+sNk’ eGg] d"n dGq lnP/ ;+ljwf;efsf] ;kmntf / ;+3Lo nf]stflGqs u0ftGqfTds ;+ljwfg lgdf{0fsf] ;''lglZrttfsf nflu g]kfnL sf+u|];nfO{ dtbfg ug{ xflb{s clkn ub{5 .

36

v08 v

æ;d[4 g]kfn ;DkGg g]kfnLÆ ;d[4 g]kfn lgdf{0fsf nflu cfly{s–;fdflhs

ljsf; ;DaGwL ;f]r tyf gLltx¿s[lif qmflGt, ko{6g lj:tf/ / hn>f]tsf] ljsf; oL tLg

If]qsf] cfwf/df cf}Bf]lus qmflGtnfO{ cl3 j9fO{g] 5 / bz jif{df ;d[4 g]kfn jgfOg] 5 .

cfb/0fLo lbbLalxgL tyf bfh'efOx¿,@)^@–^# sf] P]ltxfl;s hgcfGbf]nn] dfu{lgb{]z u/] adf]lhd ;+ljwfg;efsf] d"n sfo{ef/ ;+3Lo nf]stflGqs u0ftGqfTds ;+ljwfg lgdf{0f ug{' g} xf] . g]kfnL sf+u|];n] ;+ljwfg lgdf{0fsf ;Gbe{df cfˆgf] wf/0ff / ;+sNk k|:t't u/L;s]sf] 5 . t/ cfufdL d+;L/ $ ut] x'g] lgjf{rg ;+ljwfg;efsf nflu dfq geP/ rf/ jif{sf nflu ;+;bsf] ;d]t lgjf{rg xf] . lat]sf ;ft jif{df k|z:t pknlAw ePsf 5g t/ tL pknlAwx¿ ;+:yfut x'g ;s]sf 5}gG . ljutdf xfdLn] Joj:yflksf ;+;b\sf] e"ldsfnfO{ k|efjsf/L agfpg g;Sbf ;'zf;gsf] k|Tofe"lt x'g ;s]g . tNnf] tx;Dd nf]stGqn] pknJw u/fPsf cj;/x¿ k'Ug g;Sbf hgtfdf kl/jt{gsf] cg'e"lt x'g ;s]sf] 5}g . nfdf] ;dob]lv :yfgLo lgsfosf] lgjf{rg x'g ;s]sf] 5}}g . To;}n] ca xfdL;Fu ;dosf] ;'ljwf 5}g . t;y{ ;+ljwfg lgdf{0fsf] d"n sfo{ef/;Fu} g]kfnL hgtfsf] cfly{s ;d[l4 / ljsf;k|ltsf] rfxgfnfO{ d"t{tf lbg' cfhsf] csf{] dxTjk"0f{ sfo{ef/ xf] . g]kfnL sf+u|]; @)^@–^# sf] hgcfGbf]ngdf hgtfn] JoQm u/]sf kl/jt{gsf] cfsf+IffnfO{ d"t{¿k lbg o; 3f]if0ffkqdfkm{t cGtl/d ;+ljwfgn] ;'lglZrt u/]sf hgtfsf cfly{s, ;fdflhs, ;f+:s[lts clwsf/x¿ / ljutsf pknlJwnfO{ ;+/lIft ub{} cfjZos gLlt, of]hgf / ;+/rgf lgdf{0f u/L ;d[4 g]kfn lgdf{0fsf] cfwf/ tof/ ug{ / cfd

37

hgtfsf] pGgltsf nflu cfjZos sfo{j|mdx¿ ;~rfng ug{] k|lta4tf JoQm ub{} o; 3f]if0ffkq dfkm{t g]kfnnfO{ ;d[4 agfpgsfnflu cfly{s ;fdflhs ljsf; ;DjlGw cfˆgf gLlt tyf sfo{qmdx¿ ;fj{hlgs ub{5 .

38

!= ljutsf] :d/0f @))& ;fnb]lv /fli6«otf, nf]stGq, zflGt / ;d'Ggltsf nflu

n8fOF n8\bf of] nfdf] sfnv08df g]kfnL sf+u|];n] k6s–k6s pu| jfdkGyL / pu| blIf0fkGyL k|xf/x¿sf] ;fdgf ug{'k¥of] . /fli6«otf, nf]stGq / ;dfhjfbsf] cfbz{leq /x]/ g]kfnL sf+u|];n] b'j}vfn] cltjfbnfO{ k/f:t ub{} cljrlnt ¿kdf zflGtk"0f{ cfGbf]ngsf] g]t[Tj u¥of] . o;aLrdf @)!% b]lv @)!& ;fn;Dd, @)$* b]lv @)%! ;Dd / @)%^ b]lvsf] s]xL sfnv08df dfq g]kfndf g]kfnL sf+u|];n] nf]stflGqs ax'dtsf] ;/sf/sf] g]t[Tj u/]sf] lyof] . cg]sg cltjfbL k|xf/x¿sf jLrjf6 klg oL sfnv08df nf]stGqsf] r]tgfnfO{ hLljt /fVb} To;s} hudf cfly{s ljsf; / ;d[l4tkm{ d'n'snfO{ 8f]¥ofpg u/]sf] k|oTgnfO{ g]kfnL sf+u|]; :d/0f ug{ rfxG5 .

cfw'lgs g]kfn lgdf{0fsf] klxnf] qmflGtsf/L sbd @)!% ;fndf z'¿ ePsf] lyof] . ;fdGtL ;+:sf/ / ;fdGtL cy{Joj:yf lj?4 z+v3f]if u/]/ cfw'lgs d"No / dfGotfdf cfwfl/t cfly{s–;fdflhs ljsf; / ;dfhjfbL cfly{s gLltsf] ;'?cft Tolta]nf g} ePsf] xf] . aL=kL=sf]O/fnfsf] g]t[Tjsf] g]kfnL sf+u|];sf] ;/sf/n] !* dlxgfsf] 5f]6f] cjlwdf, cfly{s tyf dfgjLo ;fwgsf] ;Ldfsf afjh'b ;dfhjfbL gLlt tyf sfo{j|mdcg'¿k latf{ pGd"ng, /fHo/hf}6f pGd"ng, jgsf] /fli6«os/0f, ;xsf/L ;+:yfx¿sf] u7g, ufpF ljsf; of]hgfsf] ;'?cft, lhNnf ljsf; af]8{sf] :yfkgf, oftfoft k|0ffnLsf] lj:tf/, s[lif ljsf;sf nflu 7'nf l;+rfO{ kl/of]hgfx¿sf] ;'?cft, sd{rf/L ;~rosf]ifsf] :yfkgf, lqe'jg laZjljBfnosf] :yfkgfnufot lzIff, :jf:Yo / ef}lts ljsf;sf] If]qdf Jofks z'?cft u/]sf] lyof] . Tolta]nf g]kfnL sf+u|];n] /fhgLlts, cfly{s / ;fdflhs kl/jt{gsf nflu k"/} /fHo;+oGqnfO{ t/+lut agfPsf] tYonfO{ g]kfnL sf+u|]; :d/0f ug{ rfxG5 .

@)$^ ;fnsf] hgcfGbf]ngkZrft Ps jif{sf] 5f]6f] ;dodf g} gofF ;+ljwfg lgdf{0f u/L cfdlgjf{rg ;DkGg u/]/ cfGbf]ngsf pknlAwnfO{ ;+:yfut ub{} csf]{ Ps jif{df :yfgLo lgjf{rg ;DkGg u/L d'n'snfO{ :yfloTjtkm{ cu|;/ u/fPsf] lyof] . ljsf; eg]sf]

39

k"FhL / k|ljlwsf] nufgL ug{] s]jn k|fljlws k|s[of dfq xf]Og, ljsf; d"ntM hgtfnfO{ ;+ul7t / ;~rflnt ug{] Pp6f ;fdflhs / /fhgLlts cfGbf]ng xf] eGg] dfGotfsf ;fy @)$* ;fndf ljsf;sf] :k:6 vfsf;lxt g]kfnL sf+u|];n] ;+sNk u/]sf] lyof] .

“g]kfnL sf+u|]; cfufdL !% jif{leq b]zsf ax';+Vos ul/a u|fdL0f ls;fg, dhb'/, ;'s'Djf;Lx¿, ;–;fgf pBdL / Joj;foLx¿, ;Lldt j]tgef]uL lzIfs / sd{rf/Lx¿ / e"=k"= ;}lgsx¿, dlxnf, j[4¬j[4fx¿ tyf lk5l8Psf cfˆgf] hfthfltsf dflg;xnfO{ cfjf;sffnlu cfˆgf] 3/, lzIff lbg], nfpg] vfg] ;'ljwf, cf}ifwLd'nf], oyf]lrt dgf]/~hg k|fKt ug{ ;Sg] sdfOsf] l:yltdf k'¥ofpg] ;+sNk ub{5 .”

cfˆgf] 3f]if0ffkq cg'¿k sf+u|];n] sfd ug{ k|f/De dfq s] u/]sf] lyof] g]skf dfcf]jfbLsf gfddf @)%@ ;fndf g]kfndf lx+;fTds åGåsf] k|f/De eof] h;n] ljsf; lgdf{0fsf sfdx¿ cj?4 u¥of] . o; 5f]6f] cjlwdf sf+u|]; g]t[Tjsf] ;/sf/n] pNn]Vo cfly{s j[l4 u/]sf] lyof] eg] lzIff, :jf:Yo, ;~rf/ / ef}lts k"jf{wf/ lgdf{0fsf] If]qdf pT;fxhgsf] ¿kn] km8\sf] df/]sf] lyof] . u|fdL0f hgtfsf] :jf:Yo ;]jfdf kx'Fr a9fpg Ps}k6s rf/ xhf/ :jf:Yo rf}sLsf] :yfkgf, b]ze/ c:ktfnsf] lgdf{0f, :s'n, SofDk; / ljZljBfnosf] :yfkgf, lghL If]qsf nflu cf}Bf]lus nufgLsf] jftfj/0f nufot sf+u|];n] cjnDag u/]sf] gLlt tyf sfo{qmdsf sf/0f lzIff, :jf:Yo, ;~rf/ / ef}lts k"jf{wf/ lgdf{0f cflb lghL Pj+ u}/;/sf/L If]qdf pNn]Vo pknlAw ePsf 5g\ . k"jf{wf/sf] ljsf;, jnLof] :yfgLo ;/sf/, ;fd'bflos ;+:yfx¿sf] lgdf{0f / ljs]G›Ls/0fsf dfWodaf6 :yfgLo ljsf; lgdf{0fnfO{ hf]8 lbPs} sf/0f ufpF–ufpF ;8s, vfg]kfgL, lzIff, :jf:y / ;+rf/sf] lj:tf/ ePsf] 5 .

@)%@ ;fndf dfcf]jfbLsf gfddf ;'? ePsf] cy{xLg lx+;fTds o'4 Joxf]g{' gk/]sf] eP g]kfnL sf+u|];n] cfkm"n] k|f/De u/]sf] nf]stGq / ;d[l4sf] ofqfnfO{ Pp6f gofF uGtJodf k'¥ofpg ;SYof] / olta]nf xfdL ljkGgtfaf6 d'Qm eP/

40

pbLodfg /fi6«sf] ?kdf kl/ro agfO;s]sf x'GYof}+ . g]kfnL sf+u|]; of] P]ltxfl;s If0fdf cfkm"n] k|f/De u/]sf sfdx¿ k'/f ug{] k|lt1f ub{5 .

@= xfd|f] ;+sNk @)^@–^# sf] hgcfGbf]ngdf JoQm hgefjgfcg'¿k gofF ;

+ljwfg lgdf{0f ug{' ;+ljwfg;efsf] d"n sfo{ef/ xf] . g]kfnL sf+u|];sf] g]t[Tjsf] ;/sf/n] k|fKt pknlJwx¿sf] ;+/If0f u/L ;+3Lo nf]stflGqs u0ftGqnfO{ ;+:yfut ug{ ;a} kIfnfO{ ;dGjo / ;xhLs/0f ub{} Ps jif{leq ;+ljwfg;ef dfkm{t gofF ;+ljwfg lgdf{0f ug{ cfjZos jftfj/0f ;[h{gf u/L ;du| ;+ljwfg lgdf{0f k|s[ofsf] g]t[Tj ug{]5 .

g]kfnL sf+u|];sf] g]t[Tjsf] ;/sf/n] ;+ljwfg;ef lgjf{rg ;DkGg ePsf] 5 dlxgfleqdf :yfgLo lgsfosf] lgjf{rg ;DkGg ug{]5 .

lgjf{lrt ;+;bsf] rf/ jif{sf] cjlwnfO{ s'g} klg gfddf v]/ hfg lbOg] 5}g . ;+ljwfg lgdf{0fdf ;xhLs/0f;Fu} g]kfnL sf+u|];n] hgcfsf+Iff cg'¿k cfufdL rf/ jif{df hgtfnfO{ kl/jt{gsf] cg'e"lt lbnfpg] u/L cfly{s ljsf; / ;d[l4sf nflu sfo{qmdx¿ b|'t ultdf cufl8 a9fpg]5 . …;d[4 g]kfn ;DkGg g]kfnLÚ eGg] d"n dGq lnP/ b]zleq nufgLsf] jftfj/0f lgdf{0f u/L * b]lv !) k|ltztsf b/n] cfly{s j[l4 xfl;n ul/g]5 . cfufdL @) jif{leq g]kfnO{ pRr dWod cfo ;d'xdf k|j]z u/fOg] 5 .

cfufdL kfFrjif{ leqdf k|To]s g]kfnLsf] cf};t aflif{s cfo Ps nfv ?k}ofF k'¥ofO{g] 5 . cf}Bf]lu If]qsf] pTkfbg / pTkfbsTj j[l4 u/L s'n ufx{:y pTkfbgdf o; If]qsf] of]ubfg cfufdL kf+r jif{leqdf !) k|ltzt k'¥ofO{g] 5 .

s[lifdf cfl>t hg;+Vof xfnsf] ^* k|ltztaf6 cfufdL kfFr jif{ leqdf %% k|ltztdf emfl/g]5 .

hgcfGbf]ng @)^@–^# df JoQm hgefjgf, !@ a'Fb] ;dembf/L, lj:t[t zflGt ;Demf}tf, cGtl/d ;+ljwfgnufot ljleGg ;Demf}tf / ;dembf/Ldf pNlnlvt ljifox¿sf] k"0f{ kfngf ub{} of] aLrdf ePsf

41

pknlAwx¿sf] ;+/If0f ug{ / ;+3Lo nf]stflGqs u0ftGqsf] ;+:yfut ljsf; / ;dfj]zL /fHo ;+/rgfsf] Jojxfl/s sfof{Gjogsf nflu cfjZos sfg"gL ;+/rgfx?sf] Joj:yf ul/g]5 .

g]kfnL sf+u|];n] zflGtk|s[ofsf afFsL sfdx¿ k'/f ug{]5 . ljutsf] åGåsfndf ePsf 36gf¿sf] ;TotYo 5fglag u/L kLl8tnfO{ Gofo / kL8snfO{ ;hfosf] ;''lglZrttfsf nflu tbf?stfsf ;fy kxn ug{]5 .

g]kfnL hgtfsf] zflGtk|ltsf] cfsf+IffnfO{ ;Daf]wgub{} gofF /fhgLlts ;+:s[ltsf] lgdf{0fsf nflu cfufdL lbgdf g]kfnL sf+u|];n] s'g} klg cj:yfdf g]kfn aGb jf s'g} :yfg ljif]z aGb h:tf] sfo{j|md /fVg] 5}g / To:tf sfo{nfO{ k|f]T;fxg ug{] 5}g . aGbnfO{ aGb ug{] gLlt sf+u|];n] lng]5 .

g]kfnL sf+u|]; cGt/fli6«o d~rdf g]kfnnfO{ Pp6f ;Ifd / k|ltli7t ;b:osf] ¿kdf :yflkt ug{ rfxG5 . o;sfnflu ;a} /fhgLlts bnx¿;Fu ;+jfb u/L ;femf wf/0ff lgdf{0f ug{]5 .

#= sf+u|];sf tLg :tDe M /fli6«otf, nf]stGq / ;dfhjfb g]kfnL sf+u|];n] cfˆgf] :yfkgfsfnb]lv clxn];Dd /fli6«otf, nf]stGq / ;dfhjfbL dfGotfsf] jl/kl/ cfˆgf /0fgLlt, sfo{gLlt / sfo{j|mdsf] ljsf; u/]sf] 5 . cfhsf lbgdf log} tLg cjwf/0ff g} g]kfnL sf+u|];sf cfbz{ x'g / l;4fGt klg x'g . ljZj /fhgLltdf cfw'lgs o'usf ;jf{lws zlQmzfnL cjwf/0ff / dfGotf klg log} x'g . t;y{, g]kfnL sf+u|];n] cfˆgf] ljwfgdf :k:6¿kdf pNn]v u/]sf] 5 . “/fli6«otf, nf]stGq, ;dfhjfbsf] cfbz{ Pj+ l;4fGt cg'¿k ;+3Lo u0ftGqfTds /fHo, ax'njfbdf cfwfl/t ax'bnLo Joj:yf tyf ;+;bLo zf;gk|0ffnLsf] dfWodaf6 g]kfndf Gofok"0f{, ultzLn / zflGtk"0f{ ;dfhsf] lgdf{0f u/L ;fdflhs, /fhgLlts tyf cfly{s ljsf; ug{' g]kfnL sf+u|];sf] p2]Zo x'g]5 .” log} ;}4fGlts k|:tfjgfdf cfwfl/t /x]/ g]kfnL sf+u|];n] cfˆgf cfufdL sfo{lbzf, sfo{of]hgf / sfo{j|mdx¿ to u/]sf] 5 ./fli6«otfM g]kfnL sf+u|]; cfˆgf] :yfkgfsfnb]lv g} /fli6«otfnfO{ s]G›laGb'df /fVb} cfPsf] kf6L{ xf] . /fi6«

42

eg]sf] e"uf]ndfq xf]Og oyfy{df hgtf xf] eGg] aL=kL=sf]O/fnfsf] egfOnfO{ :d/0f ub{} g]kfnL sf+u|]; lglZrt e"uf]n leq a;f]jf; ug{] dfq geO{ ljZjsf] h'g;'s} s'gfdf a;]sf] ePklg k|To]s g]kfnLdfem xflb{stf, ;b\efj, ;lxi0f'tf / cfˆgf]kgaf6 cf]tk|f]t ePsf] ;fd"lxs dgf]efjgfnfO{ nlIft ug{] cjwf/0ff /fli6«otf xf] / o;sf] s]G›laGb'df hgtf g} /xg'kb{5 eGg] 7fGb5 . g]kfnleq / aflx/ /x]sf cfˆgf] If]q, ju{, hflt, ;d'bfo, wd{, ln+u / k]zf Joj;fodf ;+nUg g]kfnL ljljwtfaLrsf] Pstf / ;b\efjaf6 ljsl;t ;fd"lxstf g} /fli6«otf xf] . hgtf / hgtfsf] cufl8 pTkq ;d:ofnfO{ ;a}n] ldn]/ ;dfwfg ug{] ;fd"lxs k|oTg / To; k|oTgdf cg'ej ePsf] Pstfsf] efjgf, ;femf ;kgf / ;+sNk g} oyfy{df /fli6«otf xf] .g]kfnL ;dfhnfO{ efjgfTds ¿kdf Ps agfpFb} xfdL g]kfnL eGg] dgf]efjgf hfu[t u/fP/ g]kfn / g]kfnLsf] xsclwsf/sf nflu ;a} g]kfnLnfO{ uf]na4 u/]sf] @))& ;fnsf] j|mflGt g} ;xL cy{df /fli6«otfsf] hfu/0fsf] k|f/De lyof] . ToxL j|mflGtsf sf/0fn] g} klxnf]k6s g]kfnL eqfn] wd{, j0f{, ln+u / hfltsf] lje]b/lxt g]kfn /fHoleq a:g] ;Dk"0f{ g]kfnL gful/snfO{ kl/nlIft ug{] efjgfsf] l;h{gf uof{] . o;y{ g]kfnL sf+u|]; /fli6«otfsf] ;"qwf/ klg xf] .g]kfnL /fli6«otf ax'klxrfg / ax';f+:s[lts ljz]iftfo'Qm xf] . g]kfnL sf+u|]; klxrfg / /fli6«otfsf gfddf p7]sf pd+u / cfGbf]ngnfO{ nf]stGq¿kL ;/f]j/df ;dflxt ub{} cem} ;'Gb/ agfpg rfxG5 . g]kfnL /fli6«otf OG›]0fL h:t} xf], hxfF km/s–km/s /ªsf] cl:tTj t x'G5 g} /ªx¿sf] ;fd"lxs tl:a/ OG›]0fLsf] a]Un} ;'Gb/tf / klxrfg k|s6 ePsf] x'G5 . g]kfnL sf+u|]; ljljwtfaLrsf] Pstf cfdg]kfnLsf] ;femf /fli6«otf eGg] dfGotfsf ;fy ;a} klxrfgnfO{ ;Ddfg / ;Daf]wg ubf{ g} g]kfnsf] /fli6«otf dha't / ;'Gb/ x'G5 eGg] 7fGb5 . nf]stGq ;dfj]zL ePdf dfq} /fli6«otf alnof] x'G5 eGg] sf+u|];sf] :k:6 wf/0ff 5 . nf]stGq;Fu} d'n'ssf] cfly{s ljsf; / ;d[l4 /fli6«otfsf] csf{] kf6f] xf] . ;j}sf] klxrfg, ;a} klxrfgsf] k|ltlglwTj, kx'Fr / k|lti7f clg ;a}sf] k|ultdf g} g]kfnsf] /fli6«otfsf] hu cl8Psf] 5 . h'g lgif]waf6

43

xf]Og ;xsfo{af6, 3[0ffaf6 xf]Og k|]d / ;befjaf6 clg ;fdflhs, ;f+:s[lts, cfly{s ljsf; / /fhgLlt :yfloTjaf6 ;Dej 5 eGg] sf+u|];sf] ljZjf; xf] .nf]stGqM g]kfnL sf+u|]; nf]stGqnfO{ cfˆgf] cfbz{ 7fGb5 . nf]stGqsf] s]G›ljGb'df ;jf]{kl/ hgtf /x]sf x'G5g\ . g]kfnL sf+u|];n] nf]stGqsf ljZjJofkL d"NodfGotf Pj+ dfgjclwsf/sf] ljZjJofkL 3f]if0ffkq !($* tyf cGt/fli6«o dfgjLo sfg"gåf/f Jojl:yt / kl/eflift dfgjclwsf/sf ;j{JofkL dfGotfx¿sf] cfwf/zLnfdf 6]s]/ cfˆgf ultljlwx¿ ;~rfng ub{} cfO/x]sf] 5 .nf]stGq gful/såf/f :yfkgf ul/Psf] To:tf] /fhgLlts k|0ffnL xf] h'g hgtfsf] lxtsf nflu hgtfåf/f g} ;~rflnt x'G5 / hgtf g} lg0ff{os e"ldsfdf /xG5g . g]kfnL sf+u|]; ToxL cfbz{ / ;d'qt k|0ffnLsf] :yfkgf, ;+/If0f / k|a4{gsf nflu ;ft bzsb]lv cgj/t s[ofzLn 5 . g]kfnsf ;Gbe{df nf]stGq g} ca ljsNk/lxt af6f] xf] . o;n] pknJw u/fpg] cj;/nfO{ pkof]u ub{} s;/L zflGt / ;d[l4, klxrfg / kx'Fr, k|ltlglwTj / ;xefuLtf, cfo / Gofo, j[l4 / ljt/0f, lx+;f/lxt / eod'Qm jftfj/0f clg ax'klxrfgx¿ ;d]l6Psf] ;femf g]kfnL klxrfg ;'lglZrt ub{} nf]stGqsf] k|efjsf/L cEof; ug{] eGg] g} cfhsf] xfd|f] s]G›Lo ljifo xf] . JolQmsf] :jtGqtfnfO{ ;+s'lrt ug{] /fhgLlts Joj:yfn] g t hgtfsf] d'Slt ;Dej 5 g t ;d[l4tkm{sf] ofqf g} . :jtGqtfnfO{ lj:tfl/t ub{} nf]stGqnfO{ kl/is[t / kl/dfh{lt ub{} yk ;dfj]zL agfpg' g} cfhsf] ckl/xfo{tf xf] . nf]stflGqs cEof;sf j|mddf ePsf sdhf]/LnfO{ ;RofpFb} cem} km/flsnf] / k|ultzLn jgfpg ;lsG5 t/ nf]stGqsf] ljsNk x'g ;Sb}g eGg] s'/fdf sf+u|]; k|i6 5 .@))& ;fnb]lv ePsf nf]stflGqs cfGbf]ngx¿n] /fhgLlts txdf w]/} pknlAwx¿ k|fKt u/L;s]sf 5g . ;+3Lotf, u0ftGq, wfld{s :jtGqtf, klxrfg / ;dfj]zLtfsf] ;''lglZrttf nf]stGqsf pknlAwx¿ x'g . cfhsf] nf]stGqsf] klxnf] sfo{ef/ eg]sf] tL pknlAwnfO{ ;+:yfut ub{} g]kfnsf] ljljwtfsf] ;Ddfg, ;Daf]wg / Joj:yfkg ug{' xf] .g]kfnL /fli6«otfnfO{ nf]stGq;+u cnu u/]/ a'‰g ;lsFb}g . hftLo ax'ntf / ;f+:s[lts ljljwtf;lxtsf] xfd|f] df}lns

44

ljlzi6tfnfO{ l:jsfb{} of] ljljwtfsf] ;Ddfg / ;Daf]wg ug{ gofF ;fwg, ;+/rgf / z}nLsf] ljsf; cfjZos 5 . gofF ;+ljwfgdfkm{t oL ljifonfO{ lnlka4 ub{} ToxLcg'¿k ;+oGqsf] ljsf; ug{] / k|To]s ;d'bfosf gful/snfO{ cfˆgf] pTyfgsf] nflu /fHoaf6 k|fKt x'g] cj;/af6 jl~rt gug{] ;''lglZrttf ug{' g} nf]stGqsf] Pp6f dxTjk"0f{ sfo{ef/ xf] . nf]stGq k|0ffnLdfq geP/ hLjgk4lt klg xf] . o;sf d"Nox¿nfO{ Jojxf/df ptfb{} ;fdflhs Gofo, ;xefuLtf / ;dfj]zLtfsf] ;''lglZrttf;lxt ;dtfd"ns ;dfhsf] lgdf{0f nf]stGqsf] csf{] sfo{ef/ xf] . ;a}sf] clwsf/, ;xefuLtf / ;dfj]zLtfsf] ;''lglZrttf ub{} ;+3Lo nf]stflGqs u0ftGqsf] hudf ;+:yfut / ;+/rgfut ;'wf/ ub{} nf]stGqnfO{ h'emf?, kl/is[t, ;dfj]zL u/fpg ;Dej 5 . ToxL ;dfj]zL nf]stGqsf] hudf pleP/ cfly{s ljsf; / ;d[l4sf] ofqf toug{ ;lsG5 eGg] s'/fdf sf+u|]; :ki6 5 .;dfhjfbM nf]stGq / ;dfhjfb Pscsf{df cGof]GofZl/t 5g . g]kfnL sf+u|]; @)!@ ;fndf g} nf]stflGqs ;dfhjfbL gLlt c+lusf/ u/L ;f]xL dfWodaf6 ;dfhdf kl/jt{g Nofpg s[ofzLn kf6L{ xf] . oxL af6f]af6 :jtGqtf, ;dtf / ;d[l4 ;Dej 5 eGg] sf+u|];sf] b[9 ljZjf; xf] . h'g ;dfhdf gful/ssf] :jtGqtf ckx/0f x'G5 jf pgLx¿sf] ;+u7gsf] :jtGqtf kfpFb}gg jf zf;sju{n] aLraLrdf cfˆgf] sfo{sf] n]vfhf]vf u/]/ clGtd lg0f{osf nflu hgtf ;fd'Gg] hfg'kb{}g jf hxfF Gofofno :jtGq 5}g jf hxfFsf gful/sn] /fli6«o tyf cGt/fli6«o ljifodf :jtGqtfk"j{s ax; ug{ kfpFb}gg eg] ToxfF ;dfhjfb klg /xFb}g . To;sf/0f nf]stGq ;dfhjfbsf] cleGg c+u xf] . :jtGqtflagf Gofo ;Dej 5}g / ;dfgtf klg x'g ;Sb}g eGg] g]kfnL sf+u|];sf] :yfkgfsfnb]lvs} ljZjf; xf] . aL=kL=sf]O/fnfn] eg]em}F g]kfnL sf+u|]; ;dfhjfbsf] gfddf nf]stGqsf] xTof ug{ ;Sb}g / nf]stGqsf] gfddf zf]if0fnfO{ :jLsf/ ug{ ;Sb}g . g]kfnL sf+u|];n] kl/sNkgf u/]sf] nf]stflGqs ;dfhjfbL Joj:yf /fhgLlts :jtGqtf, cfly{s ;dfgtf / ;fdflhs Gofo;lxtsf] Joj:yf xf] . /fhgLlt :jtfGqtfdfq xf]Og ;fdflhs Gofo;lxtsf] cfly{s :jtGqtf klg cfjZos 5 eGg] g]kfnL sf+u|]; 7fGb5 . aL= kL= sf]O/fnfn] eGg'ePsf] ;dfhjfbsf] cy{ bl/›tfsf] ljt/0f

45

xf]Og . cfo / pTkfbgsf] j[l4 gu/L ;dfhjfbsf] nIf k|fKt ug{ ;lsb}g. pTkfbg, pTkfbsTj, / nufgL clej[l4 ug{ h¿/L x'G5, o;/L dfq pRr b/sf] cfly{s j[l4 xf;Ln x'g ;S5. o;af6 k|fKt x'g] nfef+zn] dfq ;dfh sNof0f, u/LjL lgjf/0f / cfly{s ljkGgtfsf] cGTo ug{ ;/sf/nfO{ cfjZos /fh:j k|fKt x'g;S5 . g]kfnL sf+u|]; nf]stflGqs k|s[ofsf dfWodaf6 ;dfhjfb :yfkgf ug{ rfxG5 . gful/s r]tgf hufP/, cfjZos sfg"g / ;+/rgf lgdf{0f / sfof{Gjog ub{} ;fdflhs ;'wf/, ;fdflhs Gofo / ;fdflhs ;'/Iffsf] ;'lglZrt ub{} Gofo;lxtsf] ;DkGgtf / ;dfgtfsf] kIfdf sf+u|]; plePsf] 5 .g]kfnL sf+u|];n] kl/sNkgf u/]sf] ;dfhjfbL Joj:yfdf ju{, hflt, ln+u, cfo, ;DklQ / zlQmsf cfwf/df ;dfhdf /x]sf] ulx/f] c;dfgtf / ;a}k|sf/sf zf]if0fsf] cGTo, ;j}nfO{ ;dfg clwsf/ / cj;/sf] k|Tofe"lt, j}rfl/s ax'ntf, JolQmsf] :jtGqtf / lghL ;DklQsf] ;'/Iffsf] k|Tofe"lt, ;|f]tdfly x/]s gful/ssf] Gofof]lrt :jfldTj, k|ultzLn s/sf] Joj:yf, /fHozlQmsf] ljs]G›Ls/0f Pj+ ;d'bfosf] :jzf;g tyf ;j} gful/sn] cfˆgf] Ifdtfsf] pRrtd k|of]u ug{ ;Sg] cj;/sf] Go"gtd k|Tofe"lt /x]sf] x'G5 . ;dfhjfb s]jn cfly{s kIfdfq geP/ dfgj ;Eotf / ;+:s[lt klg xf] . of] Pp6f hLjgk4lt xf], hxfF hgtf ;'vL /xG5g, hxfF hgtfn] ;dfg cj;/ kfpF5g, hxfF /fhgLlts, ;fdflhs / cfly{s cj;/af6 s;}nfO{ alGrt u/Lb}g, pknJw cj;/af6 nfe lng ;a}nfO{ ;Ifd t'NofOG5. zf/Ll/s jf af}l4s Ifdtf jf pd]/sf] sf/0fn] c¿dfly cfl>t x'g'kg{] au{sf nflu /fHon] ljz]if Joj:yf u5{ . of] To:tf] k4lt xf] hxfF s'g} lsl;dsf] e]befj x'Fb}g .$= d'n'ssf] ;du| ljsf; af/] g]kfnL sf+u|];sf] b[li6sf]0fg]kfnL sf+u|]; ul/aL x}g ;Dj[l4 af8\g rfxG5 . o;sf ;du| cfly{s / ;fdflhs ljsf;sf gLlt–/0fgLltx? o;} p2]Zojf6 lgb]{lzt 5g\ .g]kfnL sfu|]; s[lif, ko{6g, hn>f]t / pwf]usf] ljsfznfO{ cfly{s qmflGtsf] cfwf/ jgfpg rfxG5 . s[lifsf] oflGqs/0f / Joj;foLs/0f ul/g] 5 . ko{6gsf If]q ;]jf lj:tf/ / ljljlws/0f u/L /f]huf/Lsf] d"n>f]t agfOg] 5 . hn;Dkbfsf] pkof]u

46

ubf{ ax'p2]]ZoLo b[li6sf]0f lnOg] 5 . cf}Bf]lus ljsf;sf nflu ;xh jftfj/0f tof/ ul/g] 5 . pk/f]Qm If]q df sfo{qmd agfpbf 7'nf, /fli6«o dxTjsf sfo{qmd / cfof]hgfx? tyf ;;fgf / :yfgLo txdf :yfgLo hgtfsf] ;xefuLtfdf 5flgPsf of]hgfx?nfO{ laz]if dxTj lbg] o;sf] /0fgLlt xf] . k|To]s g]kfnLsf] cfwf/e"t u'0ffTds :jf:Yo / lzIffdf kx'Fr ;'lglZrt ug{' ;fdflhs If]q sf] d"n p2]Zo xf] .g]kfnL sf+u|]; cfˆgf] cfly{s b[li6sf]0f af/] k|i6 5 . o;sf] bL3{sfnLg p2]Zo ;Da[4, cfw'lgs, Gofok"0f{ ;dfa];L g]kfn lgdf{0f ug{' xf] . hxfF k|To]s g]kfnLsf] hLjg ;'vdo xf]; . k|To]s g]kfnLn] cfTd;Ddfgsf ;fy afRg kfcf]; / g]kfnL x'F eGbf uj{sf] cg'e"lt u/f]; . o;sf] uGtAo ;dfhafb xf], ;dtfd'ns ;dfhsf] lgdf{0f xf] . ljZj cy{tGqaf6 nfe lng ;Sg], k|lt:kwf{ df hfg ;Sg], cy{tGqsf] ljsf; ug{' g} g]kfnL sf+u|]; sf] d"n p2]Zo xf] . g]kfnL sf+u|];n] kl/sNkgf u/]sf] g]kfndf k|To]s g]kfnLn] cfFkm"n] rfx]sf] k]zf, Joj;fo lgjf{w ?kdf ug{ kfpg] 5 . k|To]s JolQmdf /x]sf] IfdtfnfO{ phfu/ x'gaf6 /f]Sg] cj/f]wx¿ x6fpg' o;sf] k|d'v gLlt xf] . lzIff tyf zLksf] sld, k'+hLdflysf] kx'Frdf sdL, ahf/ kx'Frsf] sdL, gLltut cj/f]w, hftLo jf ef}uf]lns lje]b, n}+lus lje]b, zfl/l/s Ifdtfsf] sf/0fn] x'g] lje]b cflb cj/f]wx¿ x'g . logsf] cGtug{' g]kfnL sf+u|];sf] d"Vo nIo xf] . o;sf] nflu g]kfnL sf+u|];n] # ;d"xnfO{ -afnjflnsf, o"jf tyf k|f}9 / a[4_ ;'xfFpbf] cfly{s ;fdflhs gLlt Nofpg] 5 . o; af/] g]kfnL sf+u|]; k"0f{ k|ltj4 5 . g]kfnL sf+u|];n] x/]s If]qdf :jR5 / /rgfTds k|lt:kwf{sf] jftfj/0f tof/ u/L oL nIo xfl;n ug{ 5 . lghL ;Dklt lgjf{w k|of]u ug]{ g]kfn leq hxfF;'s} :yfgfGt/0f x'g] :jtGqtf /xg]5 . d'n'sleq Ps 7fpFaf6 csf{ 7fpFdf j:t' tyf ;]jfsf] lagf s'g} aGb]h cf];f/–k;f/ ug{] :jtGqtf /xg] 5 . lbuf] ljsf; g]kfnL sf+u|];sf] nIo xf] . k|fs[lts ;|f]t / ;fwgsf] k|of]u ubf{ efjL ;Gtltsf] ;'vk"j{s afRgkfpg] xsaf6 sbflk jlGrt ug{' x'b}g eGg] g]kfnL sf+u|];sf] gLlt xf] . g]kfnsf] k|fs[lts / ;fF:s[lts lalawtfnfO{ ;+/If0f ub{} /fi6«sf]

47

ljsf; ug{ ;lsG5 / ug{' k5{ eGg] g]kfnL sf+u|]; sf] b[9 ljZjf; 5 .g]kfnL sf+u|]; ;/sf/ / ahf/ jLr ;Gt'lnt ;DjGw sfod ug{ rfxG5 . h;/L jhf/ Joj:yfnfO{ cj?4 ug{] x:tIf]ksf/L ;/sf/L gLltx¿n] cfly{s pGgltnfO{ /f]Sb5 To;/L g} k|efjsf/L lgodg tyf cfly{s cj;/jf6 nfe lng g;Sg] ju{sf] k|lt:kwf{Tds Ifdtf clea[l4, ;+/If0f / ;fdflhs ;'/Iffsf] sfof{Gjog gugf{n] klg cfly{s ljifdtf a9fpF5 . To;}n] g]kfnL sf+u|]; ljutdf em} jhf/sf] pkof]lutfaf6 nfe p7fpg] gLlt sfof{Gjog ug{ k|lta4 5 . c:j:y k|ltikwf{nfO{ cGTo ug{, cfd gful/ssf] cfly{s lxtsf] /Iff ug{, pkef]Qmfsf] lxtsf] /Iff ug{, pBdLx?sf] pBf]u–Joj;fo ;+rfng ug{ kfpg] xs ;'/lIft ug{, >ldsx¿sf] sfg"gL xs ;'/lIft ug{ / ahf/n] s'g} ju{nfO dfq cg'lrt nfe k'¥ofPsf] cj:yfdf To;sf] cGTo ug{ ;/sf/n] ;dofg's'n x:tIf]ksf/L sbd rfNg]5 .b|'t cfly{s ljsf;n] a9fpg ;Sg] c;dfgtfsf] b"l/k|lt g]kfnL sf+u|]; ;r]t /xg] 5 . t;y{ cfly{s j[l4sf] cfˆgf] gLltnfO{ c;dfgtf / If]qLo c;Gt'nsf] vf8n sdug{] u/L cufl8 a9fpg]5 . o;sf nflu g]kfnL sf+u|];n] ;dfj]zL ljsf;, ;fdflhs ;'/Iff, /f]huf/Lsf] l;h{gf, ;dfg cj;/sf] ;''lglZrttf / kof{j/0fLo ;Gt'ng Pj+ lbuf] ljsf;sf] cjwf/0ffnfO{ s]G›ljGb'df /flvg] 5 . g]kfnL sf+u|];n] cfly{s j[l4 k|s[ofnfO{ ;dfj]zL agfpg]5 . b|'t ultdf x'g] o:tf] cfly{s ljsf;df ;dfhsf x/]s ;b:o ;xefuL x'g] 5g . k|To]s gful/sn] cfkm"nfO{ b]zsf] ;du| cy{tGqsf] Ps lx:;]bf/ 7fGg]5g\ / d'n'ssf] pGgltdf cfˆgf] :jfldTj ePsf] dx;'; ug{] jftfj/0f lgdf{0f x'g]5 . ljsf; k|s[ofaf6 pk]lIft jf nfe lng g;s]sf lakGg ;d'bfonfO{ cy{tGqsf] a9\bf] cfsf/af6 k|ToIf kmfObf lbnfpg] g]kfnL sf+u|];sf] k|d'v p2]Zo x'g]5 .g]kfnL sf+u|]; dlxnfnfO{ cfly{s–;fdflhs ?kfGt/0fsf] cleofgdf d'Vo zlQmsf] ?kdf :yflkt ug{ rfxG5 . o;sfnflu cf}krfl/s If]qdf dlxnfx?sf] ;xefuLtf j9fpg 7f]; gLlt NofOg]

48

5 . ;fy} dlxnfx?nfO{ ;xefuL x'gjf6 /f]Sg] ;j} k|sf/sf cj/f]wx?nfO{ ;dfKt ul/g] 5 . g]kfnL sf+u|]; b]zaf6 lg/k]If ul/aL k"0f{ / lbuf]?kdf pGd"ngug{] k|lta4tf AoQm ub{5 . o;sf nflu lghL / ;xsf/L If]qsf] cxd e"ldsf 5 . lautdf g]kfnL sf+u|];n] lnPsf] gLlt / sfo{qmd n] g} laut b'O bzsdf ul/aL em08} cfwf xfn @#=* df em/]sf] xf] . oL pknlAwx? g]kfnL sf+u|];sf] gLltut ;kmntfsf] kl/0ffd xf] .g]kfnL sf+u|]; /f]huf/Lsf] ;+j}wflgs xsnfO{ Jojxf/df ptfg{ b]zleq k|To]snfO{ /f]huf/Lsf] cj;/ ;[hgfug{] jftfj/0f tof/ ug]{5 . k|To]s g]kfnLnfO{ jflif{s Go"gtd ;o lbgsf] /f]huf/Lsf] Joj:yf ;'lglZrt ug{ k|ltj4 5 . /f]hufl/sf] nflu afWoftfa; ljb]lzg] cj:yfsf] cGTo ul/g]5 . :jb]zd} kof{Kt cj;/ ;[hgf u/L j}b]lzs /f]huf/Ldf hfg]sf] ;+Vof qmdzM 36fpb} nlug] 5 .cfly{s ljsf;df lghL tyf ;xsf/L If]q / ;fdflhs If]qsf] ljsf;df gful/s ;dfh, u}/ ;/sf/L ;+:yfx?, ;fd'bflos ;+:yfx?sf] e"ldsfnfO{ g]kfnL sf+u|]; laz]if dxTj lbG5 . g]kfnL sf+u|];n] lnPsf] oL ;a};+u sf] ;xsfo{sf] gLltaf6 g} ;x>fAbL ljsf; nIo nufotsf cGo nIfx? xfl;n ePsf x'g eGg] af/]df b'O dt 5}g . oL pknlAwx?sf afah'b ;dfhdf ul/aL, k5f}6]kg, lje]b, AofKt 5g . ;dfhdf AofKt ul/aL, k5f}6]kg, lje]b, nfO{ lgd{'n kfg{' g]kfnL sf+u|];sf] p2]Zo xf] . vf; u/]/ blnt, dlxnf, hghflt, nufot k5f8L k/]sf ju{nfO{ dfly prfNg' / pgLx?nfO{ ;zQm agfpg' g]kfnL sf+u|]; ;dfhafbL l;4fGtsf] d"n ;f/ xf] . ;dfa]zLtfsf] l;4fGtnfO{ Jojxf/df NofP/ dfq of] p2]Zo xfl;n ug{ ;lsG5 . To;}n] g]kfnL sf+u|]; ;dfa]zL ljsf;sf] cjwf/0fnfO{ sfo{?kdf nfu' ug{ rfxG5 . cfly{s j[l4 / ;fdflhs GofonfO{ ;+u ;+u} ;Gt'lnt ?kdf cuf8L a9fpg] g]kfnL sf+u|];sf] /0fgLlt xf] . ;fj{hlgs lxt, hg:jf:Yo / jftfj/0f–k|lts"n gx'g] u/L nufgL ug{ lghL If]qnfO{ k|f]T;flxt ul/g]5 .g]kfnL sf+u|]; g]kfnnfO{ ljZj ;d'bfo sf] Pp6f ;Ifd / k|ltli7t ;b:osf] ?kdf :yflkt ug{ rfxG5 . g]kfnL sf+u|];

49

l5d]sL b]zx?df ePsf] cfly{s pGglt / cGt/fli6«o txsf cfly{s ultljlwaf6 g]kfn / g]kfnLn] k'/f nfe lng ;s'g eGg] Psn ;f]+raf6 k|]l/t 5 . o;} ;f]raf6 g]kfnL sf+u|];sf] 5Ld]sL;+u sf] ;DaGw, cGt/fli6«o cfly{s gLlt / sfo{qmdx¿ lglb{i6 5g . g]kfnL sf+u|]; g]kfnnfO{ :jb]z / ljb]zdf a:g] ;a} g]kfnLn] uf}/a ug{] /fi6«sf] ?kdf lasl;t ug{ rfxG5 .g]kfnL sf+u|]; k"jf{wf/ lgdf{0fnfO{ k|fyldstf lbG5 . e/kbf]{ ;8s, /]Nj], ljdfg:ynx?, 6]lnkmf]gsf] ;+hfn lj:tf/ u/L g]kfnnfO{ @! cf}+ ;tfAbL ;'xfpFbf] cfly{s ljsf;sf] nflu k"af{wf/ tof/ ug{] g]kfnL sf+u|];sf] nIo / ;+sNk 5 .g]kfnL sf+u|]; g]kfndf nufgLsf] jftfj/0f tof/ ug{ k|lta4 5 . g]kfn leq :jb]zL tyf lab]zL nufgL geOsg pTkfbg a9\g ;Sb}g, /f]huf/L l;h{gf x'g ;Sb}g, /f]huf/L lagf ljb]l;Psf o"jf hgzlQm nfO{ :jb]zdf /fVg ;lsb}g, /fi6«sf] cy{tGq ljk|]if0f d} lge{/ ug{'kg{] x'G5, cfofltt a:t'df e/ kg{'kg{] x'G5 . kl/0ffd :j?k ljb]zaf6 b'v u/]/ sdfPsf] cfDbfgL km]l/ cs{} b]zdf kms{G5 . o; af:tlastfnfO{ Wofgdf /fVb} g]kfnL sf+u|]; g]kfndf nufgLsf] jftfj/0f tof/ ug{ k|lta4 5 . pRrtd cfly{s j[l4 xfl;n ug{ :jb]zL tyf ljb]zL nufgLsf] clwstd kl/rfng ul/g]5 / nufgLsf] ;'/Iffsf] k|Tofe"lt lbOg]5 pRr b/sf] cfly{s j[l4 xf;Ln ug{, nufgLsf] ;'/Iff ug{ / nufgLstf{nfO{ cfZj:t t'Nofpg ;dli6ut cfly{s :yfloTj sfod ug{] b[li6sf]0fsf ;fy df}lb|s tyf ljQLo gLltx¿ th{'df ul/g]5 . ljQLo 3f6fnfO pko'Qm ;Ldfleq /flvg]5 b]z leq nufgLsf] jftfj/0f tof/ kfg{ ;lsG5 / * b]lv !) k|ltzt aflif{s cfly{s j[l4 xfl;n ug{ ;lsG5 eGg] g]kfnL sf+u|];sf] ljZjf; 5 . ljutdf g]kfnL sf+u|];n] g]t[Tj u/]sf] ;/sf/n] o:tf] pknlAw xfl;n u/]/ b]vfPsf 5g\ / km]l/ klg ug{ ;Sb5 eGg] s'/f xfdL OdfGbf/L ;fy cfZj:t kg{ rfxG5f}+ . g]kfnL sf+u|];n] ckgfPsf] gLltn] dfq of] :t/sf] cfly{s j[l4 xfl;n ug{ ;Sb5 eGg] af/] xfdL dfq x}g ;du| lglh If]q / cGt/fli6«o hut ;d]t cfZj:t 5 . o;sf] nflu g]kfn eod'Qm / ;'zfl;t x'g' kb{5 . To;}n] g]kfnL sf+u|]; g]kfnnfO{ eod'Qm / ;'zfl;t /fi6« agfpg rfxG5 .

50

g]kfnsf] /fhg}lts, cfly{s, ;fdflhs, cfw'lgsLs/0fsf] g]t[Tj ;b}j g]kfnL sf+u|];n] lnb} cfPsf] 5 . o; k|lt g]kfnL sf+u|]; uj{ ub{5 / g]kfnL hgtfn] cfkm'k|lt b]vfPsf] ljZjf; / cf:yf k|lt cfef/ k|s6 ub{5 . @))& ;fnaf6 g]kfnL sf+u|];n] z'? u/]sf] of] cleofg cem} sfod} 5 . of] 5 bzseGbf a9L ;do g]kfnL sf+u|]; cfw'lgstf la/f]wL zlQmx?;+u n8\b} le8\b} ljleGg cj/f]w kf/ ub{} /fi6«nfO{ cfw'lgstfsf] of] r/0fdf k'¥ofpg ;kmn ePsf] 5 . o; bf}/fg g]kfnL sf+u|]; /f0ffsf] ;fdGtL k|yf, /fhfsf] PsfTds lg/s'ztf ;d]tnfO{ ;dfKt kfb}{ g]kfnL hgtfnfO{ PSsfO{;f}+ ztfAbL ;'xfpbf] ;fj{ef}d gful/ssf] ?kdf :yflkt ug{ ;kmn ePsf] 5 .g]kfnL sf+u|];n] cfw'lgs g]kfn lgdf{0fsf] klxnf] qmflGtsf/L k|of; @)!% ;fndf hggfos jL=kL= sf]O/fnfsf] k|yd hglgjf{lrt ;/sf/sf] kfnfdf z'? u¥of] . g]kfndf o'uf}+b]lv h/f ufl8a;]sf] ;fdGtL ;+:sf/ / ;fdGtjfbL cy{ Joj:yfsf lj¿4 z+v3f]if u/]/ cfw'lgs d"No / dfGotfdf cfwfl/t cfly{s–;fdflhs ;'wf/sf] yfngL u/L ;dfhjfbL cfly{s gLltsf] z'¿jft ug{] kf6L{ g]kfnL sf+u|]; xf] . hggfos jL=kL= sf]O/fnfsf] g]t[Tjsf] ;/sf/n] !% jif{leq ;a} g]kfnL kl/jf/sf] cfwf/e"t cfjZostf k'/f ug{] ;f]r cufl8 ;f¥of] . k|lts[ofjfbL, ;fdGtL / cfw'lgstf lj/f]wLx?nfO{ of] s'/f ;Xo ePg / g]kfnL sf+u|];sf] ;/sf/nfO{ /fhfåf/f ;}Gojn k|of]u u/L c;+j}wflgs ?kdf jvf{:t u/Lof], g]tf sfo{stf{nfO{ h]n xflnof], bdg / xTof ul/of]], of] ;a} af/] g]kfnL hgtfnfO{ yfxf ePs} s'/f xf] .g]kfnL sf+u|]; ljZjdf b]lvPsf gofF ;f]r / ;Defjgf k|of]u ug{ ;lsg] gLlt nfu" ug{ rfxG5 . @)$* ;fndf g]kfnL sf+u|];n], tLg bzs eGbf a9L /fhfsf] lg/Í'z zf;gsf] bdg kl5 km]l/ lgjf{lrt eO /fi6«sf] ;/sf/sf] g]t[Tj ug{] lhDdf kfP kl5 gofF cfly{s gLlt / sfo{qmdsf] ;''?jft u¥of] h;n] ubf{ /fi6«sf] ljsf;n] lhjGttf / ult lnof] . s]G›Ls[t / ;/sf/sf] Psflwsf/df /x]sf] cy{ Joj:yfnfO{ pbf/ Pj+ hgd'vL agfof] . lghL hfFu/, phf{ Pj+ k"hL k|ljlwsf ;fy} u}/;/sf/L, ;/sf/L Pj+ hg ;xefuLtfnfO{ kl/rfng ug{] pbf/ gLlt ckgfpg'sf ;fy} /fi6« ljsf;sf ljleGg of]hgfx? cl3 ;f/]/ sfd ug{ ;'? u¥of] . jL=kL=sf] k|

51

hftflGqs ;dfhjfbL cfbz{nfO{ cg'z/0f ub{} g]kfnsf s'gf sfKrf lxdfn–kxf8–t/fO{ ufpF / a:tLx?df /xg] hgtfsf cfwf/e"t cfjZostf h:t} ;8s, ljh'nL, kfgL, lzIff, :yf:Yo, ;+rf/ ufpF–ufpFdf k'¥ofpg] cleofg rnfof] . g]kfnL sf+u|]; ljs]Gb|Lt zf;g k|0ffnLdf ljZjf; ug{] kf6L{ xf] . o:n] cfkm" ;/sf/df ePsf] a]nf ljs]G›Ls/0f nfO{ d'Vo d'2f agfof] . :yfgLo ;/sf/, ;fd'bflos ;+:yfx? sf] dfWodaf6 :yfgLo ljsf; lgdf{0fnfO{ cl3 a9fPs} sf/0f cfh ufpF–ufpFdf ;8s, vfg]kfgL, jQL k'u]sf] 5, ;xefuLtf d"ns ljsf; k4ltsf] ljsf; ePsf] 5 . dfcf]afbLsf] lx+;fTds ultlalw n] ubf{ tL ;a} pknlAw x? x/fpg] cj:yfdf k'u]sf 5g . tL ef}lts ;+/rgf tyf ;'zf;gsf cfwf/x? nfO{ elTsg glbg / eTs]sf] ;+/rgfnfO{ k'gg{ldf{0f ug{' cfh sf] d'Vo d'2f xf] / g]kfnL sf+u|];n] o; d'2f nfO{ pRr k|fyldstfsf ;fy k'/f ug{] 5 . u|fdL0f hgtfnfO{ ;'v ;'lawf k'¥ofpg' g} g]kfnL sf+u|];sf] k|lta4tf xf] . o;n] u|fdL0f hgtfsf] :j:y ;]jfdf kx'Fr a9fpg Ps} rf]6L rf/ xhf/ :jf:Yo rf}sL :yfkgf u¥of] . b]ze/ c:ktfnx?sf] lgdf{0f, :s"n, SofDk; / ljZjljBfnox?sf] :yfkgf ug{ P]g lgod ;+zf]wg u/L lglh Ifdtfsf] :jb]zL–ljb]zL k"FhL a[l4u/L cf}Bf]lus nufgLsf] jftfj/0f >[hgf u¥of] . /f]huf/L j[l4 u¥of] . j}b]lzs /f]huf/df hfg rfxg]x?nfO{ ;xh kx'Frsf] Aoj:yf u¥of] . lhNnf–lhNnfaf6 kf;kf]6{ afF8\g] Joj:yf uof{] . lzIff, :yf:Yo /f]huf/ If]qsf] clej[l4 u/L ;fdflhs ;'/Iffsf] cfwf/ lgdf{0fug{] sfo{sf] hu lgdf{0f u¥of] . ul/aL, k5f}6]kg / cToGt sdhf]/ cfwf/ ePsf] cy{ Aoj:yfnfO{ ;d[l4 / ;jntfsf] dfu{df cl3 ;f/]/ hgtfsf Go"gtd cfjZostf k'/f ug{ ;Sg], cfly{s / ;fdflhs k"jf{wf/sf cfwf/e"t ;]jfx?df b]zsf s'gfsGb/fsf ufpF 3/sf] kx'Frdf ;'lglZrt u/L Good"ns cy{ Aoj:yfsf] hu a;fNg] tkm{ 7"nf k|of; u¥of] . kmn:j?k cfh lg/k]If ul/aLsf] /]vfd'gL /x]sf hg;+Vofsf] cg'kft cfwf 36]sf] 5, cfdfsf] d[To'' b'O{ ltxfO{n] 36]sf] 5, lzz' d[To'' b/ b'O ltxfO{ 36]sf] 5 . ;du|df hgtfsf] hLjg:t/ a9]sf] 5 . ufpF zx/sf] d'xf/ km]l/b} uPsf] 5 .

52

g]kfnL sf+u|]; zxl/s/0fnfO{ cfly{s ;fdflhs ?kfGt/0fsf] nflu cj;/sf] ?kdf x]b{5 . zx/x? cfly{s pGgltsf d]lzg x'g . g]kfn b|'t ultdf zxl/s/0f x'Fb} 5 . cfufdL !% jif{df em08} cfwf g]kfnL hg;+Vof zx/df a:g] cg'dfg 5 . ;fy} o;n] pTkGg ug{ ;Sg] If]qLo c;Gt'ng / ufpF zx/ aLrsf] ;fdflhs cfly{s c;dfgtfnfO{ g]kfnL sf+u|]; Jojl:yt ?kdf ;dfwfg ug{ ;lsG5 eGg] ljZjf; ub{5 . g]kfnL sf+u|]; laz]if sfo{qmdåf/f o:tf c;dfgtf 36fpg k|lta4 5 .g]kfnL sf+u|]; /fi6«df laBdfg If]qLo c;+t'ngnfO{ k"0f{?kdf x6fpg k|lta4 5 . o;sf] nflu ;a} If]qdf oftfoftsf] ;+hfn lj:tf/ ul/g] 5 / k'j{ klrd / pQ/ blIf0f hf]8g] /fhdfu{x?df 7fpF 7fpFdf gofF zx/x? :yflkt ul/g]5 . oL zx/x?nfO{ cfly{s s]G›sf] ¿kdf ljsl;t ul/g] 5 / jl/kl/ ahf/ s]G› :yflkt ul/g]5 . dWo kxf8L /fhdfu{df ;'?ul/Psf] bz gofF ;x/x?nfO{ laz]if dxTjsf ;fy ljsf; ul/g] 5 . g]kfnL sf+u|];n] dfq cfˆgf] pbf/ / v'nf gLltåf/f /fi6«nfO{ ljsf;sf] af6f]df b|'tutLdf cuf8L abfpg ;Sb5 . g]kfn ljZj ;d'bfosf] Ps ;b:o ePsf]n] laZjdf ePsf] kl/jt{g, gofF ;f]r, cflj:sf/, 1fg ;a} af6 k|efljt geO{ /xg ;Qm}g . To;}n] gofF gofF cfljisf/, gofF 1fg, gofF k|ljlw, gofF ;f]rsf] gofF kl/j]zsf] cfwf/df ;dfhdf gofFkg lbb} cuf8L a9fpg g]kfnL sf+u|]; k|ltj45 . g]kfnL sf+u|]; d'n'sdf cfw'lgsLs/0f / csf{] r/0fsf] cf}Bf]lus/0f ug{ cu|;/ 5 . of] bf]>f] ;+lawfg ;ef d'ntM /fi6«sf] /fhg}lts d'2fsf] l5gf] kmfgf] ug{] p2]Zoaf6 aGb} 5 t klg of] ;do cfly{s / ;fdflhs ?kfGt/0fsf] nflu Pp6f cj;/ xf] eGg] dfGotf /fVb5 . g]kfnL sf+u|]; d'n'sdf cfw'lgsLsf/0f / csf{] r/0fsf] cf}Bf]lus/0f ug{ rfxG5 . lautdf cfkm"n] lnPsf cfly{s gLltx?sf] ;kmntf, c;kmntfnfO{ s]nfpb} ltgLx?af6 l;s]sf] kf7nfO{ pkof]u ub{} k'gcf}Bf]lus/0fsf] cleofg z'? ul/g]5 . g]kfn csf{] :t/sf] cf}Bf]uLs/0fsf]nflu tof/ 5 . oLg} p2]Zo / k|lta4tfnfO{ k'/f ug{ g]kfnL sf+u|];n] cfly{s ;fdflhs If]qdf lng] gLlt / sfo{qmd x?sf] emns tn k|:t't u/]sf 5f}+ .

53

jftfj/0f ;+/If0f g]kfnL sf+u|];sf] ;hutf / k|fyldstf x'g]5 . g]kfnL sf+u|]; ljsf;sf qmddf / zx/L s/0fsf qmddf pTkGg x'g] jftfj/0fLo ;d:ofjf6 dfgjnfO{ hf]ufpg], dfgjhftL / k|f0fLdfqnfO{ ;'v / ;'ljwf ;DkGg hLjg pknJw u/fpg] s'/fdf ;b}j ;hu /xg]5 . k|s[ltd}qL ljsf; g]kfnL sf+u|];sf] k|fyldstf x'g]5 .g]kfnL sf+u|]; k/lge{/tf 36fpFb} nfg] s'/fdf k|ltj4 5 . s/sf] cfwf/nfO{ lj:tf/ u/L :j]R5fn] s/ tLg{] jfgL j;flng] 5 . /fh:jsf cFGtl/s ;|f]tx¿ ;'b[9 u/L j}b]lzs ;xfotfdfly lge{/tf qmdz sd ub{} nlug]5 . /fli6«o k|fyldstfsf sfo{qmdx¿ / cfly{s k"jf{wf/ lgdf{0fdf a}b]lzs ;xof]usf] /sd pkof]u ul/g]5 .;fa{hlgs ;Dklt dfly x'g] cltqmd0f / sAhfnfO{ k"0f{ lg?T;fxL ub{} tLgLx?sf] ;+/If0f ug{] g]kfnL sf+u|]; k|lta4tf 5 . s'g} klg axfgfdf x'g] ;fa{hlgs hldg, vf]nf gfnf, ag, cflb sf] dfly sf] cltqmd0f k"0f{ lg?Tzlxt ug{] 5f}+ . o; p2]Zo k|flKtsf] nflu hldg dflysf] clwsf/ / pkof]u af/]sf] jt{dfg pkef]u gLlt, P]g sfg"gdf kl/dfh{g ug{] 5f}+ . ljBdfg ;Dklt clws/0f P]gnfO{ ;do ;fk]If agfpg] 5f}+ .g]kfnL sf+u|]; ;'zf;gsf] k|ltj4tf JoQm ub{5 . ;'zf;gsf] k|jw{g, cfly{s ck/fw tyf e|i6frf/ lgoGq0fsf nflu ;+:yfut Ifdtf ;'b[9 t'NofOg]5 . gful/s ;dfh, ;+rf/ dfWod / kqsf/x¿sf] ;d]t ;xof]u / ;xefuLtfdf ;/sf/L sfdsfhsf] ;fj{hlgs pQ/bfloTj / kf/bzL{tf ;'lglZrt ul/g]5 . g]kfnL sf+u|]; nf]stGqnfO{ cfw'lgs k|ljlwaf6 ?kfGt/0f ug{ rfxG5 . To;}n] o;af6 ljB'tLo dtbfg, ;"rgfsf] kx'Fr, gLlt lgdf{0fdf cfd gful/ssf] ;xefuLtf, kf/bzL{tf / hjfkmb]lxtf k|fKt x'G5 . g]kfnL sf+u|];n] z';f;gsf b[li6n] ;fj{hlgs ;]jf k|bfo lgsfox?nfO{ tNnf] tx;Dd zlQmsf] k"0f{ lgIf]k0f ug]{5 . :yfgLo :jfoQ zf;g P]g / lgodnfO{ cem kl/dfh{g u/L clwsf/sf] lgIf]kLs/0fnfO{ j:t'k/s / Plsg ul/g] 5 . vf;u/L hUufbtf{, gful/stf k|flKt / /fxbfgLsf] l;kmfl/; k|To]s ufp

54

ljsf; ;ldlt / gu/kfnLsfsf] j8f txdf clws[t txsf] sd{rf/Lsf] Joj:yf u/L ;]jf pknJw u/fpg] Joj:yf ldnfO{g]5 .

55

%= If]qut gLlt tyf sfo{qmdx¿%=! lghL If]q / nufgLsf] jftfj/0f

cfly{s ultljwL / /f]huf/L l;h{gfdf lghL If]qsf] e"ldsf k|d'v x'g] 5 . lghL If]qnfO{ cfly{s pGglt OlGhgsf] ?kdf ljsf; ul/g] 5 . :jR5 k|lt:kwf{ k|j4{g, k|zf;sLo ;/nLs/0f, ;+:yfut ;'zf;gsf] k|j4{g, cfjZos k"jf{wf/sf] ljsf; Pj+ cTofw'lgs k|ljlwsf] cjnDjg ug{ k|f]T;fxg ug{' g} lghL If]q ljsf; ;DjlGw gLltut ;'wf/sf] d'Vo cfwf/ x'g]5 .

aGb x8\tfn h:tf ultljwLaf6 lghL ;DklQdf Iflt k'u]df To:tf] ultljwL ug{]x?af6 cfly{s Ifltk"tL{ ug{'kg{] sfg"gL k|aGw ul/g]5 .

pBf]uL Joj;foLx?nfO{ cfly{s of]ubfg jf rGbf lbg jfWo kfg{] jf ef}lts jf dfgl;s bjfa lbg]nfO{ s8f sf/jfxL ug{] sfg"gsf] lgdf{0f u/L nfu' ul/g] 5 .

k"FhL ahf/ ljsf; u/L pBdLx¿nfO{ ahf/af6 k"FhL h'6fpg ;xh agfOg]5 . cf}Bf]lus tyf ;]jf Joj;fo ;+rfng ug{] k|lti7fgx¿df ;j{;fwf/0fsf] nufgL ug{ / k"+hL ahf/nfO{ ultzLn agfpg ;fa{hgLs z]o/ lgisfzg ug{ k|]l/t ul/g]5 .

s[lif tyf jghGo j:t'x¿sf] k|zf]wg, hnljB't pTkfbg, ko{6g k"jf{wf/sf] lgdf{0f, ;"rgf k|ljlw tyf ;]jf If]qsf] ljsf;, lgof{td'vL j:t' tyf ;]jf pTkfbgdf :jb]zL p4dL tyf nufgL stf{ ;d]tsf] ;xefuLtf k|jw{g x'g]u/L a}b]lzs nufgL leq\ofOg] 5 . a}b]lzs nufgLsf] ;'/Iffsf] k|Tofe"lt ul/g]5 .

%=@ ;xsf/L If]q ;xsf/LnfO{ nf]stflGqs cEof;, cfly{s ;d[l4 / ul/jL lgjf/0fsf]

k'/s dfWodsf] ?kdf ljsf; ul/g]5 . s[lif If]qdf ;xsf/Lsf] cxd e"ldsfnfO{ lj:tf/ ul/g] 5 . s[lif pTkfbg j[l4, s[lif pTkfbgsf] k|zf]wg tyf jhf/Ls/0f, u|fdL0f jrt kl/rfng tyf shf{ k|jfxdf ;xsf/Lsf] e"ldsf a9fOg] 5 .

kmnkm"n, lrof, dx, b'w, cn}FrL, cb'jf, df;'h:tf ls;fgx?s} ;xsf/L :jfldTjdf /xg] k|zf]wg s]G›x? :yfkgf ug{ ;/sf/n] k"hLut cg'bfg lbg] 5 .

56

u|fdL0f If]qdf s]G›Lo lu|8af6 laB't ljt/0f ug{ pkef]Qmfx?sf] ;xsf/Lx?nfO{ :yfgLo ljt/0f nfOg lgdf{0f ug{ k"+hLut cg'bfg ;xof]u ug{] lglt NofOg] 5 .

t/sf/L, kmnkm"n tyf kz'wgsf] yf]s ahf/ ;+rfng ug{ k|To]s gu/kflnsf If]qdf s[ifs k"af{wf/ lgdf{0f ul/g]5 . o;n] ls;fgx?sf] ;xsf/LnfO{ ;xof]u ug{]5 .

%=# s[lif / e"ld;'wf/ s[lifsf] pTkfbg / pTkfbsTjdf clej[l4 u/L s[lifsf] Joj;foLs/0f

ub{} s[lifdfly cfo tyf /f]huf/Lsf nflu cfl>t hg;+Vof sd ug{' s[lif ljsf;sf] d"n /0fgLlt x'g]5 .

s[lifnfO{ cfsif{s k]zfsf] ?kdf ljsf; ug{ s[lif–;xof]uL k"jf{wf/ ljsf;df ;/sf/sf] nufgL a9fOg] 5 / s[lif k|ljlwsf] oflGqsLs/0f ug{ ;xof]u k'¥ofOg]5 . s[lif k]zfdf lzlIft o'jfnfO{ cfslif{t u/L Jojzflos s[lifdf hf]8 lbO{g] 5 . s[lif If]qaf6 lj:yflkt x'g] hgzlQmnfO{ cGo pTkfbgzLn sfddf nfUg tfnLd tyf lzk clej[l4 sfo{qmd ;+rfng ul/g]5 .

;fj{hlgs, lghL, ;xsf/L ;fem]bf/Ldf cfufdL % jif{ leq sDtLdf Pp6f /f;folgs dn sf/vfgfsf] :yfkgf ul/g]5 . k|fËf/Ls dnsf] cf}Bf]lus pTkfbgsf nflu ;xsf/L ;+:yf tyf lghL If]qnfO cg';Gwfg, k|ljlw tyf cfjZostf cg';f/ k'FhLut nufgLdf ;xof]u ul/g]5 .

ljb]zdf >dzlQmsf] ?kdf sfo{ ug{ uPsf o'jfx? kms{]/ cfpbf l;k;lxt cfpg] ePsf]n] To;sf] kmfObf p7fO b]zd} Joj;fo ug{] agfpg ;fgf ls;fg ljsf; a}+s / ;xsf/Lx? dfkm{t kxn ul/g] 5 .

o'jfx?sf] j}b]lzs /f]huf/L k|ltsf] cfsif{0f / s[lifIf]qdf >d zlQm cefj x'b} uPsf] ;Gbe{df ;fgf v]tL tyf o'jf d}qL oflGqlss/0f pkof]udf hf]8 lbO k|ljlw pknAw u/fpg ;xlhs/0f ul/g] 5 .

s[lif pTkfbsTj j[l4 ug{ pGgt k|ljlw, pGgt lapaLhg, d]l;gsf] k|of]u, l;+rfO{, ahf/–:yn ljsf; / s[ifsx?nfO{ s[lif pTkfbg ahf/Ls/0f ug{ ;xof]u k'¥ofOg] 5 . s[lif pTkfbg jhf/Ls/0f ug{ k|To]s lhNnfdf afx|}df; rNg] s[lif ;8ssf] lgdf{0f cleofg rnfOg]5 .

57

k|fËfl/s v]ltnfO{ k|f]T;fxg ug{ ljleGg k|fljlws, cfly{s, ahf/sf] kxF'r / cGo ;'ljwf lbO{g 5 .

Ps ufpF Ps pTkfbg tyf Ps lhNnf Ps ljz]if sfo{qmdnfO{ hf]8 lbO{ k|To]s lhNnfdf ljz]if vfnsf] s[lif k|;f/ ;]jf lj:tf/ ul/g]5 .

s[lif cg';Gwfgdf ;fa{hlgs nufgL a9fOg] 5 / lghL If]qnfO{ klg cg';Gwfgdf nfUg pTk|]l/t ug{ kl/0ffddf cfwfl/t cg'bfg lbOg] 5 . g]kfnnfO{ pRr–kxf8L s[lif cg';Gwfgsf] cGt/fli6«o s]G›sf] ?kdf ljsf; ul/g]5 .

cfufdL kfFr jif{leqdf g]kfnnfO{ df;', df5f, b'Uw–kbfy{, kmnkm'n, dx, :ofp, Rofp, lrof, skmL, cb'jf / t/sf/Lsf] v'b lgof{t d'n'ssf] ?kdf pEofOg] 5 .

s[lif pTkfbgsf] lgof{t k|j4{g ug{ u'0f:t/ k|df0fLs/0fsf nflu sf7df08f}, lj/f6gu/, lj/u+h, e}/xjf / g]kfnu+hdf cTofw'lgs k|of]uzfnf :yfkgf ul/g]5 .

pRr–kxf8L tyf lxdfnL If]qdf :ofp, sfutL abfd, v]lt, pmg / df;'sf nflu kz'kfng cleofgsf ?kdf ;+rfng ul/g]5 .

dWo–kxf8L If]qdf skmL, lrof, cn}+rL, ;'Gtnf k|hfltsf kmnkm'n, s]/fv]tL, cb'jf, lslj kmn / ds} tyf uxF' v]tL cleofgsf ?kdf ;+rfng ul/g]5 .

vfBfGg jfnLsf] pTkfbsTj jl4 ug{] / jfnL :ofxfg{]qmddf x'g] Iflt sd ug{sfnflu k|ljlw ljsf; tyf k|;f/df hf]8 lbO{g] 5 .

;/sf/n] ls;fg ;fem]bf/Ldf k|lts'n df};d tyf Jofks /f]uJoflwsf] sf/0fn] x'g] s[lif pTkfbg Ifltsf] aLdf / kz'k+IfL kfng Joj;fosf] aLdf ul/g]5 .

e"–pkof]u P]gsf] k|efjsf/L sfof{Gjog ul/g], s[lif sfo{sf nflu tf]lsPsf] hldgdf cGo sfo{ ug{ lgif]w ub{} nlug] 5 .

g]kfnaf6 nf]k eO;s]sf t/ cGt/fli6«o hLg a}+sdf /x]sf g]kfnL :yfgLo afnLsf hftx? /fli6«o hLga}+sdf NofOg] 5 .

aLplahg e08f/0f ug{], k'gMk|of]u ug{], ;f6f;f6 ug{] nufotsf s[ifssf] clwsf/x?åf/f ;+/If0f ul/g] sfg"g NofOg] 5 .

58

cfg'j+lzs >f]tsf] Joj;flos pkof]udf :yfgLo s[ifs ;d'bfosf] xs :yflkt ul/g] sfg"g NofOg] 5 .

j}1flgs e"ld ;'wf/sf nflu e"ldsf] k/Dk/fut k|of]usf k|rng, e"ld ;'wf/ cfof]usf k|ltj]bg, a;fO{;/fO{sf] k4lt / lj1 Pj+ s[ifssf] /fo ;NnfxnfO{ k|fyldstfdf /fvL s[lifdf e"–pkof]usf] gLlt cjnDag ul/g]5 .

%=$ l;+rfO{ tyf hnfwf/ ;+/If0f g]kfnL sf+u|]; v]t–v]tdf l;+rfO{ k'¥ofpg] d"n

Wo]osf ;fy xfnsf] afx|}df; l;+rfO{ x'g] s[lifof]Uo e"ldsf] #^ k|ltzt c+znfO{ a9fP/ cfufdL kf+r jif{leqdf %) k|ltzt e"lddf jif{}e/L l;FrfO ;'lawf k'of{pg k"jf{wf/ lgdf{0f ul/g]5 .

l;+rfO{ ;'lawf k'Ug g;Sg] elg au{L{s/0f ul/Psf] gf}+ nfv x]S6/ hldgdf kflg ;+ro / lskmfotL pkof]us a}slNks cfw'lgs k|ljlw k|of]u u/L l;FrfO k'¥ofpg ljz]if sfof{Gjog ;+oGq lgdf{0f ul/g]5 .

slDtdf b'O{ j6f cGt/ hnfwf/ hn :yfgfGt/0f cfof]hgfsf] k|fljlws cWoog ;DkGg u/L sfof{Gjog k|f/De ul/g]5 / t/fOsf] ;Dk"0f{ v]tLof]Uo hldgdf afx|}df; l;+rfO{ pknJw u/fpg] u'? of]hgf th{'df / sfof{Gjog ul/g]5 . l;+rfO{ of]hgf sfof{Gjg ubf{ hn pTkGg k|sf]k Go'lgs/0f k|ljlw ;+u–;+u} sfof{Gjog ul/g]5 . g]kfne/L hnfwf/ ;+/If0fsf sfo{qmd ;+rfng ul/g]5 .

t/fO{sf] @) nfv x]S6/ hldg jfx|}df; l;+rfO{ Joj:yf ug{, glbdf t6jGwg ug{ / jg Joj:yfkg ug{ ljz]if k|fyldstfdf /fvL ;f]xL cg';f/ jh]6 tyf sfo{qmd th"{df ul/g]5 .

%=% ko{6g cfufdL b; jif{df g]kfn cfpg] afXo ko{6sx¿sf] ;+Vof @%

nfv k'¥ofpg] b[li6sf]0f lnO{ sfd ul/g]5 . ;+VofTds eGbfklg u'0ffTds j[l4df hf]8 lbO{g] 5 .

;'b"/kZlrd tyf dWoklZrd / t/fO{sf wfld{s tyf dgf]/d:ynx?df ko{6sLo k"jf{wf/ ljsf; u/L gofF ko{6sLo uGtJo ljsf;

59

ul/g]5 . gofF ko{6sLo cfsif{0fsf ?kdf v]n ko{6g, lrlsT;f ko{6g / rnlrq lgdf{0f ko{6g h:tf If]qsf] k|jw{g ul/g]5 .

ko{6g If]qnfO o'jf /f]huf/L l;h{gf / ljb]zL d'›f cfh{gsf] k|d'v ;|f]tsf] ?kdf ljsf; ug{] ;f]rsf ;fy g]kfnnfO{ cfWoflTds ko{6g, kj{tLo tyf ;fxl;s ko{6gsf] ljZj uGtAosf] ¿kdf :yflkt ug{ k"jf{wf/ ;'wf/ / lj:tf/ ul/g] 5 .

n'lDagL If]qsf ;a} wfld{s, k'/ftflTjs tyf ko{6sLo :ynx¿sf] k"jf{wf/ ljsf; / j[xt/ n'lDjlg If]q ljsf;sf nflu k|To]s jif{ cfjZos ah]6 ljlgof]hg ul/g]5 .

afudtL gbLnfO{ :jR5 agfpg'sf] ;fy} kz'klt If]qsf] k"jf{wf/ ;'wf/ / zjbfx nufotsf ;+/rgfsf sfd ;DkGg ul/g]5 .

;a} wfld{s :ynx¿nfO{ cfWoflTds ko{6gsf s]G›x¿sf] ¿kdf ljsf; ug{ “wfld{s :yn k"jf{wf/ ljsf; k|flws/0f” v8f ul/g]5 . k|flws/0fsf] sf]ifdf k|To]s jif{ g]kfn ;/sf/n] lglZrt /sd of]ubfg ug{] 5 / wfld{s :ynx¿df eQmx¿n] r9fPsf] e]6L klg ;f]xL sf]ifdf hDdf u/]/ k"jf{wf/ ljsf; ug{sf nflu vr{ ul/g]5 .

ko{6g lj:tf/sf] nflu g]kfnsf] h:t} ;:s[lt ePsf b]zx? h:t} nfcf];, sDaf]l8of, yfO{Nof08, adf{, blIf0f ef/t cflb ljz]if sfo{qmdx? ul/g] 5 . g]kfn / oL b]zx?sf] gofF jif{ dgfpg] lbg Pp6} kb{5 .

%=^ pBf]u ljutdf g]kfnL sf+u|];n] lnPsf] cf}Bf]lus/0fsf]

gLltsf] ;kmntf c;kmntfaf6 l;s]sf] kf7nfO{ k|of]u u/L k'gM cf}Bf]lus/0fsf] cleofg yflng] 5 . o; cleofg cGtu{t aGb ul/Psf k'/fgf ;/sf/L ;+:yfgx?sf] ;DklQ ;Defjgf ePsf If]q pBf]u Pj+ ;]jf h:t} ljZjljBfno, xl:k6n, tflnd s]G›sf nflu pkof]u ul/g] 5 .

cf}Bf]lus ;'/Iff, k"jf{wf/ ljsf;, lgltut :yfloTj, ;';f;g Pj+ ;/sf/ lghL If]q / dhb'/ o'lgogx? ;d]tsf] ;xdtLdf cf}Bf]lu zflGt :yfkgf u/L nufgL cfs{ifs jftfj/0f l;h{gf ul/g]5 .

cf}Bf]lus ljsf;sf] d'n p2]Zo lgof{t k|j{wg, :yfgLo sRrf kbfy{sf] pkof]u / nfebfoL /f]huf/L l;h{gf x'g]5 .

60

lghL If]qnfO{ d"No clej[l4, /f]huf/ l;h[gf, cg';Gwfg Pj+ ljsfzsf] cfwf/df cg'bfg÷k|f]T;fg lbg] Joj:yf ul/g] 5 .

lgof{t–k|jw{gsf nflu cf}Bf]lus If]qx? leq} ;'Svf aGb/ufxsf] lgdf{0f / ;+rfng ul/g]5 . k|To]s k|b]zdf sDltdf Ps cf}Bf]lus If]q tf]sL cf}Bf]lus k"jf{wf/ ljsf; ul/g]5 .

kfgL] g]kfnsf] k|d'v >f]t ePsf]n] lxdfnsf] kfgL k|zf]wg u/L vf8L d'n'sdf lgof{t ug]{ Joj:yfsf] z'?cft ul/g] 5 .

u|fdL0f :jfjnDjg sfo{qmd dfkm{t g]kfnL sf+u|];n] klxnf]rf]6L ;j} ufpF ljsf; ;ldltnfO{ ?= %),))).– -?= krf; xhf/_ cg'bfg pknJw u/fpg z'? u/]sf] / b]zsf rf/} xhf/ u|fd ljsf; ;ldltdf Ps};fy :jf:Yo pkrf}ls / lgjf{rg If]qdf :jf:Yo s]Gb| nfuot k|To]s ufpFdf af6f], ljh'nL, kfgL, lzIff, :jf:Yo ;+:yf / nufotsf k"jf{wf/ ljsf; cleofg yfn]sf] lyof] . To;nfO{ lg/Gt/tf lb+b} u/Lj;Fu ljZj]Zj/, dlxnf hfu[lt cfo cfh{g nufotsf sfo{qmdnfO{ lg/Gt/tf lbg] k|0f ub{5 / k|To]s u|fd ljsf; ;ldltnfO{ g]kfnL sf+u|]; ;/sf/n] z'? u/]sf] ;f] cg'bfg /sdnfO{ j[l4 u/L qmdzM ! s/f]8;Dd k'¥ofOg]5 .

%=& ;8s k"jf{wf/M ;a} ufpFdf afx|}df; rNg] ;8s k'¥ofpg], s[lif pTkfbgsf]

ahf/Ls/0fnfO ;xof]u ug{], a:t' 9'jfgLsf] nfut sd ug{], cf}Bf]lus/0fnfO{ lj:tf/ ug{], vfgL, hn;Dkbf h:tf k|fs[lts ;Dkbfsf] nfebfoL pkof]u ug{], ko{6g k|jw{g ug{], /fli6«o ;Ldfsf] ;'/Iff ug{] ;f]raf6 g]kfnL sf+u|];sf] ;8s ;+hfn ljsf; sfo{qmd lgb{]lzt x'g]5 .

k|To]s u|fd ljsf; ;ldlt;Dd sfnf]kq] df]6/–af6f] k'¥ofpg] bL3{sflng b[li6sf]0f lnO{ ;a} u|fd ljsf; ;ldltnfO{ hf]8\g] ;8snfO{ ;a} df};ddf rNg ;Sg] :t/sf] agfOg] 5 .

;8s ;+hfnsf] lj:tf/ / :t/f]Gglt ubf{ cfly{s s[ofsnfk :jf:Yo ;]jf, lzIff tyf cGo ;fdflhs ;]jf;Fu ;+of]hg u/L ul/g]5 .

k|To]s lhNnf ;b/d'sfd hf]8\g] ;8s nfO sfnf]kq] ul/g] 5 .

61

cufdL kfFr jif{leqdf x'nfsL /fhdfu{, dWo–kxf8L /fhdfu{, / sf7df08f}+ lghu9 b|'?tdfu{sf] lgdf{0f ;DkGg ul/g] 5 . sf7df8f}+–kf]v/f /fhdfu{nfO{ rf/–n]gsf] b|'t–dfu{df ljsf; ul/g]5 . blIf0f ef/tLo l;dfgf b]lv pQ/ lrlgofF l;dfgf;Dd hf]8\g] % j6f pQ/–blIf0f /fhdfu{ lgdf{0f ul/g]5 . o:tf /fhdfu{ Go'gtd b'O n]gsf x'g]5g . cufdL bz aif{ leqdf yk tLg j6f u/L hDdf * j6f pQ/–blIf0f /fhdfu{x? g]kfn , lrg kf/jxg dfu{s ?kdf ;+rfngdf cfpg] 5g .

s'g}kgL ljBfno jf :jf:yrf}sLsf] kx'Fr sDtLdf emf]n'Ë]k'naf6 cfwf 306fsf] b"/Ldf /flvg]5 . df]6/ rNg;Sg] :yfgdf /x]sf emf]n'+u]k'nx?nfO{ qmlds ?kdf df]6/]an k'nx¿n] lj:yfkg ub{} nlug]5 .

;j} 6'O{g / /f]kj]x?nfO{ ljsf; u/L ;'/lIft agfO{g] 5 / cfjZos :yfgdf 6'O{gx?nfO{ emf]n'Ë]k'naf6 la:tflkt ul/g]5 .

oftfoft;Fu ;DjlGwt p:t} k|s[ltsf sfd ePsf ljefu -oftfoft Joj:yf ljefu, ;8s ljefu, xjfO{ ljefu_ nfO{ Pp6} 5ftfd'gL /fVg] Joj:yf ul/g] 5 .

l8h]n / k]6«f]nsf] vktnfO{ b[li6«sf]0f u/L ef/tLo l;dfgf b]lv sf7df08f};Dd t]n cfoft ug]{ kfO{knfO{ tbf?ktfsf ;fy lgdf{0f ul/g] 5 .

%=* xjfO{–oftfoft cfufdL kfFr aif{ leqdf bf];|f] cGt/fli6«o ladfg:yn /

la/f6gu/, kf]v/f, hgsk'/, e}/xjf, g]kfnu~h / wgu9Ldf blIf0f PlzofnL d'n's leq p8fg eg{ ;Sg] If]qLo ljdfg:yn lgdf{0f ;DkGg ul/g]5 . sf7df8f}+ l:yt cGt/fi6«l/o ljdfg:yndf bf];|f] wfjgdfu{ lgdf{0f / 6ld{gnsf] cfw'lgsLs/0f tyf Ifdtf lj:tf/ ul/g]5 .

ko{6g k|jw{g, las6 lxdfnL tyf kxf8L If]qdf kx"Fr lj:tf/ / /fli6«o ;'/Iff ;'lglZrt ug{] b[li6sf]0fsf ;fy g]kfnL sf+u|];n] xjfO{ oftfoft ljsf; sfo{qmd ;+rfng ug{]5 .

cfufdL kfFr aif{leqdf sf7df8f}+ pkTosfsf] nflu a}slNks cfGtl/s ladfg:yn lgdf{0f ;DkGg ul/g]5 . cfufdL kfFr

62

aif{ leqdf g]kfne/Lsf ;a} ljdfg:ynx?sf] wfjgdfu{ sfnf]kq] ul/g]5 .

;j} ljdfg:yn Joj:yfkgdf cfw'lgs Joj:yfksLo z}nLsf] k|of]u ul/g]5 .

g]kfn jfo';]jf lgudnfO{ Jojl:yt ul/g]5 . %=( /]ndfu{

cfGtl/s Jofkf/sf] nfut sd ug{], g]kfnnfO{ ef/t / rLgaLrsf] kf/jxgk'nsf] ?kdf ljsf; ug{] / a9L dfgjLo cfjudg x'g] ef}uf]lns If]q tyf zx/df b|'tultsf] df; 6«fG;kf]6{sf] Joj:yf ug{] ;f]+raf6 /]ndfu{ ljsf; sfo{qmd lgb{]lzt x'g]5 .

/]ndfu{ lgdf{0fsf] sfd k|fy{ldstfsf ;fy z'¿ u/L cfufdL kfFr aif{leqdf k"j{–kZlrd /]ndfu{sf] sDtLdf Ps rf}yfO{ lgdf{0f ;DkGg ul/g]5 . lrlgofF l;dfgfb]lv sf7df8f}+ pkTosf x'b} blIf0f ef/tLo ;Ldfgf;Ddsf] /]ndfu{ cfufdL bz aif{leq lgdf{0f ;DkGg ug{] sfo{of]hgfsf ;fy sfd ul/g]5 . t/fO{–sf7df8f}+ hf]8\g] /]ndfu{sf] lgdf{0f ;'? ul/g]5 .

%=!) hndfu{ g]kfnsf 7"nf gbLx? x'Fb} ef/tsf u+uf gbL nufotsf

gbLx? x'Fb} ;d'b|;Dd hndfu{sf] ;Defjgf / ljsf;nfO{ cl3 j9fO{g] 5 .

%=!! phf{ cfufdL # jif{ leq g]kfndf nf]8 ;]l8ªsf] cGt ul/g] 5 . cufdL @ aif{ leq cf}Bf]lus If]q tyf sl/8/x¿ / /fhwfgL

If]qnfO{ nf]8;f]l8ª d'Qm u/fOg] 5 . ;j} bnx¿;Fu ;dGjo u/L /fli6«o phf{ ;'/Iff gLlt tof/ ul/g]5 . ;a} k|sf/sf gljs/0fLo phf{sf ;|

f]]tx¿nfO{ cfjZos ;xof]u ;lxt k|aGwg ul/g]5 . pRr–ef]N6]h Ifdtsf slDtdf tLgj6f cGt/b]zLo k|;f/0f nfOg

lgdf{0f ;DkGg ul/g]5 . cfufdL kfFr aif{ leqdf s0ff{nL, u08sL / sf]zL sl/8/df pRr–ef]N6]h Ifdtfsf k|;f/0f nfOg

63

lgdf{0f ;DkGg ul/g]5 . d'n'ssf ;a} u|fd ljsf; ;ldltdf /fli6«o k|;f/0f lu|8 k'¥ofpg] u/L sfo{qmd ;+rfng ul/g]5 .

nufgL jf]8{nfO{ 7"nf cfof]hgfx¿df lghL If]qsf] nufgL k|efjsf/L ¿kdf kl/rflnt ug{ cfjZos Ifdtf a[l4 ul/g] 5 .

xfn lgdf{0ffwLg dflyNnf] tfdfsf]zL, klZrd ;]tL, c?0f t];|f], dflyNnf] s0ff{nL, dflyNnf] ;]tL nufotsf 7"nf, demf}nf,/ ;fgf of]hgfnfO{ b|'t ultdf ;DkGg ul/g]5 .

cfufdL kfFr aif{leqdf s'n %,))) d]ufjf6 hnlaB't pTkfbg ul/g]5 .

hn laB't cfof]hgf :jLs[t u/fP/ cf]u6L dfq /xg]nfO{ s8f sfaf{xL ug{] gLlt lnOg]5 .

cfufdL $ jif{ leq ;j} g]kfnL kl/jf/nfO{ ;'ky d"Nodf k|b'if0f d'Qm cfw'lgs phf{ pknAw u/fpg]5 .

cfGtl/s dfueGbf a9L phf{ pTkfbg u/L phf{ lgof{tnfO{ a}b]lzs d'›f cfh{gsf] ;|f]t agfpg], pknJw hn;Dkbfsf] ax'p2]zLo pkof]usf ;fy hnljB't pTkfbg ug{], j}slNks gljs/0fLo phf{sf ;a} ;|f]tsf] pkof]u ug{], phf{ cfoftdf sdL Nofpg] / ;dli6ut ¿kdf phf{ ;'/Iff xfl;n ug{] p2]Zosf ;fy g]kfnL sf+u|];n] gLlt tyf sfo{qmd jgfpg]5 .

k|To]s ljkGg g]kfnL kl/jf/nfO{ 3/fo;L k|of]hgsf nflu b}lgs Ps o'lg6 ljB't lgMz'Ns pknAw u/fpg] b[li6sf]0f lnO{ phf{ ljsf; sfo{qmd ;+rfng ul/g]5 .

3/fo;L OGwgsf] k|d'v ;|f]tsf] ¿kdf bfp/f, u'OF7f k|of]u ug{] 3/w'/L ;+Vof k|To]s aif{ lglZrt k|ltztn] sd ub}{ nlug]5 .

;fj{hlgs–lghL ;fem]bf/Ldf ;f}o{ phf{ / jfo'–phf{pTkfbgdf ljz]if hf]8 lbOg] 5 .

ufO{ e}+;L kfngnfO{ k|f]T;fxg u/L ;f]sf] dnjf6 jfof]UofF; pTkfbg u/L ljh'nLdf kl/0ft u/L /fli6«o lu|8df hf]8\g] sfo{qmdx¿ z'¿ u/fpg] .

%=!@ :jf:Yo æ;a}nfO{ e/kbf]{, u'0f:t/Lo / ;'ne :jf:y ;]jfÆ eGg] d"n

nIosf ;fy g]kfnL sf+u|];sf] :jf:Yo If]qsf sfo{qmd ;+rflnt

64

x'g]5g\ . g]kfnsf] e"efuleq a;f]jf; ug]{ s'g}klg g]kfnLsf] pkrf/

x'g;Sg] /f]un] csfndf d[To'o' gxf];\ eGg] :jf:Yo gLltsf] d"n nIo x'g]5 .

;dtfd"ns, ;fdflhs ¿kdf kf/bzL{ / hjfkmb]xL tyf ljZjAofkL ¿kdf cAan :jf:Yo ;]jf hgtfnfO{ /fHodfkm{t k|bfg ug{] xfd|f] p2]Zo 5 . cfjlws ljsf; of]hgf, bL3{sfnLg :jf:Yo of]hgf, /fli6«o :jf:Yo k|ltj]bg, ;'/lIft dft[Tj÷k|hgg :jf:Yo gLlt :jf:Yo ;]jfnfO{ lgb{]lzt ug{] k|d'v gLltx¿ x'g]5g\ .

lrlsT;f k"jf{wf/ ljsf;sf ;a} pk:jf:Yo rf}sL :jf:Yo rf}sLdf kl/0ft ug{ cfjZos hgzlQm / k"jf{wf/sf] ljsf; u/Lg]5 . ;a} k|fylds :jf:Yo ;]jf s]G›x¿ !% z}ofsf c:ktfndf kl/0ft u/Lg]5 . ;a} uf=lj=;= sf ;a} j8fx¿df ;'/lIft dft[Tj tyf lzz' :jf:Yo pkrf/sf] nflu :yfgLo dlxnfx¿nfO{ cgdL tflndsf] Joj:yf ul/g]5 . ;b/d'sfd l:yt !% z}ofsf c:ktfnx¿ hg;+Vof / cfjZostf x]/L @% b]lv %) z}ofdf kl/0ft ul/g]5 . c~rn tyf If]qLo c:ktfnx¿ hg;+Vofsf] cfwf/df !%) b]lv #)) z}ofdf kl/0ft ul/g]5 .

k|To]s c~rn / ljsf; If]qdf 5'§} dlxnf tyf afn c:ktfnsf] :yfkgf ul/g]5 . Ho]i7 gful/sx¿sf] ljlzi6 pkrf/ ;]jf k|bfg ug{] blIf0f–Pl;ofnL d'n'ss} Pp6f gd'gfsf] ¿kdf cfw'lgs c:ktfn lgdf{0f ul/g]5 . lqe'jg lzIf0f c:ktfndf cTofjZos ;'/Iff k|aGw ;lxtsf] cTofw'lgs cltljlzi6JolQm pkrf/ sIf ljsf; ug{ ;/sf/L nufgL a9fOg] 5 / /fi6«k|d'v tyf cltljlzi6 JolQmnfO{ ;/sf/L vr{df ljb]zdf pkrf/ ug{ k7fpg'kg{] kl/kf6Lsf] cGTo ul/g]5 .

;'b"/klZrd -cQl/of_ / k"jf{~rn -rf/cfnL_ df ca{"b–/f]u, d'6' tyf Zjf;k|Zjf; /f]u / d[uf}nfsf pkrf/sf nflu ;a} cTofw'lgs ;'ljwf;lxtsf] c:ktfn :yfkgf ul/g]5 .

u}/;/sf/L If]qnfO{ ;]jf k|bfossf ¿kdf ;dfj]; ug{ cfufdL % jif{df !) lhNnfdf kfOn6 sfo{qmd ;~rfng ul/g]5 .

;/sf/L 5fqj[lQ jf cGo ;xof]uaf6 lzIff k|fKt u/]sf lrlsT;sx¿nfO{ u|fdL0f If]qdf k7fpg] ljlw / k|s[ofnfO{ cfsif{s / k|efjsf/L jgfOg] 5 .

65

ljutdf g]kfnL sf+u|];sf] ;/sf/sf kfnfdf k|To]s ufpF ljsf;df Ps :jf:Yo ;+:yf /fVg] gLlt cg'¿k g]kfnsf ;a} u|fd ljsf; ;ldlt;x¿df :jf:Yo ;+:yfsf] :yfkgf ePsf] 5 . ca k|To]s j8fdf :yfgLo dlxnfx¿nfO{ cgdLsf] tflnd lbP/ cfˆg} j8fdf tnaL :jo+d ;]jssf] ¿kdf sfo{/t u/fpg] gLlt tyf sfo{qmd NofOg] 5 .

k|To]s g]kfnL gful/ssf] :jf:Yo aLdf ;'lglZrt ug]{ u/L sfo{qmd ;~rfng ul/g]5 .

dft[d[To'o'b/ / afnd[To'o'b/ Go"gLs/0f ug{ cfjZos ;+oGq lgdf{0f u/L To;sf] k|efjsf/L sfo{Gjog ul/g]5 .

;fd'bflos c:ktfnx¿sf] lrlsT;f k"jf{wf/ ;'b[9Ls/0f ug{ eG;f/ 5'6 ;lxt ;x'lnot Jofhdf a}lsË shf{ pknAw x'g] Joj:yf ul/g]5 .

lghL If]qnfO{ cGt//fli6«o:t/sf] lrlsT;f ;]jf k|bfg ug{ ;Ifd t'NofO{ g]kfnnfO{ ljlzi6 lrlsT;f ko{6gsf] uGtJo agfpg 6]jf k'¥offOg] 5 / lghL c:ktfn tyf lrlsT;f s]G›x¿sf] u'0f:t/ dfkb08 tf]ls nfu" ul/g]5 .

%=!# vfg]kfgL tyf ;/;kmfO{ ;a}sf nflu :j:ys/ vfg]kfgL z'lglZrt ug{ cufdL kfFr

jif{leqdf ;a} dfgj j:tLx¿df ;'/lIft vfg]kfgL k'¥ofOg] 5 . vfg]kfgLsf d'xfgx¿sf] ;+/If0f / vfg]kfgLsf] u'0f:t/ sfod ug{ ;/;kmfO{ sfo{qmd lgb{]lzt x'g]5g .

k|To]s 3/df zf}rfno lgdf{0fsf] ;fdflhs cleofg rnfOg] 5 / ljkGg ju{sf kl/jf/x¿nfO{ nlIft u/L zf}rfno lgdf{0f ug{ cg'bfg lbOg]5 .

cufdL kfFr jif{leqdf cf;{]lgso'Qm kfgLsf ;|f]tx¿dflysf] lge{/tf ;dfKt ul/g]5 .

cJojl:yt a;f]af;sf sf/0f x'g] vfg]kfgL tyf ;/;kmfO{sf] ;d:of cGt ul/g]5 .

k|To]s gu/kflnsfdf vfg]kfgL jf]8{ jgfO{ ;f]xL cg'¿k vfg]kfgLsf] Joj:yf ul/g]5 .

%=!$ lzIff

66

;a}nfO{ u'0f:t/Lo lzIffsf] d"n gf/fsf ;fy bIf, pBdzLn / ;';+:s[t gful/s pTkfbg ug{ ;Ifd lzIff k|0ffnL ljsf; ul/g]5 .

k|fylds lzIfftxdf 5fq / 5fqfaLrsf] c;dfg cg'kftnfO{ cGt ul/g]5 .

dfWolds lzIff;Dd xfn b]lvPsf] lje]b tyf å}w k|s[ltsf] lzIff k|0ffnL cGTo ug{ ;fd'bflos ljBfnox¿sf] z}lIfs u'0f:t/df cfd"n ;'wf/ ul/g]5 . ;fd'bflos ljBfnosf lzIfsnfO{ kl/0ffdd'vL / pQ/bfoL t'Nofpg] sfo{qmd sfof{Gjog ug{'sf ;fy} ljBfnox¿df k':tsfno, OG6/g]6, k|of]uzfnfsf] k|aGw ul/g]5 / cltl/Qm lqmofsnfk ;DaGwL k"jf{wf/ lgdf{0fdf nufgL a9fOg] 5 .

pRr–dfWolds tx;Ddsf] lzIff k"0f{ lgz'Ns, clgjf{o, u'0f:t/Lo Pjd ;j{;'ne u/fOg]5 .

nf]stGq, zflGt, dfgjclwsf/ / clx+;f h:tf cjwf/0ffnfO{ ljBfno:t/sf] z}lIfs kf7\os|ddf ;dfj]z ul/g]5 .

lghL If]qn] d'n'ssf] ljBfno lzIffsf] u'0f:t/ ;'wfg{ k'¥ofPsf] of]ubfgsf] sb/ / pRr d"Nof+sg ub} lghL If]qsf] ;'/Iffsf] k"0f{ k|Tofe"lt ul/g]5 . ;fy} lghL If]qnfO{ ljkGg tyf jl~rtLs/0fdf k/]sf ju{k|lt ;fdflhs pQ/bfloTj b]vfpg pTk|]l/t ul/g]5 .

;fd'bflos ljBfno / ljZjljBfnox¿nfO{ ;/sf/L cg'bfgsf cltl/Qm cfˆgf] k"j{ ljBfyL{x¿ tyf z'elrGtsx¿af6 ;|f]t kl/rfngug{ pTk|]l/t ul/g]5 . k|To]s z}lIfs k|lti7fgn] k|To]s jif{ ;|f]t kl/rfng ;Ktfx cfof]hgf ug{ pTk|]l/t ul/g]5 .

ljBfnonfO{ zflGtIf]q 3f]if0ff ul/g]5 . g]kfnsf] pRr lzIffnfO{ cg';GwfgfTds Pj+

cGt/f{li6«o:t/sf] agfpg] sfo{df g]kfnL sfFu|]; ;lqmo /xg]5 .

k|To]s lhNnfdf /f]huf/d"ns tyf :jBd k|jw{g ug{] k|fljlws lzIffnosf] Joj:yf u/L k|j]lzsf k/LIff pQL0f{ ug{ g;s]sf o'jfnfO{ /f]huf/d'vL k|fljlws lzIff tyf tflnd lbOg]5 . k|fljlws tyf Joj;flos tflndnfO{ Jofkstf lbO{g]5 . lghL If]qnfO{ /f]huf/d'vL k|fljlws lzIffno vf]Ng k|f]T;fxg ul/g]5 . clt b'u{d If]qdf ;d'blos ljBfnox¿nfO cfjf;Lo ljBfnosf ¿kdf ¿kfGt/0f ul/g]5 .

67

pRr–dfWolds tx;Dd s'g} klg ljBfyL{nfO{ /fhgLlts ;+u7gsf] ;b:otf k|bfg gug{ cfjZos sbd cufl8 a9fOg] 5 . To;afx]s clxn]sf] ljBfno lzIff /fhgLltu|:t ePsf] oyfy{nfO{ a'‰b} ljBfno lzIfsx¿nfO{ 5nkmndfkm{t bnut /fhgLlteGbf dfly p7fP/ sfd ug{ k|f]T;fxg ul/g] 5 .

:gfts plt{0f u/]sf ljBfyL{x¿nfO{ z}lIfs k|df0fkqsf cfwf/df z}lIfs C0f pknAw u/fOg]5 .

;a} k|b]zdf slDtdf Pp6f ljZjljBfno :yfkgf ul/g]5 . laleGg sf/0fn] o'jf cj:yfdf cfwf/e"t lzIff lng gkfPsfnfO{ ;d]t nlIft ub{} v'nf ljZjljBfnosf] k|aGw ul/g]5 . ;fd'bflos tyf lghL If]qdf ljZjljBfno :yfkgf ;xh t'Nofpg ljZjljBfno ;DjlGw 5ftf P]g NofOg]5 . u'0f:t/ ;'lglZrt ug{sf nflu ;DjGwg lbg] k|s[ofnfO{ Jojl:yt ul/g] 5 .

;a} lhNnf ;b/d'sfddf Pp6f lhNnf:t/Lo ;fd'bflos k':tsfno agfOg] 5 / 3'DtL k':tsfnosf] Joj:yf ul/g] 5 .

ljBfnosf] k|fylds txb]lv g} g]kfnLx¿sf] aLr k|rngdf /x]sf ljleGg hft hflt / efiffefifL d"t{, cd"t{ ;+:s[lts ;Dkbfx¿sf] ;+/If0f / ;Daw{g ;DalGw lzIffnfO{ clgjfo{ ul/g]5 .

blnt kl/jf/sf o'jtLnfO{ g]kfn leq} lrlsT;fzf:q tyf O{l~hlgol/Ë ljwfdf cWoog ug{ cfjZos k"0f{ 5fqj[lQsf] Joj:yf ul/g] 5 . ljkGg kl/jf/sf o'jtLx¿nfO{ k|lt:kwf{sf] cfwf/df k|To]s aif{ lglZrt ;+Vofdf lrlsT;fzf:q tyf O{l~hlgol/Ë ljwfdf cWoog ug{ k"0f{ 5fqa[lQ k|bfg ug{] Joj:yf ul/g]5 .

lzIff If]qdf s'n ;fj{hlgs vr{sf] @) k|ltzt k'¥ofpg] gLlt lnOg] 5 .

k|fl1s If]qsf] ljsf;sf] nflu cg';Gwfgdf laz]if nufgL ul/g] 5 .

pRr lzIff cWoogdf /lxcfPsf] lzIf0f / k/LIf0f ljlwsf] ;}4flGts ar{:jnfO{ Gol"gs/0f ub{} ^) k|ltzt ;}4flGts / $) k|ltzt k|of]ufTds d"Nof+sg ljlw cjnDag ul/g]5 .

zf}rfnosf] cefj, ;'/Iffsf] cefj, oftfoftsf] cefjaf6 5fqfx¿sf] cWoogdf c;/ kg{ glbg ljz]if Joj:yf ul/g]5 .

68

%=!% :j:y, ;'/lIft cfjf; g]kfnsf k|foM blnt ljkGg ju{sf hgtf c:j:y / c;'/lIft j:tLdf

vt/fk"0f{ hLjg ofkg ul//x]sf5g . lxdfn–kxf8df klx/f]x?df k/L csfn d[To'o' Joxf]g]{, dw];–t/fO{df c:j:ys/ / 8'jfg If]qsf j;f]jf;df hf8f] / udL{ b'j}n] u/LjnfO{ csfn d[To'o'df k'¥ofpg] ul//x]sf] 5 . g]kfnL sf+u|]; of] l:yltsf] cGTo ug{ c/jf}+ nufgLsf ;fy ;'/lIft / :j:y j:tLx?sf] lgdf{0f u/fO{ kGw|jif{ leqdf ;Dk"0f{ u|fdL0f ljkGg hgtfnfO{ ;'/lIft hLjg k|bfg ug]{ of]hgf tTsfn cufl8 j9fpg ;+sNk/t 5 .

%=!^ lj1fg, k|ljlw, cg';Gwfg tyf ljsf; lj1fg tyf k|ljlwsf] ljsf; g]kfnL k/Dk/fut k|ljlwsf]

cfw'lgsLs/0f tyf pknAw cfly{s ;|f]tx¿sf] pRrtd pkof]u u/L cGt/f{li6o ¿kdf k|lt:kwL{ x'g cg';Gwfg tyf ljsf;df hf]8 lbO{g]5 .

lj1fg tyf k|ljlwnfO{ /fi6«nfO{ cfTdlge{/ / ljsf; sfo{df pkof]uL agfpg] /0fgLlt, of]hgf Pj+ sfo{qmdnfO{ pRr k|fyldstfdf /flvg]5 .

s[lif k|ljlw, vfB k|zf]wg, ;"rgf k|ljlw, cf}Bf]lus k|ljlw, cy{zf:q, ;dfh lj1fg, ;fdl/s lj1fg, hnjfo' kl/jt{gsf] c;/ Go"lgs/0f, kof{j/0fLo tyf h}ljs ljljwtfsf] ;+/If0f h:tf ljifodf :jb]zL cg';Gwfg Ifdtf lj:tf/ ug{ k|To]s jif{ s"n ufx{:y pTkfbgsf] Ps k|ltzt a/fa/sf] ah]6 /sd vr{ gLlt g]kfnL sf+u|];n] cËLsf/ ug{]5 .

x/]s lhNnfdf lj1fg s]G›x¿sf] :yfkgf u/]/ :yfgLo hgtfdf lj1fg tyf k|ljlwsf] dxTj / ljZjdf ljsl;t x'Fb} cfPsf gjLgtd k|ljlwx¿sf] hfgsf/L k|bfg ul/g]5 . /fli6«o ;/f]sf/sf] ljifodf cGt/f{li6«o:t/sf] cWoog cg';Gwfg ug{] :jfoQ pTs[i6tf s]G›x¿sf] :yfkgf ul/g]5 .

/fli6«o dxTjsf ljifodf ;+nUg cw{;/sf/L Pj+ lghL cg';Gwfg s]G›x¿nfO{ cg';Gwfg / ljsf;df nufgL ug{ s/ 5'6sf] Joj:yf u/]/ o:tf lgsfonfO{ ljb]zL cg';Gwfg s]G›x¿;Fu ;xsfo{ ug{ /fHon] cfjZos ;xof]u ug{]5 .

69

gofF j}1flgs Pj+ k|fljlws lgsfox¿sf] :yfkgf ug{] sfddf cGt/f{li6«o lj1fg kl/ifb\h:tf cGt/f{li6«o ;+:yfx¿sf] ;xof]u lnOg]5 .

g]kfn ;/sf/nfO{ lj1fg k|ljlw ;DaGwL laifodf ;'emfj, ;Nnfx lbg] ;+oGqsf] ljsf; ul/g]5 . o; sfo{sf] k|of]hgsf nflu k|1f k|lti7fg, ljZjljBfno Pj+ cGo u}/;/sf/L Pj+ lghL ;+:yfx¿df sfo{/t ljz]if1x¿sf] :yfoL Pj+ c:yfoL ;ldltx¿ agfOg]5 .

/fli6«o cfjZostfnfO{ Wofgdf /fv]/ g]kfnsf ljZjljBfnox¿df lj1fg tyf k|ljlw;DjlGwt ljBfjfl/lw sfo{qmdnfO{ agfO{g] 5 . o;sf nflu ljBfyL{ tyf k|fWofksx¿nfO{ cfslif{t ug{] clg pgLx¿sf] dgf]an a9fpg] sfo{qmdx¿ NofOg]5 .

ljb]zdf sfo{/t g]kfnL d"nsf ljlzi7tf xfl;n u/]sf j}1flgs / k|fljlwsx¿nfO{ /fi6«sf] j}1flgs ;Nnfxsf/ ;ldltdf ;dflji6 ug{'sf ;fy} pgLx¿nfO{ d'n'sdf gofF j}1flgs ;+:yfx¿sf] :yfkgf / sfo{qmdx¿ l;h{gf ug{ cfjZos ;x'lnot lb+b} clek|]l/t ul/g]5 .

%=!& ;"rgf tyf ;~rf/ k|ljlw ;"rgf tyf ;+rf/sf] ljsf;nfO{ /fi6«sf] ;du| ljsf;df k"0f{ ¿kdf

k|of]udf Nofpg] g]kfnL sf+u|];sf] gLlt /xg]5 . o;n] ljutdf lnPsf lghL If]qnfO{ v'nf ug{] gLltn] ;"rgf ;+rf/sf] If]qdf qmflGt NofPsf] 5 . o;nfO{ lg/Gt/tf lbg] / o;sf] u'0ffTds ljsf;df hf]8 lbO{g] 5 .

gljgtd k|lalw canDag u/L u'0f:t/Lo ;]jf pknAw u/fpg, ;]jf k|jfxnfO{ k"0f{ k|lt:k|wL{ agfpg] u/L lghL If]qnfO{ ;xefuL u/fpg cGt/f{li6«o clt pQd k|rng adf]lhd ;du|df ;"rgf tyf ;~rf/ If]q / laz]if u/L b"/;~rf/ If]qsf] gLltut, sfg"gL / ;+/rgfut Joa:yfdf lg/Gt/ ;'wf/ ul/g]5 .

j[xt ljB'tLo ;'zf;g -O{–ueg]{G;_ d"n of]hgf cGtu{t cTofw'lgs ;"rgf tyf ;+rf/ k|ljlwsf] Jofks Pj+ /0fgLlts pkof]u dfkm{t ljBdfg hg k|zf;g ;+:yfsf] cfw'lgsLs/0fsf ;fy} ;'zf;g :tDenfO{ ;'b[9 ub}{ ;fj{hlgs ;]jf k|jfxdf ;dfj]zL kFx'r ;'lglZrt ug{ ;"rgf tyf ;+rf/ k|ljlwdf cfwfl/t ljz]if sfo{of]hgf th'{df u/L nfu' ul/g]5 .

70

;+o'Qm /fi6«;+3, cGt/fli6«o b"/;~rf/ ;+3, Pl;of Kof;]lkms 6]lnsDo'lgl6, ;fs{ h:tf g]kfn ;b:o /fi6« ePsf cGt/f{li6«o tyf If]qLo ;+3 ;+u7gx¿af6 o; If]qdf to ul/Psf ljsf; cjwf/0ffx¿sf] sfof{Gjog ug{], ljsf; ;"rsf+sx¿ k|fKt ug{sf nflu ;doa4 sfo{ of]hgf tof/ u/L sfof{Gjog ug{] Aoa:yf ldnfOg]5 .

a|8Aof08sf] kx'Fr / k|of]unfO{ Aofks agfpg a|8Aof08 k"jf{wf/sf] ljsf; / la:tf/ ug{], g]kfnnfO{ ;"rgf ;dfhdf ljsf; ug{] u/L a|8Aof08 PlKns];g / sG6]G6sf] lgdf{0f ug{] u/L lghL;fj{hlgs ;fem]bf/L tyf ax'–;/f]sf/jfnfx¿aLr ;fem]bf/Ldf hf]8 lbOg]5 . b"/;~rf/ If]qdf Plss[t cg'dltkq nfu" ul/g]5 .

;/sf/n] u|fld0f b"/;~rf/ ljsf; sf]ifsf] kl/rfng u/L lghL If]qsf] ;fem]bf/Ldf k"jf{wf/ ljsf; ug{]5 . tf/ /lxt k|ljlw k|of]usf] nflu cfjZos kg{] lk|mSj]lG;sf] laz]if Aoa:yf ug{]5

d'n'se/sf dfWolds :t/sf ljBfnox¿df sDKo'6/ lzIff k|bfg ug{'sf ;fy} ;"rgf ;~rf/ k|ljlwsf] k|efjsf/L pkof]uåf/f ;du| lzIff If]qsf] u'0f:t/ clej[l4sf] ljz]if /0fgLlt th{'df u/L nfu' ul/g]5 .

ljB'tLo dfWodaf6 :jf:Yo, lzIff, Aofkf/ h:tf ;]jf, ;'lawf k|jfx ug]{ u/L PlKns]zg / sG6]G6 lasf; ug{ lghL ;fa{hlgs ;f´]bf/Lsf ;fy} ax';/f]sf/jfnf ;f´]bf/L cGt/ut If]qLo :t/df ;]jf s]Gb|x¿sf] :yfkgf ul/g]5 .

If]qLo / cGt/f{li6«o k|flalws / laQLo ;xfotf /0fgLlt tof/ ul/g]5 .

g]kfn ;/sf/åf/f xfn ;+rflnt ljB'tLo ;'zf;g kl/of]hgfnfO{ k|efjsf/L 9+un] ;+rfng ug{ cfjZos gLltut ;'wf/x¿ sfof{Gjog ul/g]5 .

nlIft ju{;Dd ;]jf P+jd ;+;fwg k|jfxsf] k|efjsfl/tf ;'lglZrt ug{ /fli6«o kl/rokq sfo{j|mdnfO{ b]zJofkL ¿kdf lj:tf/ ul/g]5 . o; cg'¿k ;+g\ @)!& ;Dd b]ze/L ;f] sfo{j|md nfu' ul/g]5 .

a9\bf] o'jf a]/f]huf/Lsf] r'gf}tL ;fdgf ug{ ljZjJofkL ¿kdf clej[l4 e}/x]sf] ;]jfhGo pBf]u4f/f l;lh{t cj;/x¿sf] e/k'/

71

pkof]u ug{ 1fg tyf ;"rgf ;~rf/ k|ljlwdf cfwfl/t a:t' Pj+ ;]jfIf]qsf] k|lt:kwf{df Ifdtf k|j4{g ug{ ljz]if gLlt Pj+ ;+/rgfut Joj:yf ub}{ cufdL !) jif{leq ;f] If]qsf] ljz]if u|fx:y b]g # k|ltzt k'¥ofpg] nIo lnOg] 5 .

%=!* cfd ;+rf/ / kqsfl/tf nf]stGqsf] /Iff, ;fj{hlgs pQ/bfloTjsf] k|j4{g, cfd

gful/snfO{ ;To–tYosf] hfgsf/L u/fpg], ;dfhdf c;n ljrf/ k|jfx u/fpg] / cfd ¿kdf r]tgfsf] :t/ a9fpg] sfddf cfd ;~rf/ / kqsfl/tfsf] cxd e"ldsf /xG5 eGg] g]kfnL sf+u|];sf] wf/0ff 5 . g]kfnL sf+u|]; cfd;~rf/ / kqsfl/tfsf] ljsf; / ;+/If0fsf nflu k|ltj4 5 .

cfd;+rf/sf dfWodx¿nfO{ :jtGq, lgikIf, eod'Qm /xg cfjZos ;a} k|sf/sf] ;'/Iff lbg g]kfnL sf+u|]; sl6j4 5 . kqsf/x¿sf] k]zfut ;'/Iff, Go"gtd kfl/>ldssf] k|Tofe"lt / j[lQ ljsf; h:tf ljifodf kqsf/x¿;Fus} k/fdz{df ;d;fdlos gLlt tyf sfo{qmdx¿ g]kfnL sf+u|];n] nfu" ug{]5 .

cg';Gwfg / cWoogsf] nflu k|To]s lhNnfdf ldl8of ;|f]t s]Gb| / k':tsfnosf] Joj:yf ul/g]5 .

cgnfO{g ldl8ofnfO{ Jojl:yt / k|efjsf/L agfpg cgnfO{g gLlt th'{df ul/g]5 .

%=!( vfB tyf kf]if0f ;'/Iff s'g}klg g]kfnL gful/s ef]s} dg{' x'Fb}g / k|To]s

gful/sn] Go"gtd kf]if0f ;'/Iff kfpg' k5{ eGg] g]kfnL sf+u|];sf] c8fg 5 .

k|To]s g]kfnLsf] qmozlQm a9fP/ cfˆgf] / cfˆgf] kl/jf/sf] vfB tyf kf]if0f ;'/Iff ug{ ;Ifd t'Nofpg /f]huf/L a[l4 ug{] g]kfnL sf+u|];sf] bL3{sfnLg nIo /xG5 . t/ ;+s6df k/]sf / cToGt ljkGg kl/jf/x¿nfO{ nlIft ¿kdf lgMz'Ns jf ;x'lnot b/df vfBfGg pknAw u/fpg] sfo{qmd g]kfnL sf+u|];n] ;+rfng ug{]5 .

ljkGg ju{sf] vfB ;'/Iffsf] k|Tofe"lt lbg] u/L vfB ;'/Iff clwsf/ P]g th{'df ul/g]5 . vfBfGg 9'jfgLsf] cg'bfg a[l4 ul/g] ah]6 kfl/t ePsf] Ps dlxgfleq ;DalGwt lhNnfsf] vfB ;

72

+:yfg zfvfn] cg'bfg k|fKt ul/;Sg] / b'O{ dlxgfleq 9'jfgLsf] 6]08/ eO;Sg] sfg"gL k|aGw ul/g] 5 . 9'jfgL ug{] 7]s]bf/sf] l9nf;':tLsf] dfkg ug{ ;'rfÍsf] ljsf; ul/g] 5 .

k|To]s lhNnfdf slDtdf Pp6f vfB e08f/ -uf]bfd_ sf] Joj:yf ul/g] 5 . :yfgLo kf}li6s t/ ckx]lnt afnLx¿df cfwfl/t vfBj:t'sf] ljsf; / k|a4{g ug]{ sfo{qmd NofOg] 5 . b'u{d lhNnfdf v]tL ul/g] afnLx¿df kf}li6stf / pTkfbsTj a9fP/ pko'Qm hftsf] afnL ljsf; ul/g] 5 .

%= @) lgodg tyf pkef]Qmf lxt ;+/If0f pbf/jfbL ahf/d'vL cy{tGqsf] sdhf]/ kIfx¿nfO{ ;dod}

lgoGq0f ul/Pg eg] ;dfhjfbL Joj:yfdf k'Ug] g]kfnL sf+u|];sf] nIo xfl;n x'g ;Sb}g eGg] s'/fdf xfdL ;r]t 5f}+ . ahf/df ;w} g} :jR5 k|lt:kwf{ x'b}g . cfd pkef]Qmf eGbf ;+ul7t ahf/ alnof] x'G5 . To;}n] ;/sf/sf] lgodgsf/L Ifdtf alnof] x'g' cfjZos 5 .

a}+s tyf ljQLo If]q, aLdf, k'+hL ahf/, vfB u'0f:t/, gfktf}nsf If]qdf xfn e}/x]sf] lgodgnfO{ cem} k|efjsf/L agfpg cfjZos 5 . hg:jf:y, lzIff, ;fj{hlgs oftfoftsf] ;'/Iff, cgf}krfl/s If]qdf /x]sf sfdbf/sf] ;'/Iff, pkef]Qmfn] vl/b ug{] j:t' jf ;]jfsf] d"No / u'0f:t/df cflb If]qdf k|efjsf/L lgodg ul/g] 5 . g]kfnL sf+u|];n] lgodgsf ;a} kIfsf] lj:t[t cWoog u/L lgodg ;DjlGw lgod sfg"g th{'df ug{], k'/fgfsf] kl/dfh{g ug{] / ;+:yfut Ifdtf clej[l4 ug{]5 .

%=@! :yfgLo ljsf; :yfgLo ljsf;df :yfgLo ;/sf/nfO{ ;|f]t / clwsf/ ;DkGg u/fpg]

gLlt g]kfnL sf+u|];sf] /xg]5 . xfnsf] ;+/rgfdf :yfgLo lgsfox¿df hfg] cg'bfgnfO{ bf]Aa/ ul/g]5 / k|To]s b'O jif{df k'g/fjnf]sg ug{] gLlt lnO{g] 5 . lhNnf ljsf; ;ldltx¿nfO{ hfg] cg'bfgnfO{ klg bf]Aa/ ul/g]5 . :yfgLo :t/sf ljsf; lgdf{0f / ;]jfsf sfo{x¿ :yfgLo ;d'bfoaf6} ul/g] Joj:yfnfO{ cem} ;'b[9 / kf/bzL{ agfO{g] 5 .

%=@@ ;'zf;g

73

zf;gk|0ffnL ;DjlGwt ;+3;+:yfx¿nfO{ ;dfj]zL nf]stGq / pTs[i6tf ;lxtsf] hgtfd}qL agfpg] nIo g]kfnL sf+u|];n] lnPsf] 5 . ;/sf/L ;]jf k|bfos lgsfox¿df bIftf, sd{rf/TLgqdf hjfkmb]lxtf, k|efjsfl/tf / e|i6frf/d'Qm zf;g g]kfnL sf+u|];n] ;'zf;gsf nflu lng] cfwf/e"t gLltx¿ /xg]5g . ljlwsf] zf;gnfO{ sf+u|];n] zf;g;Qf ;~rfngsf] ;}4flGts / Jofjxfl/s cfwf/ dfGg]5 .

;fj{hlgs ;]jf k|bfgsf nflu /fHo ;+:yfx¿df ef}lts, cfly{s, k|fljlws / dfgj ;|f]tsf] kof{Kt Joj:yf ul/g]5 . ;"rgf k|ljlwsf] k|of]u a9fP/ ;]jfu|fxLnfO ;/sf/L ;]jf k|fKt ug{ nfUg] ;do / nfutdf sd NofOg]5 . k|To]s ;/sf/L sfof{nosf] sfo{k|lqmof d"Nof+sg u/L k|s[ofut / sfuhL cfjzostf Go"g ul/g]5 .

nlIft ju{ ;Dd ;]jf P+jd ;+;fwg k|jfxsf] k|efjsfl/tf ;'lglZrt ug{ /fli6«o kl/rokq sfo{j|mdnfO{ b]zJofkL ¿kdf lj:tf/ u/L tLg jif{leqdf ;a} gful/snfO{ kl/rokq k|bfg ul/g]5 .

hUuf k|zf;g, gful/stf ljt/0f / /fxbfgLsf] l;kmf/L; k|To]s ufFp ljsf; ;ldlt / gu/kflnsf j8faf6 lbO{g] Aoa:yf ul/g]5 .

%= @# e|i6frf/ tyf cfly{s ck/fw lgoGq0f e|i6frf/ / cfly{s ck/fwsf lj¿4 z"Go ;xglzntfsf] gLlt

cjnDag ul/g]5 . ;/sf/L, u}/;/sf/L, ;fd'bflos / lghL If]qdf x'g] ;a} lsl;dsf e|i6frf/ / cfly{s ck/fw lgoGq0f ug{ jt{dfg sfg"gL Joj:yfdf ;dofg's'n kl/dfh{g ul/g]5 / o:tf ultljlw /f]syfd / lgoGq0f ug{ :yflkt lgsfox¿sf] Ifdtf j[l4 ul/g]5 . o; af/] lghL>f]t jf gful/s ;dfh;Fu ;xsfo{ ul/g]5 .

%= @$ /fli6«o ;'/Iff /fli6«o cv08tf, ;+k|e'tf / gful/ssf] ;'/Iffsf nflu ;'/Iff

lgsfox¿sf] cfw'lgsLs/0f / ;]gf gful/s ;DaGwdf nf]stflGqs z}nL g]kfnL sf+u|];sf] gLlt /xg]5 . sfg"gL /fHosf] cg'e"ltsf nflu cfGtl/s tyf afXo ;'/Iffsf] vt/fnfO{ lg:t]h kfb{} ljlwsf] zf;g sfod ug{ ;'/Iff lgsfonfO{ cfjZos dfgj ;|

74

f]t Pj+ cGo cfjZos ;|f]tsf] plrt Joj:yfkg g]kfnL sf+u|];n] ug{]5 .

;'/Iff If]q ;'wf/df g]kfnLkg, /fli6«o ;'/Iff /0fgLltsf] th{'df / k|efjsf/L ;'/Iff kl/ifb\ xfd|f k|fyldstf x'g]5g . ;Dk"0f{ /fhgLlts bnx¿df /fli6«o gLltsf ;Gbe{df Ps¿ktf Nofpg] k|of; ul/g]5 . vfB, hfg;f+lVos, :jf:Yo, jftfj/0fLo, ;d'bfoh:tf dfgjLo ;'/Iffsf cfwf/:tDex¿ /fli6«o ;'/Iffsf] k|fyldstfdf /flvg]5 .

/fli6«o cg';Gwfg ljefusf] sfo{ r':t / k|efjsf/L agfOg]5 . /fli6«o ;ts{tf s]G›, cg';Gwfg ljefu PjD cGo ;'/Iff lgsfox¿ /fhgLlts x:tIf]kd'Qm x'g]5g . x/]s k|x/L rf}sL÷s]G›sf] Onfsfleq ;fd'bflos ;'/Iff cjwf/0ffsf] gLlt nfu" ul/g]5 .

;fdflhs ck/fw lgoGq0fsf nflu x/]s ljsf; If]qdf Pp6f ;+:yfut ;'/Iff ;+oGqsf] :yfkgf ul/g]5 .

;'/Iff lgsfosf clws[t Pj+ hjfgx¿nfO{ b}lgs hLjgofkg Pj+ k]zfut s[ofsnfksf ;DaGwdf cfjZos aGbf]a:tLsf ;fdfgx¿sf] u'0f:t/nfO{ k|fyldstfdf /flvg]5 .

%=@% u}/cfjf;Lo g]kfnL æPsk6ssf] g]kfnL ;w}sf] g]kfnLÆ eGg] efjgfsf]

ljsf; ub{} ;+;f/el/ km}lnPsf g]kfnLx¿nfO{ cfˆgf] dfq[e"ld;Fu cfa4 ug{ ljleGg gLlt, sfo{qmd / sfg"gL Joj:yf ul/g] 5 .

hGdsf] cfwf/df / j+zhsf] gftfn] g]kfnsf] gful/stf k|fKt u/L ljb]lzPsf g]kfnLx¿nfO{ pko'Qm sfg"gL Joj:yf u/L cfly{s, ;fdflhs, ;f+:s[lts clwsf/ /xg] u/L u}/cfjf;Lo g]kfnL gful/stfsf] k|aGw ul/g]5 . u}/cfjf;Lo g]kfnLnfO{ g]kfndf rn tyf crn ;DklQ /fVg kfpg] clwsf/ lbg] sfg"gL Joj:yf lgdf{0f ul/g]5 .

cfufdL bz jif{leqdf g]kfn aflx/ /f]huf/L jf Joj;fosf nflu uPsf g]kfnL gful/stf / /fxbfgL ePsf g]kfnLnfO{ ljb]zaf6} lgjf{rgdf dt lbgkfpg] sfg"gL Joj:yf / k|zf;sLo k|jGw ul/g]5 . ljb]zdf cfh{g u/]sf] ;DklQ g]kfndf ;+rosf] nflu NofpFbf s'g} s/ gnufpg] sfg"gL Joj:yf ldnfO{g]5 .

75

%=@^ zx/ tyf j:tL ljsf; tLa| al9/x]sf] zx/Ls/0fnfO{ cfly{s ;fdflhs ljsf;sf] cj;/sf

¿kdf k|of]u ug{ PsLs[t /fli6«o zx/L ljsf; /0fgLlt agfO{ Jojl:yt ul/g] 5 . ;8s ;+hfnsf] lj:tf/ ;+u} a9\b} uPsf] a:tL tyf ahf/nfO{ of]hgfj4¿kdf ljsl;t / Jojl:yt ul/g] 5 .

u|fdL0f If]qdf ;kmf / Jojl:yt a:tLx¿sf] ljsf; ul/g] 5 . o:tf jl:tx¿sf] ;+hfn / ahf/ s]G›x¿ u|fdL0f If]qsf] cfw'lgs cfly{s ;fdflhs ljsf;sf] cfwf/ x'g] 5g .

t/fO{, kxf8, lxdfnL If]qdf ;Deflat If]qx¿sf] klxrfg u/L gd'gf jl:t tyf zx/x¿ ljsf; ul/g]5 . dWokxf8L /fhdfu{sf] ;]/f]km]/f]df @) j6f d‰of}nf cfw'lgs zx/x?sf ¿kdf ljsf; ul/g]5 . e"–pkof]u gLlt nfO{ zx/Ls/0f / Jojl:yt a;f]af;;+u hf]8]/ k|efjsf/L ¿kdf nfu" ul/g] 5 .

cfly{s ultljlwsf cfwf/df zx/x¿nfO{ ;DkGg agfO{g]5 / ;f] cg'¿ksf] ef}lts k"jf{wf/ lgdf{0f ul/g]5 . xfn klxrfgdf cfPsf t/fOsf] lj/f6gu/nfO{ cf}Bf]lus zx/, hgsk'/nfO{ cWoflTds ko{6sLo zx/, jL/u+hnfO{ Jofkfl/s zx/, x]6f}8fnfO{ cf}Bf]lus zx/, e/tk'/nfO{ lrlsT;f zx/, a'6jn–e}/xjfnfO{ ko{6sLo zx/, g]kfnu+hnfO{ cf}Bf]lus zx/, wgu9LnfO{ xl/t zx/, / kf]v/fnfO{ lkmNd tyf ko{6sLo zx/, w'lnv]n–ag]kfnfO{ z}lIfs tyf lrlsT;f zx/sf] ¿kdf ljsf; ul/g]5 .

ufpF / zx/aLrsf] cfly{s ;DaGwnfO{ cem alnof] agfOg] 5 . o;sf] nflu ;8s ;lxt ahf/sf] Joj:yf ul/g]5 . sf7df08f}, kf]v/f, jL/u~h h:tf 7"nf zx/x¿sf] hg3gTjsf] ef/nfO{ b[li6ut u/L æ:of6nfO{6 l;6LÆ x¿sf] ljsf; ul/g]5 .

^= ;+3Lo tyf k|fb]lzs /fhwfgL If]q ljsf; /fHosf] k'g;+/rgf gofF gofF If]qsf] ljsf;sf] nflu cj;/ klg

xf] eGg] dfGotfsf cfwf/df ;+3 / k|b]zsf s]G›x¿sf] ljsf; ul/g] g]kfnL sf+u|];sf] nIo 5 . o;} cg';f/ k|:tfljt s]G›x¿df ;]jf ;'ljwfsf] ljsf; ul/g]5 .

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:jLs[t ;+3Lo ;+/rgf adf]lhd k|fb]lzs /fhwfgL /xg] tox'g] :yfgsf] of]hgfj4 zx/L k"jf{wf/ ljsf; u/L cfw'lgs zx/ lgdf{0f ul/g]5 / k|To]s k|fb]lzs /fhwfgLnfO lglZrt ljz]iftfo'Qm cfly{s OsfO{sf] ¿kdf ljsf; ul/g]5 .

sf7df08f} pkTosfnfO{ :jR5 ;'/lIft, ;'Jojl:yt, ;'Gb/ / ;d[4 /fli6«o /fhwfgL If]qsf] ¿kdf PsLs[t ljsf;sf] cjwf/0ff cg'¿k ;f+:s[lts zx/sf] ¿kdf ljsf; ul/g]5 . sf7df08f} pkTosfsf] ;8s lj:tf/sf nflu cfjZos sDtLdf # cj{ k|ltjif{ nufgL ul/g]5 . d]nDrL vfg]kfgL cfof]hgf ;DkGg u/L k|To]s 3/df lg/Gt/ vfg]kfgL ;'lglZrt ul/g]5 .

sf7df8f}F pkTosfsf] ahf/af6 k|fKt x'g;Sg] nfenfO{ u|fdL0f e]u;Dd k'¥ofpg pkTosf jl/k/Lsf] kxf8L If]qsf ufpFx¿nfO{ hf]8\g] rqmky lgdf{0f ;DkGg ul/g] 5 . g'jfsf]6sf] lab'/, wflbªsf] uh'/L, sfe|]sf] ag]kf–w'lnv]n–kgf}tL / dsjfgk'/sf] x]6f}8fnfO{ sf7df8f}F pkTosf;Fu b|'tdfu{x¿n] hf]8L sf7df8f}Fsf] :of6]nfO{6 zx/sf] ¿kdf ljsf; ul/g]5 .

wf]aLvf]nf, lji0f'dtL, xg'dGt], dgx/f / afUdtL sl/8/x¿df cfufdL bz aif{ leqdf d]6«f] /]n lgdf{0f ;DkGg ul/g]5 .

^=! t/fO{–dw]z ljz]if k|To]s jif{ !)) lsnf]ld6/ t6aGw lgdf{0f u/L af9Lsf] b'ik|

efj Go"lgs/0f ul/g]5. t6aGw lgdf{0fubf{ psf; hUufdf e"ldxLg blnt kl/jf/x¿nfO{ cfjf;sf] Joj:yf ul/g]5 . t/fO{sf glbx¿df b'j}tkm{ lgdf{0f ul/g] t6aGwx¿nfO{ df]6/]an ;8ssf ?kdf Jojl:yt ul/g]5 .

cfufdL bz jif{leqdf t/fOsf ;a} u|fdL0f ;8sx¿nfO{ afx|} dlxgf ;jf/L ;fwg rNg] u/L sfnf]kq] jf :t/f]Gglt ul/g]5 . cfjZos ;a} :yfgx¿df of]hgfj4 ¿kdf k'nsf] lgdf{0f ul/g]5 .

t/fO{sf] h}ljs / v]tLof]Uo hldgsf] ;+/If0fsf nflu r'/]–efj/ hnfwf/ ;+/If0fnfO{ cleofgfTds sfo{qmdsf ¿kdf ;+rfng ul/g]5 .

;'gsf]zL–sdnf 8fOe;{g, e]/L–aaO{ 8fOe;{g, gf}d'/]–slknj:t' 8fOe;{g lgdf{0f u/L t/fOdf yk !)),))) x]S6/ hldgdf afx|}–dlxgf l;+rfO{ ;'ljwf pknAw u/fOg]5 .

77

hgsk'/nfO{ t/fOsf] ;+:s[lts tyf wfld{s zx/sf ¿kdf ljsf; ug{sf nflu o;sf] k"jf{wf/ ;'wf/ ug{ cfufdL kf+r jif{df cfjZos nufgL ul/g]5 . cufdL kf+r jif{ leq ;]jf k|f/De ug{] u/L t/fOsf zx/x¿df lgdf{0f ul/g] kfFrtf/] xf]6]nx¿nfO ;]jf k|f/De u/]sf] bz jif{;Dd k"/} cfos/ ldgfxf ug{] gLlt lnOg]5 . :jLs[t kf+rtf/] xf]6nnfO{ hUuf clwu|x0f ug{ ;/sf/n] ;xof]u ug{]5 .

t/fO{sf P]ltxfl;s, wfld{s / ko{6sLo :yn j[xQ/ n'lDjlg <f]q / hgsk'/ If]qsf cltl/Qm lsrsjw, l;d|f}gu9, bfËLz/0f nufotsf :ynsf] ;+/If0f / ;+j4{g u/L To;af6 cfPsf] cfDbfgL t/fOs} ljsf; lgdf{0f / /f]huf/Ldf nufOg]5 .

kf6L{df ;dfj]zLs/0fsf] d'2fdf ljz]if hf]8 lbOg]5 . t/fO{ dw]z If]qdf k|sf]ksf] ¿kdf /x]sf] af9L, s6fg tyf e'–

Ifo cflb ;d:ofnfO{ l;+rfO{;Fu Plss[t u/L j[xQ/ of]hgfx¿ tof/ u/L nfu" ul/g]5 .

^=@ s0ff{nL ljz]if s0ff{nL c~rnsf ;a} lhNnf ;b/d'sfdx¿aLr l;wf df]6/ af6f]

lgdf{0f ;DkGg ul/g]5 . s0ff{nL c~rsf] pko'Qm :yfgdf kxf8L If]q kmnkm"n tyf v]tL cg';Gwfg s]G› :yfkgf ul/g]5 .

cfufdL kfFr jif{leqdf s0ff{nL c~rnsf ;a} d'Vo ko{6sLo tyf wfld{s If]qsf k"jf{wf/df ;'wf/ u/L s0ff{nL c~rnnfO ko{6gsf] cfsif{s uGtJo agfOg] 5 .

s0ff{nL c~rndf k|To]s jif{ >d jhf/df k|j]z ug{] ;a}nfO kmnkm"n v]tL, k|zf]wg / ahf/Ls/0f, vfgL pTvgg, ko{6g, ;]jf If]q / hnljB'tdf k"0f{ /f]huf/ agfpg] b[li6sf]0f lnP/ sfo{qmd ;+rfng ul/g]5 . cfufdL bz jif{leqdf nfebfoL /f]huf/Lsf nflu s0ff{nL c~rnjf;Ln] afWotfj; jf;:yfg / hGd:yn 5f]8\g'kg{] cj:yfsf] cGTo ul/g]5 . s0ff{nL c~rnsf] vfgL ;|f]tsf] lj:t[t ef}ule{s ;j{]If0f ul/g]5 .

cufdL kfFrjif{ leq s0ff{nL c+rndf lghL If]q / ;d'bfosf] ;xefuLtfdf slDtdf #)) d]ufjf6 hnljB't pTkfbgsf] lgdf{0f sfo{ k|f/De ul/g]5 .

78

s0ff{nLsf] ;Dj[l4sf nflu hnljB't cfof]hgfx¿nfO{ s0ff{nL hnfwf/ Plss[t ljsf; cjwf/0ff cGtu{t NofO{g] 5 .

^=# k"j{L{ kxf8L If]q ljz]if k"jL{–kxf8L If]qsf] tfKn]h'ª, kfFry/, t]x|y'd, Onfd,

wgs'6f, ;+v'jf;ef, ef]hk'/, vf]6f+ª, cf]vn9'+uf / ;f]n'v'Da' cfly{s ljsf;sf nflu cfufdL bz jif{;Dd To;If]qdf :yflkt x'g] ;a} lsl;dsf pBf]ux¿ Pj+ xf]6n tyf ko{6g Joj;fodf s'g} cfos/ gnfUg] gLlt agfOg] 5 . gofF pBf]u :yfkgf x'g] :yfg;Dd ;8s ljh'nL k'¥ofpg] Joj:yf ul/g] 5 .

k"jL{–kxf8L If]q tyf cGo pko'Qm 7fpFdf cfufdL % jif{ leq sDtLdf b'O{ ljZjljBfno / b'O{ pRr:t/Lo c:ktfn vf]lng]5 .

^=$ ;'b"/–klZrd If]q ljz]if ;]tL / dxfsfnL c~rnsf] wgu9L / dx]G›gu/ afx]s

cGo :yfgx¿ cfly{s ljsf;sf nflu cfufdL bz jif{;Dd To; If]qdf :yflkt x'g] ;a} lsl;dsf pBf]ux¿ / xf]6n tyf ko{6g Joj;fodf cfos/ gnfUg] Joj:yf ul/g] 5 . To:tf pBf]uaf6 pTkfbg x'g] j:t'df cGtz'Ns nfUg] eP ;f] ;d]t bz jif{;Dd k'/} ldgfxf x'g] Joj:yf ul/g] 5 . pBf]u :yfkgf ug{ vf]lhPsf] :yfg;Dd ;8s / ljB't k|;f/0f nfOg ;/sf/n] k'¥ofpg]5 .

cfufdL bzjif{leq ;'b'/klZrdf~rn If]qdf /x]sf] hnljB't Ifdtfsf] %) k|ltzt ;fa{hlgs, lghL ;fd'bflos ;fem]bf/Ldf pTkfbg k|f/De ul/g]5 .

^=% v]ns"b v]ns"b ljsf;nfO{ lzIffsf] cleGg cË agfOg] 5 . :s"n txb]lv

g} Go"gtd v]ns"b lzIffnfO{ clgjfo{ ljifo agfOg]5 . /fli6«o tyf cGt/fli6«o k|lt:kwf{df pTs[i6tf b]vfPsf

v]nf8Lsf] :jf:yf]krf/sf nflu ;/sf/n] ljz]if k|jGw ug{]5 . /fli6«o v]nf8Lx¿sf] hLljsf]kfh{gsf] nflu cfjZos dfkb08

tof/ u/L eQfsf] Joj:yf ul/g]5 .

79

cfufdL kfFr jif{leq d'n'ssf sDtLdf ^ :yfgx¿df ;'ljwf;DkGg v]ns"b k|lti7fg :yfkgf ul/g]5 . k|fylds laBfnosf] lzIff k'/f u/]sf ;fg} pd]/b]lv v]ns"bdf ¿lr /fVg] afnaflnsfnfO{ 5gf]6 u/L pgLx¿sf] OR5f cg';f/sf] v]ns"bdf pRr:t/sf] tflnd lbOg] 5 . o:tf k|lti7fgdf sIff * b]lv !@ ;Ddsf] k|fl1s lzIffklg ;dfgfGt/ ¿kdf lbOg] 5 .

;a} dxfgu/kflnsf / pkdxfgu/kflnsfx¿df !÷! cTofw'lgs km'6an / lqms]6 :6]l8od lgdf{0f ;DkGg ul/g]5 . g]kfnnfO lqms]6sf] cGt/fli6«o k|lt:kwf{ cfof]hgf ug{] b]zsf] ¿kdf :yflktug{ slDtdf % j6f cGt/fli6«o :t/sf] lqms]6 :6]l8od lgdf{0f ul/g]5 .

cfudL !% jif{leq PlzofnL v]ns"b cfof]hgf ug{] ;f]+rsf ;fy r/0fj4 ¿kdf v]ns"b k"jf{wf/sf] lgdf{0f / v]nf8L k|lzIf0f sfo{qmd ;+rfng ul/g]5 . kf]v/f, n'lDjgL, lrtjg ;f}/fxf h:tf 7fpFdf v]ns'b d}bfg yk ul/g] 5 . pko'Qm gbLsf] glhs v]ns'b d}bfgsf ;fy} aLrdf elnan v]Ng] :yfg jgfO{g]5 .

gofF gofF v]nx¿ h:t} uNkm, lqms]6 cflb k|lt g]kfnLx¿sf] cfsif{0f j9b} uPsf] ;Gbe{df lxdfnL / kfxf8L If]qsf pko'Qm :yfgx¿df ko{6sLo :yn ljsl;t u/L cGt/fli6«o v]nx¿ cfof]hgf ul/g]5 .

^=^ snf, ;+:s[lt tyf rnlrq g]kfnL sf+u|]; ljljwtfdf /fi6«sf] ;f}Gbo{ b]Vb5 .

To;}n] ;a} hflt, ;d'bfo, au{, lnË, If]qsf] ;f+:s[lts /Llt–l/jfh k/Dk/f / wfld{s k4ltsf] ljsf; / k|j{wg ug{ k|ltj4 5 .

g]kfnL uLt ;+uLt, nf]safhfx¿, nf]s w'gx¿ nf]s g[Tox¿ / e]if e'iffx¿sf] clen]v /fvL ;+/If0f ul/g] 5 . nf]s ;+s[lt, snfsf] If]qdf nfu]sf snfsf/x¿nfO{ ;a} gLltut lg0f{osf] txdf k|ltlglwTj u/fO{g] 5 / pgLx¿sf] k|lt:7f / dof{bf :yflkt ul/g] 5 .

cfufdL kfFrjif{ leq b]zsf slDtdf % :yfgdf nlntsnf, lrqsnf tyf d"lt{snf k|lti7fgx¿ :yfkgf ul/g]5 . k|fylds ljBfnosf]

80

lzIff k'/f u/]sf ;fg} pd]/b]lv nlntsnf, lrqsnf tyf d"lt{snfdf ¿lr /fVg] afnaflnsfnfO{ 5gf]6 u/L snfsfl/tftkm{ pRr:t/sf] k|lzIf0f lbOg] 5 . o:tf k|lti7fgdf sIff * b]lv !@ ;Ddsf] k|fl1s lzIff lbg] Joj:yf ul/g]5 .

rnlrqsdL{x¿sf] k/fdz{df pko'Qm :yfgdf rnlrq lgdf{0fsf]nflu ;a} lsl;dsf] cTofw'lgs ;'lawf ePsf] lkmNd gu/ ljsf; ul/g]5 .

lkmNd gu/df pRr:t/sf] clego tyf gf6Ø tflnd s]G› :yfkgf ul/g] 5 .

;fj{hlgs lghL ;fem]bf/Ldf pko'Qm :yfgx¿df ;+uLt k|]Iffno lgdf{0f ug{ k|f]T;flxt ul/g]5 .

^=& jftfj/0f sf7df08f} nufot k|d'v zx/x¿sf] jfo' k|b"if0f x6fpg pBf]u

snsf/vfgf / oftfoftsf ;fwgx¿nfO{ k|b"if0f sd ug]{ k|ljlwåf/f lj:yflkt ul/g] 5 . .

/fi6«sf dxTjk"0f{ glb–gfnf, tfn–tn}ofnfO{ k|b"if0fd'Qm ug{ cleofgsf] ¿kdf k|efjsf/L sfo{qmd ;~rfng ul/g]5 .

/fli6«o tyf cGt/fli6«o :t/df h}ljs ljljwtf ;+/If0f tyf ;Djw{gsf] g]t[Tj lngsf nflu pko'Qm :yfgdf cGt/f{li6«o h}ljs ljljwtf s]Gb|sf] :yfkgf ul/g]5 .

hnjfo' kl/jt{g / o;jf6 kg]{ c;/jf/] cfd gful/sx¿nfO{ ;r]t u/fpg'sf ;fy} cf}krfl/s lzIffdf Joj:yf ul/g]5 .

k"jf{wf/ ljsf; jftfj/0f d}qL agfOg]5 . t/fO{ If]qdf jg tyf h+un Joj:yfkg ug{ cfw'lgs k|ljlwåf/f

h+unnfO{ j}1flgs ¿kdf l;+dfs+g ul/g]5 . Knfli6ssf] emf]nfsf] k|of]unfO{ /f]Sg ljz]if gLlt th'{df

ul/g]5 . jftfj/0f d}qL emf]nf lgdf{0f ug]{ / To; lsl;dsf] sfo{nfO{ k|f]T;fxg ul/g]5 .

;+/lIft jg If]q / jg k}bfjf/af6 cfo cfh{g ug]{ sfg'gL k|fjwfgnfO{ kl/dfh{g ul/g]5 . z}lIfs k|of]hg / lghL cfh{gsf nflu lghL If]qdf lr8Lofvfgf /fVg kfpg] Joj:yf ul/g]5 .

^=* k|fs[lts ;|f]t Joj:yfkg

81

d'n's leq /x]sf ;a} lsl;dsf k|fs[lts >f]t jg, jg:klt, jGohGt', vlgh tyf hn ;Dkbf, hl8a'6L cflb s] slt kl/df0fdf pknAw 5g, tLgsf] cj:yf af/] j}1flgs 9+uaf6 cg'udg tyf cfFsng ul/g]5 .

k|fs[lts ;|f]tdfly hnjfo' kl/jt{g jf dfgj >[lht jf k|fs[lts ¿kdf s] s:tf k|efj kl//x]sf]] 5, To;sf] ;+efJo c;/sf jf/] cWoog cg';Gwfg u/L tL k|efjnfO{ ;Daf]wg ul/g]5 .

k|fs[lts >f]t / o;sf] Jofj;flos pkof]udf :yfgLo hgtfsf] xs / ;xefuLtf ;'lglZrt ul/g]5 .

k|fs[lts ;|f]tsf] ;+/If0f ;Daw{g / lbuf] pkof]u;Fu ;DjlGwt g]kfn kIf ePsf cGt/f{li6o ;GwL, ;Demf}tf, tyf ;xdltnfO{ kfngf ub{} ;DjlGwt P]g lgod gLltx¿df kl/dfh{g u/L tLgnfO{ k|efjsf/L sfof{Gjogsf] nflu ;+:yfut Joj:yf ul/g]5 .

jg;|f]t, hn;|f]t tyf e"ld;|f]tsf] plrt Joj:yfkg / pkof]u ub{} vfB ;'/Iff, phf{;'/Iff tyf hn ;+/If0fsf dfWodn] d'n'snfO{ ;d[l4tkm{ pGd'v u/fO{g]5 . ;fd'bflos jg ljsf;df ljz]if hf]8 lbg]5 .

g]kfnsf t/fO{sf] 7"nf] e"efu / kxf8sf vf]nf lsgf/ j:tL If]qdf af9L klx/f]n] 3/ a:tL tyf hUuf gfz eO{ /xg]5 ;d:ofnfO{ bL3{sflns ¿kd} ;dfwfg ug{ r'/] efj/ If]qsf] ;+/If0fdf r'/] If]q ;+/If0f sfo{qmd /fli6«o cleofgsf] ¿kdf ;+rfng ul/g]5 .

b}lj k|sf]knfO{ cleofgsf] ¿kdf Go"lgs/0f ul/g]5 . ^=( cGt/fli6«o ;DaGw

g]kfnL sf+u|]; g]kfnnfO{ ljZj ;d'bfosf] Pp6f ;Ifd / k|ltli7t ;b:osf] ¿kdf :yflkt ug{ rfxG5 .

;+o'Qm /fi6« ;+3sf] j8fkq, k~rzLn, c;+nUgtf, /fli6«o lxt Pj+ ;'/Iff, ljZjzflGt, k//fi6« gLlt / cGt/fli6«o ;DaGwsf d"n cfwf/ x'g]5g . kf/:kl/s ;Ddfg, ;b\efj / ;dfgtfsf cfwf/df ;a} /fi6«x¿;Fu ;DaGw / ldqtf sfod ul/g]5 .

;+o'Qm /fi6«;+3sf] ;b:osf ¿kdf g]kfnsf] cGt/fli6«o 5ljnfO{ zflGtk|]dL, nf]stflGqs / /fli6«o :jfwLgtfk|]dL :jtGq /fi6«sf ¿kdf k|:t't ul/g]5 .

82

l5d]sL ldq /fi6«x¿ ef/t / rLg;Fusf] ;DaGwnfO{ ;dfgtf, :jtGqtf, If]qLo cv08tfsf] ;Ddfg ub}{ cGt/fli6«o ;DaGwsf d"No / dfGotf cg'¿k Jojxfl/s / j:t'lgi7 cfwf/df d}qLk"0f{ agfOg] 5 . l5d]sL ldq/fi6«x¿sf] ;'/Iff / cGo ;Dj]bgzLntfnfO{ Wofgdf /fVb} g]kfnsf] e"ld s'g}klg /fi6«sf]] lxt ljk/Lt k|of]u ug{ lbO{g] 5}g .

If]qLo ljsf; / ;dembf/Lsf nflu 7f]; kl/0ffdd'vL ;xof]u k'Ug] u/L blIf0f PlzofnL /fi6«x¿sf] ;+u7g -;fs{_nfO{ ;[hgfTds ¿kfGt/0f ug{ k|oTg ul/g]5 .

a9bf] ljZjJofkLs/0f, cGt/ lge{/tf, ;~rf/ / ;fdflhs ;~hfnsf] Jofkstfaf6 jblnbf] ljZj ;Gbe{df /fi6«sf] ;'/Iff / g]kfnL hgtfsf] cfly{s ;d'Ggltsf] nflu cGt/fli6«o Jofkf/, k|ljlw, j}b]lzs nufgL, ko{6g ljsf;, >d / of]Uotfsf] ;Ddfg x'g] j}b]lzs /f]huf/Lsf If]qx¿sf] pkof]u ug{ cfly{s s'6gLltnfO{ k|efjsf/L jgfO{g] 5 .

^=!) j}b]lzs ;xfotf cfGtl/s ;|f]tsf cfwf/x¿sf] j[l4 / ;'b[l9s/0f ub{}

j}b]lzs ;xfotfsf] lge{/tf qmlds ¿kdf sd ub{} n}hfg] gLlt g]kfnL sf+u|];sf] /xg]5 . a}b]lzs ;xfotfsf] pkof]u ubf{ cfGtl/s ;|f]t j9fpg ;xof]u k'¥ofpg] /fli6«o k|fyldstfsf If]qdf nufgL ug{] gLlt lnOg]5 .

7"nf ef}lts k"jf{wf/ lgdf{0f, s[lifsf] Joj;foLs/0f, bIf hgzlQm ljsf; tyf k|ljwL x:tfGt/0fnfO ;xof]u k'Ug] sfo{qmd a}b]lzs ;xfotfsf k|fy{ldstfsf If]q x'g]5g .

j}b]lzs ;xfotfsf] pkof]u ug{ ag]sf gLltx¿nfO{ k'g/fjnf]sg u/L /fli6«o :jfldTj ;'lglZrt ul/g]5 . bft[ lgsfoaf6 k|fKt ;xfotfnfO{ kf/bzL{ / k|efjsf/L agfOg]5 . lgzt{ ;xfotfdf hf]8 lbOg]5 / /fli6«o lxt cg's'n gx'g] s'g}klg ;zt{ ;xof]u :jLsf/ ul/g] 5}g .

^=!! /fh:j tyf cfGtl/s ;|f]tsf] kl/rfng hgtfsf ;]jfsf] nflu rflxg] /fi6«sf] cfly{s ;|f]t /fi6« eLq}

h'6g' k5{ / To;sf nflu /fh:jsf] cfwf/ lj:tf/ ug'{k5{ eGg]

83

g]kfnL sf+u|];sf] dfGotf xf] . o;} dfGotf cg'¿k :j]lR5s s/ tLg{] afgL a;fpg, s/ r'xfj6 /f]Sg s/sf b/x¿ / k|zf;lgs k|s[ofdf ;/nLs/0f ug{ g]kfnL sf+u|]; k|ltj4 5 .

d"No clej[l4 s/ /fh:jsf] d"n ;|f]t x'g]5 / d"No clej[l4 s/df x'g] u/]sf] r'xfj6 lgoGq0fnfO{ k|efjsf/L t'NofOg] 5 . nufgL k|jw{g, lgof{t j[l4, cf}Bf]uLs/0f, hnljB'tsf] ljsf; h:tf ljifonfO nlIft u/L cGtz'Ns, eG;f/ / cfos/df gLltut ;'wf/ ul/g]5 .

^=!@ j}b]lzs Jofkf/ cGt/fli6«o jhf/df g]kfnL pTkfbgsf] lgof{t Pj+ k|j4{g

ug{sf nflu ljBdfg Jofkf/ gLltnfO{ kl/dfh{g Pj+ k'g/fjnf]sg ul/g] 5 . Plss[t Jofkf/ gLlt th'{df ul/g] 5 . t'ngfTds nfdsf j:t' Pj+ ;]jfnO{ k|j4{g u/L jt{dfg lgof{t÷ufx:y{ pTkfbgsf] xfnsf] $ k|lt;t cg'kftnfO{ % jif{df bf]Aa/ ul/g] 5 .

låkIfLo, If]qLo Pj+ ax'kIfLo Jofkf/ ;Demf}tfdf /fli6«o lxtsf] ;+/If0f ul/g] 5 . Jofkf/ ;fem]bf/ d'n'sx¿;Fu cfjZostf cg'¿k låkIfLo a[xt cfly{s ;fem]bf/L ;Demf}tf ul/g] 5 .

s[lifhGo j:t'sf] lgof{t k|j4gsf nflu lgof{t ;x'lnotsf] Joj:yf ul/g] 5 . tyf lgof{tjf6 s[ifsnfO{ kmfO{bf lbnfpg s/f/ v]tL tyf lgof{t u[xsf] sfg'gL Joj:yf ul/g] 5 .

Jofkf/ ;xlhs/0f tyf cfjZos df}lns k"jf{wf/ ljsf; u'¿ of]hgf tof/ u/L nfu' ul/g]5 .

&= g]kfnL sf+u|];sf] ;fdflhs gLlt tyf sfo{qmd g]kfnL sf+u|]; ;dtfd'ns ;dfhsf] :yfkgfug{ rfxG5 . g]kfnL

sf+u|]; cfˆgf] :yfkgfb]lv g} To;sflglDt k|lta4 / k|oTgzLn klg 5 . To;sf nflu ;j} lsl;dsf c;dfgtf / lje]bsf cjz]ifsf] cGTo cTofjZos 5 . g]kfnL sf+u|]; sfg"gL ¿kdf laBdfg lje]bsf k|fjwfgx¿nfO{ x6fpb} / o; j|mddf b]lvPsf ljs[lt / lj;+ultsf] cGTo ug{] ;+sNk ub{5 .

g]kfnL sf+u|]; jf:tljs :jtGqtf, ;fdflhs Gofo / ;'/Iff ;fdflhs nf]stGqsf] dfu{af6 dfq} k|fKt x'g] s'/fdf laZj:t 5 . o;} dfu{af6 k|fKt x'g] ;dfhjfb g} sf+u|];sf] nIo xf] . k|To]s

84

g]kfnLsf] hLjg ;'vdo agf];, k|To]s g]kfnL cfTd;Ddfg;lxt jfFRg kfpFg / g]kfnL x'F eGbf uj{sf] cg'e'lt x'g ;sf];, olx dfGotfsf ;fy ;d[4, Gofok"0f{ / ;dfj]zL g]kfnsf] lgdf{0f ug{' g]kfnL sf+u|];sf] bL3{sflng p2]Zo xf] .

@))& ;fnb]lv @)^@/@)^# ;fn;Ddsf] of] ;ft bzssf] cjlwdf k|fKt u/]sf cg'ej / cfˆgf] ;d[4 k/Dk/fsf cfwf/df g]kfnL sf+u|];n] ;fdflhs nf]stGqsf] km/flsnf] bfo/faf6 g} ;dtfd'ns ;dfh lgdf{0f ug{ ;lsG5 eGg] 7fGb5 . o; cjlwdf ePsf kl/jt{gx¿nO{ ;+:yfut ug{ sfg"gL k|fjwfgx¿sf] lgdf{0f ug{, cfjZos ;+/rgf lgdf{0f ug{ / ;dtfd'ns ;+:s[ltnfO{ ;fdflhs d"Nosf] ¿kdf :yflkt ug{ sf+u|]; k|lta4 5 .

g]kfnL sf+u|]; sfg'gL tj/n] dfq} xf]Og Jojxfl/s ¿kdfg} ;j} gful/snfO{ ;dfg agfpg rfxG5 . g]kfnL sf+u|]; cf}krfl/s ;dfgtfdf xf]Og ;f/jfg ;dfgtfdf ljZjf; /fSb5 . g]kfnL sf+u|]; ;j} gful/s sfg"gsf] b[il6df ;dfg 5g eGg] s'/fdf ljZjf; ub{5 t/ sfg"gn] ;dfg 5g eGb}df dfq ;dfg gx'g] s'/fk|lt klg lpQs} ;r]t 5 . To;sf/0f sfg"gsf] ;dfg ;+/If0fdf g} ;dtfd'ns ;dfhsf] hu cl8Psf] 5 eGg] dfGotfdf cfwfl/t eP/ g]kfnL sf+u|];n] cfˆgf gLlt tyf sfo{qmdnfO{ cufl8 j9fpg]5 .

nf]stGqn] pknJw u/fpg] ;dfg cj;/af6 sf]lx klg a~lrt x'g'x'Fb}g . sf]xL klg gful/s p;sf] a+z, hGd /ª, If]q, hft, wd{, efiff, pTlkQ, k]zf, lnË,ju{ tyf klbo x}l;otsf cfwf/df csf]{ gful/s eGbf pRr jf ljz]if aq ;Sb}g . t/ :jtGqtfsf] ;dfg pkof]usf] ;''lglZrttf;Fu} al~rlts/0fdf k/]sfx¿nfO{ Gofosf] ;''lglZrttfsf nflu /fHo nf]ssNof0fsf/L x'g'k5{ eGg] sf+u|];sf] 7¥ofO{ 5 .

lae]b / c;dfgtfsf] cGTo ub{} ;dfj]zL ljsf;, cfly{s j[l4 / ;fdflhs Gofo g]kfnL sf+u|];sf] nIo xf] . l;dfGts[t ju{, If]q ;d'bfo, cgfy, ckfËtf ePsf, blnt, dlxnf, dw]zL, cflbjf;L, hghflt nufotnfO{ ax';+Vos ;dfg agfpg cf/If0f jf ljz]if Joj:yf nufotsf ;sf/fTds lje]bsf s]xL k|efjsf/L ljlw canDag u/L ;fdflhs Gofo / ;'/Iffsf] ;'lglZrt ul/g]5 . To;sf nflu sf+u|];n] ;f]xL cg'¿ksf gLlt canDag ug{]5 .

85

;j} au{, ;d'bfo, If]q, lnË / ;d'bfosf gflu/sn] ;j}eGbf u/Lj, plTkl8t / ckx]lnt ;fdflhs ;d'x jf JolQmn] ;d]t of] b]z d]/f] xf], o; k|lt d]/f] st{Jo 5 / dnfO{ /fHon] x]/]sf] 5 eGg] efjgf hfu[t u/fpgsf nflu tyf ;dtfd"ns ;dfh lgdf{0fsf] nIo k"lt{sf nflu g]kfnL sf+u|]; lgDg adf]lhdsf] ;fdflhs gLlt cjnDjg ub{5 .

&=! dlxnf dlxnf lj¿4 x'g] ;j} k|sf/sf lx;f+, zf]if0f, lje]b, bdg /

alxis/0fsf] /f]syfd Pj+ lgoGq0fsf nflu kx'Fr ;xh sfg"gL lg¿k0fsf] Joj:yf ul/g]5 . dlxnfnfO{ 3/, sfo{ :yn, ;fj{hlgs:yn, af6f]3f6f] h:tf :yfgdf n}lËs lx+;f / dlxnf lx+;faf6 d'Qm /fVg dlxnfdfly x'g] lxF;fhGo sfo{ sfg"g adf]lhd b08gLo x'g] / kLl8tn] Ifltk"lt{ kfpg] ;''lglZrttf ul/g]5 .

dlxnfx¿sf] /fhgLlts, cfly{s tyf ;dflhs clwsf/x¿sf] ;+/If0f / ;Dj4{g /fHosf] k|fylds bfloTjdf /flvg]5 .

/fHosf k|To]s ;+/rgfdf dlxnfsf] k|ltlglwTjnfO{ Go"gtd ## k|ltzt g36\g] u/L clwstd ;xefuLtfsf nflu ljz]if kxn ul/g]5 .

dlxnfnfO{ cfly{s ¿kn] cfTdlge{/ agfpgsf] nflu ;DklQ / k}t[s ;DklQdfly dlxnfsf] xs clwsf/ ;'lglZrt ul/g]5 .

dlxnfsf] Ifdtf ljsf; tyf z;lQms/0fsf nflu ljz]if sfo{qmd ;~rfng ul/g]5 . dlxnfnfO{ /f]huf/Lsf cj;/x¿ ;[hgf ug{'sf] ;fy} pgLx¿n] pTkfbg u/]sf a:t'nfO{ plrt ahf/ tyf k'FhLut ;xof]usf] Joj:yf ul/g]5 .

dlxnf / pgsf] kl/jf/, ljz]if u/L aRrfx¿sf] lbuf] hLljsf]kfh{g ug{ pTkfbgd"ns ;DklQsf] nflu ef}lts ;'ljwf, hldg, kF"hL, ahf/, zLk, ;"rgf, dfkm{t kx'Fr / lgoGq0fsf] of]hgf tof/ u/L nfu' ug{] gLlt clVtof/ ul/g]5 .

clt ljkGg / k5fl8 k/]sf ;d'bfosf h:t} sd}of, afbL, sdn/L, r]kfË, /fp6], uGwj{, d';x/, t]nL, kf;jfg, nufotsf dlxnfx¿nfO{ ljz]if /f]huf/ d"ns sfo{qmdx¿ ;~rfng ul/g]5 .

86

;/sf/L c:ktfndf aRrf hGdfpg] dlxnfnfO{ xfn lbO{ /x]sf] dft[Tj eQfnfO{ bf]Aa/ ul/g] 5 .

Psn tyf ljwjf dlxnfx¿sf] nflu cfo cfh{g, Ifdtf ljsf;, z;lQms/0f tyf ;fdflhlss/0fdf ljz]if ;xof]usf] Joj:yf ul/g]5 . ckfË, lgM;Gtfg / bL3{ /f]uL dlxnfnfO{ ljif]z cfly{s ;xof]usf] sfo{qmd nfu" ul/g] 5 .

c;xfo / ljkGg dlxnfx¿sf nflu …dlxnf lgs]tgÚ sf] :yfkgf ul/g]5 hxfF lzIff, zLk / tflndsf] k|aGw u/L cfTdlge{/ u/fOg]5 .

dlxnfåf/f g]kfnL snf, ;+:s[lt / k/Dk/f emNsfpg] pTkflbt a:t'x¿nfO{ cGt/fli6«o Jofkf/ gLltåf/f ;Djw{g ug{ / o;af6 g]kfnsf] ko{6g k|jw{g ug{ hf]8 lbO{g]5 .

ule{0fL dlxnf, gjhft lzz' / jfnssf] s'kf]if0f cGtug{ ljz]if cleofg rnfO{g] 5 .

&=@ blnt blnt ;d'bfodfly hftkft / 5'jf5'tsf cfwf/df s'g}klg :yfgdf

s'g}klg lsl;dsf] lje]b, cjx]ngf, c;lxi0f' Jojxf/ jf e]befj ePdf o:tf] Jojxf/ ;fdflhs ck/fw dflgg]5 / sfg"gåf/f b08gLo x'g]5 . To:tf] cj:yfdf kLl8t JolQmnfO{ plrt Ifltk"lt{ lbO{g] Joj:yf x'g]5 .

o'uf} b]lvsf] pTkL8g, cGofo / lje]b cGTosf nflu cfjZos gLltlgdf{0f ;lxt ;dfj]zLs/0f sfg"gsf] sfof{Gjogdf ljz]if hf]8 lbOg]5 . /fHosf] lghfdlt k|zf;g, ;'/Iff lgsfo, ljQLo If]q, ;+:yfg, cfof]u, ;ldlt cflb x/]s lgsfodf ;dfg'kfltssf cltl/Qm Ifltk"lt{ afkt yk clwsf/ ;lxt cf/If0fsf] gLlt lnOg] 5 .

lzIffdf kxF'r gx'g' g} blntx¿ k5fl8 kg{'sf] d'Vo sf/0f ePsfn] blntsf 5f]/f 5f]/LnfO{ ;a} txdf 5fqj[Tlt / cGo ;x'lnotsf] Joj:yf ul/g]5 . k|To]s ljBfnodf Go"gtd Ps blnt lzIfs gLlt clgjfo{ ul/g]5 . 5fqj[lQ sfo{qmd cGt/{ut k|To]s lghL :s"nn] k|To]s sIffdf b'O{ blnt ljBfy{LnfO{ lgMz'Ns k9fpg' kg{] / b'O{ nfO{ clgjfo{ 5fqfj[lQ k|bfg ug{' kg{] Joj:yf ul/g]5 .

87

blntx¿sf] 3/w'/L a9L ePsf] 7fpFdf ljBfno :yfkgfnfO{ k|fyldstf lbO{g] 5 . blnt h]xGbf/ ljBfy{Lx¿nfO{ 5fqj[lQsf] Joj:yf ul/g]5 .

blnt ljBfyL{nfO{ k|f]T;fxg ug]{ k|fljlws lzIffno, z}lIfs ;+:yf ;+rfngfy{ k|f]T;fxg :j¿k ;x'lnotsf] ljz]if Joj:yf ul/g] 5 . k|fljlws lzIffdf blnt sf]6f 5'§fOg]5 .

blntsf] k]zfut zLknfO{ ;+/If0f ub{} cfw'lgsLs/0fdf hf]8 lbOg]5 .

sltko blnt ;d'bfox¿ blntsf] ;"rLdf ;'lrs[t gx'bfF /fHoaf6 k|fKt ;'ljwfx¿af6 al~rt /x]sf] s'/fnfO{ Wofgdf /fVb} ub{} g]kfnL sf+u|]; To:tf ;d'bfonfO{ tTsfn ;"rLs[t u/fpg] .

/fHosf x/]s ;+/rgfdf dlxnfn] k|fKt ug{] ## k|ltzt sf]6fdf blnt dlxnfsf] ;dfg'kflts clwsf/sf] ;''lglZrttfsf nflu gLltut Joj:yf ul/g] 5 .

e"ldxLg blntsf nflu e"ld a}+s dfkm{t e"ld k|bfg ul/g]5 . c;'/lIft :yfgdf a;f]af; u/L/x]sf blnt ;d'bfosf] kl/jf/sf] klxrfg u/L hldg ;lxtsf] ;'/lIft cfjf;sf] Joj:yf ul/g] 5 . blntx¿ ePsf al:tx¿nfO{ ljz]if cfjf; tyf al:t ;'wf/ sfo{qmd dfkm{t :jR5, ;'Gb/ / gd"gfsf] ¿kdf ljsf; ul/g] 5

d'6'/f]u, d[uf}nf k|Tof/f]k0f, SofG;/, j|]g, 6Ø'd/ cflb s8f/f]u nu]sf blnt ;d'bfosf JolQmx¿nfO{ lgz'Ns pkrf/sf] Joj:yf ul/g]5 .

blnt ;d'bfonfO{ hLjLsf]kf{hg ug{sf lgldQ /fHon] ljz]if /f]huf/Lsf sfo{qmd ;+rfng ug{] ;fy} ljgf lwtf] C0f pknAw u/fO{ zLkd"ns sfd l;sfO{ cfTdlge{/ x'g] Joj:yf ul/g] 5 .

a]/f]huf/ blnt o'jfo'jtLx¿ j}b]lzs /f]huf/Ldf hfg rfx]df ;/sf/af6 ljgf lwtf] cfjZos C0f ;'ljwf pknAw u/fpg] Joj:yf ul/g]5 . o'jf :j/f]huf/ dfkm{t ljz]if of]hgf ;lxtsf] sfo{qmd tTsfn NofOg]5 .

blntx¿sf] xs lxtsf] ;'/Iffsf nflu blnt kl/ifbsf] lgdf{0f ul/g]5 .

&=# cflbjf;L hghflt

88

cflbjf;L hghfltx¿sf] nf]stGqk|ltsf] cf:yfnfO{ pRr ;Ddfg ub{} ;dfg x'g kfpg] nf]ssNof0fsf/L /fHosf] dfGotf cg';f/ ;Dk"0f{ /fHo ;+oGqdf ljgf e]befj ;dfg kx'Frsf] ;''lglZrttf ul/g]5 .

cflbjfl; hghfltx¿sf nflu g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfg tyf P]g sfg"gn] lbPsf] ;+/If0fnfO{ k"/} cg';/0f u/L pgLx¿sf] hg;+Vofsf] cfwf/df k|ltlglwTj u/fOg]5 .

h+un, hldg / hn h:tf k|fs[lts ;|f]t ;fwgsf] k|of]u, pkof]u, pkef]u, Joj:yfkg / ;+/If0f ug{] sfo{df cflbjf;L tyf :yfgLo ;d'bfosf] klxnf] clwsf/ ;'/lIft ul/g] 5 . k|fs[lts ;|f]t ;fwgsf] Joj:yfkg, ;+/If0f / pkof]u ubf{ :yfgLo ;d'bfosf] lxtnfO{ Wofg lbOg]5 .

cflbjf;L÷hghfltsf] P]ltxfl;s ynf]df k|fs[lts ;|f]t / ;fwgdf clf>t cflbjf;L÷hghfltsf] pkef]u clwsf/ sfg"gL ;'/Iff, k|fs[lts ;|f]t ;fwgsf] bf]xg ug{' cl3 k"j{ ;xdlt / nfesf] Gofof]lrt afF8kmfF8sf] xsnfO{ ;'/lIft ul/g] 5 .

cflbjf;L hghfltsf] hLjg:t/ psf:gsf lgldQ l;kd"ns tflnd tyf s[ifL ;DjlGw gofF k|ljlw cg'bfgdf pknAw u/fOg] 5 .

cflbjf;L hghflt / :yfgLo ;d'bfosf] k/Dk/fut 1fg, zLk, ;+:s[lt, ;fdflhs k/Dk/f / cg'ejnfO{ ;+/If0f / ;+j4{g ul/g] 5 . ;+/If0f ug{sf lgldQ pgLx¿sf] #) k|ltzt eGbf a9L hg;+Vof ePsf] 7fpFdf cflbjf;L hghflt k':tsfno, efiff, ;+:s[lt, e]if e";f cflb emNsfpg] hLjGt ;+u|fxno, cg';Gwfg s]G›x¿sf] :yfkgfsf nflu g]kfnL sf+u|];n] ljz]if ;+/If0f cGt/utsf] Kofs]h sfo{qmd 3f]if0ff ug{]5 .

dft[ efiffdf lzIff lng] lbg] Joj:yfnfO{ cem} Jofks agfOg] 5 .

kof{j/0f ;+/If0fdf :yfgLo 1fg zLksf] Jofks k|of]u ul/g] 5 .&=$ dw]zL ;d'bfo

;fdflhs ;dfj]zLs/0f ljw]os tTsfn NofOg]5 . hg;+Vofsf] cfwf/df ;sf/fTds lje]bsf] dfWodåf/f /fHo ;

+oGqnfO{ ;dfj]zL / ;fd]nL rl/qsf] agfOg]5 . ;]gfdf ;dfj]zLs/0f P]g tTsfn nfu" ul/g]5 . t/fO{sf ljleGg

tLg 7fpFdf dw]zL ;d'bfosf] ;]gfdf ;xh kx'Fr / k|f]T;fxgsf

89

nflu tflnd s]G› ;~rfng ul/g]5 . dw];L o'jfnfO{ /f]huf/Lsf] ;'lglZrttfsf nflu ljz]if sfo{qmd

to ul/g]5 . dw];leq klg dw]zsf k5f8L kfl/Psf ;d"xsf] ljsf;sf nflu ljz]if

sfo{qmdx¿ NofO{g] 5 . t/fO{sf P]ltxfl;s, wfld{s / ko{6sLo :yn lsRrs jw, hgsk'/,

l;d|f}gu9, bfËLz/0f n'lDagL nufotsf :ynsf] ;+/If0f / ;+j4{g u/L To;af6 cfPsf] cfDbfgL t/fOs} ljsf; lgdf{0f / /f]huf/Ldf nufOg]5 .

e"ldsf] j}1flgs Joj:yfkg u/L s[lifqmflGtsf] dfu{ k|z:t ul/g]5 . k|of{Kt l;+rfOsf] nflu gx/x¿ / jf]l/Ësf] Joj:yf ul/g]5 . dn vfbsf] sf/vfgf lgdf{0f ul/g]5 . t/fO{ nlIft /f]huf/Lsf ljz]if of]hgf th{'df ul/g]5 .

t/fO{sf] kof{j/0fLo ;Gt'ng, h}ljs ljljwtf sfod ug{ / gbL lgoGq0f ug{ r'/] ;+/If0f sfo{qmdnfO{ k|efjsf/L agfOg]5 . t/fO{df a9\b} uO/x]sf] d¿e"lds/0fnfO{ /f]Sg ljz]if qmfo{qmd NofOg]5 .

k|fs[lts k|sf]kaf6 kLl8tsf nflu /fxt, p4f/ / k'gaf{;sf nflu ljz]if of]hgf / ;+/rgf lgdf0f ul/g]5 .

cf;{]lgs /lxt kfgLsf] Joj:yf ul/g]5 . dw]zsf ljljwtfsf] cWoog ug{ dw]z Ps]8]dL lgdf{0f

ul/g]5 . t/fO{df af]lng] dft[efiff ef]hk'/L , d}lynL , cjlw ,

yf¿ pb{' nufotsf cGo efiffsf] ;+/If0f / ;+a4{gsf nflu eflifs cfof]u agfOg]5 . eflifs hgu0fgf tTsfn ul/g]5 .

t/fO{df b]lvPsf] gful/stf ;DjGwL ljjfbsf] :yfoL ;dfwfg ug{sf nflu gful/stf k|fKt ug{] g};lu{s clwsf/sf] ;Ddfg ub{} 3/b}nf]df k'uL gful/stf k|bfg ul/g]5 .

t/fOsf ljkGg blnt kl/jf/x¿sf] cfly{s–;fdflhs cj:yfdf ;'wf/sf nflu ljz]if nlIft zLk clej[l4 sfo{qmd ;+rfng ul/g]5 .

&=% o'jf /fi6«sf] lg0f{o k|s[ofdf o'jfx¿sf] k"0f{ ;xefuLtf u/fOg] 5

. /fHosf lgsfox¿df o'jfx¿sf] ;xefuLtf ;'lglZrt ug{sf nflu pRr sfo{sf/L kbx¿df d"ntM sfo{sfn tf]ls o'jfx¿sf] nflu

90

g]t[Tjdf :yfg ;'lglZrt ul/g] 5 . o'jf ;xefuLtfsf nflu jfws b]lvPsf sfg"gdf tTsfn ;+zf]wg ul/g]5 .

o'jfsf] 1fg, zLk, cg'ej / l;h{gzLntfnfO{ /fi6« lgdf{0fdf ;l/s agfpg b]zsf ;du| lgsfox¿df o'jfx¿sf] ;dfg'kflts k|ltlglwTj / ;xefuLtf ;'lglZrt ul/g] 5 .

o'jf zLknfO{ pBdlzn agfpg, tLgnfO{ k|fljlws tyf cfjZostf cg';f/sf cGo zLk ljsf; sfo{qmddf ;fd]n u/fOg] 5 . o; k|of;n] cy{tGqsf] lglZrt If]q s[lif, lgdf{0f, ko{6g, ;"rgf k|ljlw cflb aLrsf] b'/L sd ug{ ;3fpg] 5 .

/fi6«sf] Oltxf;, ;:s[lt, ;Dkbf cflb af/] ;r]t u/fpFb}, /fli6«o Pstfdf k|lta4 agfpFb}, ;b\efj / ;lxi0f'tfdf :j:y hLjg afFRg o'jfx¿nfO{ k|lzlIft ug]{ cleofg ;'¿ ul/g] 5 . o'jfx¿nfO{ ;'/lIft / lx+;f/lxt jftfj/0fdf lzIff cfh{gsf] Joj:yf ;'lglZrt u/fOg] 5 . v]ns"b dfkm{t o'jfx¿sf] zf/Ll/s tyf dfgl;s ljsf;df cj;/ lbO{g]5 .

o'jf pBdLx¿åf/f k|:tfj ul/Psf kl/of]hgfx¿nfO{ k|fyldstfsf ;fy a}+s tyf ljQLo ;+:yfx¿jf6 C0f ;'ljwf pknJw u/fO{g] 5 .

lk5l8Psf If]q, ju{ / ;d'bfosf o'jfx¿nfO{ ljz]if /f]huf/L / pBdzLntfsf] ljsf; ul/g] 5 . o'jfzlQmnfO{ lj1fg tyf k|ljlw, cWoog cGj]if0f / gljg k|ljlwsf] ljsf;df nfUg pTk|]l/t ul/g]5 .

:jb]zd} /f]huf/L ;[hgf u/L j]/f]huf/ o'jfsf ;d:ofnfO{ qmlds ¿kdf x6fO{g]5 . sfdsf] nflu ljb]lzPsf o'jfx¿sf] nflu laz]if sfo{qmdx¿ NofO{g] 5 . a]/f]huf/ o'jfnfO{ lgjf{x eQfsf] Joj:yf ul/g]5 .

b]z e/L ;Dk"0f{ lgjf{rg If]qx¿df o'jf ;"rgf s]G› :yfkgf ul/g] 5 / /fi6«sf dxTjk"0f{ sfddf o'jfsf] k|ltlglwTj a9fpFb} nlug]5 .

o'jfnfO{ /fHon] ljleGg k|sf/sf bIftf xfl;n ug{ ;/sf/L, lghL, ;fd'bflos ;+:yfx¿df :jo+;]js / :jo+;]js k|lzIffyL{sf ¿kdf k|of]u ug{] Joj:yf ul/g] 5 .

o'jfnfO{ b'Jo{;gaf6 d'Qm /flvg]5 / cltjfbLx¿n] o'jfzlQm b'¿kof]u ug{ gkfpg eg]/ cWoog, v]ns'b, ;ª\uLt, snf, cGj]if0f h:tf l;h{gfTds / ¿lrs/ sfdsf] cj;/ a9fO{g] 5 .

91

o'jf gLlt @)^^ sf] k|efjsf/L sfof{Gjog ul/g]5 . k|To]s ufp ljsf; ;ldltdf o'jf kl/ifbsf] u7g ul/g] 5 . s]G›df Ps o'jf ;+;b agfOg]5 .

&=^ >lds cgf}krfl/s If]qdf /x]sf ;d]t ;a} >dlhjLx¿nfO{ ;fdflhs

;'/Iffsf] k|Tofe"lt lbnfpgsf lgldQ ;fdflhs ;'/Iff ;DaGwL sfg"g lgdf{0f u/L sfof{Gjog ul/g]5 .

;a} If]qdf Go"gtd Hofnf lgwf{/0f / dof{lbt sfdsf] ;'lglZrtf lbnfOg]5 . lgwf{l/t Go"gtd HofnfnfO{ Jojxf/df g} sfof{Gjog u/O{g]5 .

;a} If]qsf >dhLjLx¿nfO{ ljlzi6 :jf:Yo ;]jf pknAw u/fpgsf nflu cfw'lgs ;'ljwf ;DkGg >lds c:ktfnsf] :yfkgf ul/g]5 .

jfFwf>d / afn >dsf] cGTo ug{ g]kfnL sf+u|];n] ljz]if cleofg ;+rfng ug{]5 . o:tf >d zf]if0f ug{] JolQmnfO{ g]kfnL sf+u|];n] s'g} kb jf lhDd]jf/L lbg] 5}g . To:tf JolQmsf] ;s[o ;b:otf ;d]t vf/]h ul/g]5 .

cgf}krfl/s If]qdf sfo{/t >dhLjLx¿sf] clen]v :yfgLo lgsfodf /fVg] sfg"gL Joj:yf ldnfOg]5 / >dhLljx¿nfO{ >lds kl/rokq pknjw u/fO{g] 5 .

cGt/fli6«o >d ;+u7gsf] >ldsn] ;+u7g ug{ kfpg] clwsf/ ;DjGwL cle;lGw *& nfO{ cg'df]bg u/fO{g] 5 .

Joj:yfkgdf 6«]8 o"lgogsf] k|ltlglwTjsf ;fy} /fHosf] gLlt lgdf{0fsf] txdf !) k|ltzt >dhLjLsf] k|ltlglwTj ;'lglZrttf u/fO{g] 5 .

g]kfnL sf+u|];sf] ;a} ;+:yfut ;+/rgfdf sDtLdf @ hgf >dhLlj -dlxnf !, k'¿if !_ sf] k|ltlwTj u/fO{g] 5 .

;+u7g ug]{ clwsf/ ;fd"lxs ;f}bfjfhL ug]{ clwsf/ / sfg'g adf]hLd x8tfn ug{ kfO{g] clwsf/sf] ;'lglZrtf u/fO{g] 5 .

>dhLjLx¿sf ;d:ofsf] ;Djf]wg ug{sf nflu /fli6«o >d cfof]usf] Joj:yf ul/g] 5 .

>dhLjLx¿sf] cfly{s hLjg:t/ p7fpgsf lglDt k|fyldstf ;fy pko'Qm sfo{qmdx¿ ;~rfng ul/g] 5 .

3/]n' >ldsx¿sf] ;Ddfghgs sfd ;DaGwL cGt/fli6«o >d ;+u7g dxf;lGw g+= !*( / 3/l:yt >d;Fu ;DjlGwt cle;lGw !

92

&& nufot cGt/fli6«o >d ;+u7gsf] >ldsn] ;+u7gsf >d;Fu ;DjlGwt cle;lGwx¿nfO{ cg'df]bg ul/g]5 .

dhb'/x¿nfO{ vfB tyf cGo cfwf/e"t pkef]Uo j:t'x¿ pknJw u/fpg cfjZos kl/rokq / sf8{sf] Joj:yf ul/g] 5 .

&=& j}b]lzs /f]huf/ bL3{sflng /f]huf/sf] :jb]zd} ;[hgf u/L j}b]lzs /f]huf/Ldf

hfg lg¿T;flxt ul/g]5 . /fHo txaf6} bIf / zLko'Qm agfpg] ;+:yf lgdf{0f u/L k|To]s gful/snfO{ cfˆgf] v'§fdf pleg ;Sg] Joj;flos lzIffsf] k|j4{g ul/g]5 .

tTsfnnfO{ j}b]lzs /f]huf/df hfg] JolQmnfO{ zLkd"ns tflndsf] Joj:yf u/L bIf hgzlQmsf ?kdf k7fOg]5 . a}b]lzs /f]huf/nfO{ ;'/lIft, Jojl:yt / dof{lbt agfOg] 5 .

j}b]lzs /f]huf/Ldf hfg] >dhLljx¿nfO{ ;+u7g ug{ kfpg] clwsf/, ;fd"lxs ;f}bfjfhL ug{ kfpg] clwsf/, Go"gtd Hofnf kfpg] clwsf/, ;fdflhs ;'/Iffsf] clwsf/ / Joj;fohGo :yf:Yo / ;'/Iffsf] clwsf/sf] k|Tofe'lt u/fO{g] 5 .

j}b]lzs /f]huf/Ldf >lds k7fpFbf uGtJo d'n'sx¿;Fu ;Demf}tf ug]{ Joj:yf ldnfOg] 5 .

j}b]lzs sfdaf6 kms{g]x¿n] NofPsf] 1fg zLknfO{ clwstd pkof]u u/L g]kfndf g} /f]hufl/ l;h{gf ug{ Kofs]h sfo{qmdsf] Joj:yf ldnfO{g] 5 . j}b]lzs /f]huf/Ljf6 ePsf] cfDbfgLnfO{ :jb]zd} pTkfbgd"ns sfo{df nufOg] gLlt NofOg]5 .

/f]huf/Ldf hfg]x¿jf6 lnOg] ;]jf z'Nssf] ;Ldf sd ul/g]5 o; ;DjlGw sfg'gL Joj:yfnfO{ k|efjsf/L ¿kdf sfof{Gjog ul/g]5 .

j}b]lzs /f]huf/df hfg] >ldsnfO{ Go"g Jofhb/df C0f lbg] Joj:yf ul/g] 5 . o;sf nflu xfn df}Hbftdf /x]sf] sNof0fsf/L sf]ifsf] artsf] k|of]u, ;/sf/åf/f C0fsf]ifsf] :yfkgf, jf ;xsf/L ;+:yfx¿sf] k|of]u ug]{ h:tf pkfo cjnDag ul/g]5 .

cfrf/ ;+lxtf cg';f/sf] Jojxf/ ug]{ j}b]lzs /f]huf/ Ph]G;LnfO{ dfq nfO;]G; lbOg]5 . Ph]G6x¿nfO{ lbg] sldzg cfk|jf;L >ldsx¿af6 Ph]G;Lx¿n] c;'Ng gkfpg] Joj:yf ul/g]5 .

93

j}b]lzs /f]huf/L ;DaGwL ;"rgf Pj+ Gofo÷Ifltk"lt{sf] ;+oGqdf ;xh kx'Fr ;'lglZrt ug{ j}b]lzs /f]huf/ ljefu / j}b]lzs /f]huf/ k|j4{g af]8{sf] If]qLo sfof{nox¿ :yfkgf ul/g]5 .

j}b]lzs /f]huf/ Gofoflws/0f nufot j}b]lzs /f]huf/Lsf If]qdf x'g] HofbtLsf] cg'udg ug{] ;+oGqx¿nfO{ yk ;|f]tx¿ ;'lglZrt u/L . lhNnftx;Dd ljs]G›Ls[t ul/g]5 .

dlxnfx¿nfO{ yk hf]lvdaf6 arfpg pgLx¿sf] cfk|jf;gdfly nufOPsf aGb]hx¿ cGTo ul/g]5 . j}b]lzs /f]huf/Ldf hfg] dlxnfx¿;Fu ;DjlGwt k|s[ofnfO{ ;'wf/ / Jojl:yt ul/g] 5 . uGtJo d'n's;Fu ul/g] >d ;Demf}tfkqdf dfgjclwsf/ / >d clwsf/sf af/]df pNn]v ul/g]5 .

j}b]lzs /f]huf/ P]gdf Joj:yf ul/P adf]lhd %,))) hgf eGbf a9L g]kfnL >ldsx¿ sfo{/t b]zdf /x]sf g]kfnL b'tfjf;df >d ;xrf/Lsf] lgo'Qm ul/g]5 . >d ;xrf/Lx¿ bIftfsf] cfwf/df lgo'Qm x'g] ;'lglZrt ul/g]5 .

/fhb'tfjf;df dsf{df k/]sf JolQmx¿nfO{ ;xof]u ug{ 5'§} “;xfotf sIf” sf] Joj:yf ul/g]5 . b"tfjf;x¿df dlxnfsf] xs, lxt / ;'/Iffsfnflu ljz]if Joj:yf ul/g]5 .

dfgj j]rljvg ;DaGwL ;+o'Qm /fi6«;+3Lo k|f]6f]sn cg'df]bg ul/g]5 / g]kfnsf] dfgj j]rljvg ;DaGwL sfg"gdf >d zf]if0fsf nflu ul/g] j]rljvg ;d]t ;d]l6g] 5 / pQm sfg'gsf] s8fOsf ;fy sfof{Gjog ul/g]5 .

j}b]lzs /f]huf/df hfg] JolQmx¿sf] lxtdf pQm d'n'sx¿sf Joj;foLx¿;Fu ;fem]bf/Laf6 g]kfndf pBf]u :yfkgf u/L sfdbf/x¿sf] z]o/ nufgL ug]{ Joj:yf ul/g] 5 .

k|To]s ljsf; If]qdf j}b]lzs /f]huf/sf] ljefuLo sfd ug{ ;Sg] sfof{no :yfkgf u/L /f]huf/df hfg] cGtLd 5gf}6 If]qLo txjf6 g} u/fO{g] 5 . o;jf6 j}b]lzs /f]huf/df hfg rfxg JolQmnfO{ ;/n / sd vr{df hfg ;Sg] jgfpg] 5 .

cfk|jf;L >ldsx¿sf] clwsf/ ;DaGwL ;+o'Qm /fi6«;+3Lo dxf;lGw cg'df]bg ul/g]5 .

&=* Ho]i7 gful/s

94

h]i7 gful/sx¿nfO{ lbO/x]sf] xfnsf] dfl;s ;fdflhs ;'/Iff eQf -j[4 eQf_ bf]Aa/ ul/g]5 / k|To]s b'O jif{df o;sf] k'g/fjnf]sg ug{] lglZrt cfwf/x¿ nfu" ul/g]5 .

k|To]s lhNnf ;b/d'sfd / kljq lty{:ynx¿df ;fj{hlgs lghL, ;fd'bflos ;fem]bf/Ldf æHo]i7 gful/s s]G›Æ :yfkgf ug]{ Joj:yf ul/g]5 . j[4 cf>dnfO{ ;'ljwf;DkGg agfOg]5 .

*) aif{ / ;f] eGbf dfly pd]/ k'u]sf Ho]i7 gful/snfO{ Ho]i7 gful/s s]G›df cfjf;, vfgf, :jf:Yo pkrf/ nufotsf ;a} ;]jf lgz'Ns pknAw u/fOg] 5 . lgz'Ns ;]jfsf] vr{sf nflu :jfoQ /fli6«o Ho]i7 gful/s sf]if :yfkgf ul/g]5 . o; sf]ifdf k|To]s jif{ ;/sf/n] lglZrt /sd of]ubfg ug{] 5 .

j[4/ j[4fnfO{ ;fj{hlgs oftfoftdf zt k|ltzt ;x'lnot k|bfg ul/g]5 .

Ho]i7 gful/snfO{ :jf:Yo pkrf/df ;x'lnotsf] Joj:Yff ul/g]5 . Ho]i7 gful/sx¿sf] ljlzi6 pkrf/;]jf k|bfgug{] blIf0f–Pl;ofnL d'n'ss} Pp6f gd'gfsf] ¿kdf cfw'lgs c:ktfn lgdf{0f ul/g]5 .

Ho]i7 gful/s sf]ifdf ul/Psf] df}lb|s of]ubfg cfos/ k|of]hgsf] nflu k'/} vr{ s§f ug{ kfpg] sfg"gL k|aGw ul/g]5 . JolQmut ;DkltnfO{ d/0ff]k/fGt Ho]i7 gful/s sf]ifdf hDdf ug{] hgr]tgfd"ns sfo{qmdx¿ ;+rfng ul/g]5 .

&=( c+kfutf ePsf] ;d'bfo ckf+utf ePsf JolQmx¿nfO{ /fHosf ;a} ;fj{hlgs ;]jf, :yfg

tyf cGo ;'ljwfx¿df ljz]if Joj:yf;lxt ;dfj]zL / ;dfg'kflts k|ltlglwTj / kx"Fr ;'lglZrt ul/g] 5 . pgLx¿n] k|of]u ug{] ;fdfg÷pks/0fx¿ :jb]zd} pTkfbg ug{ / To;df ;a}sf] kx'Fr lj:tf/ ul/g]5 .

;fj{hlgs k"jf{wf/, ;/sf/L ejgx¿, ;fj{hlgs k|of]usf lghL ejgx¿ / ;+o'Qm cfjf;u[x ckf+ud}qL k|ljlw /fvL lgdf{0f ug{'kg{] dfkb08 hf/L u/L sfo{Gjogsf] cg'udg ul/g]5 .

ckf+utf ePsf JolQmx¿sf] clwsf/ ;DaGwL cGt/fli6«o k|rngcg'¿k ;fdflhs ;'/Iffsf] k|Tofe"t u/fOg] 5 .

95

;jf]{Rr cbfntn] ckfËtf ePsf JolQmx¿sf] af/]df u/]sf lg0f{ox¿nfO{ sfof{Gjog ul/g]5 .

ckfËtfsf] k|s[lt x]/L pko'Qm zLkd'ns tflnd k|bfg u/L /f]huf/Lsf cj;/x¿df kx'Fr lj:tf/ tyf :j/f]huf/Lsf cj;/x¿sf] ;[hgf u/L pBdzLntf ljsf; ug{ ljz]if cfly{s ;xof]usf] Joj:yf ul/g]5 . ckfËx¿nfO{ pko'Qm /f]huf/Lsf] Joj:yf ul/g] 5 / pgLx¿nfO{ /f]huf/L lbg] pBdL Joj;foLx¿nfO{ ljz]if ;Ddfgsf] Joj:yf ul/g] 5 .

&=!) of}lgs cNk;+Vos of}lgs cNk;+VosnfO{ klxrfg ;lxtsf] gful/stf lbg] sfg"gL

k|jGw ul/g]5 . klxn] ljt/0f ul/Psf gful/stfdf ePsf] c:ki6 nl}Ës klxrfgsf] klxrfg u/L tTsfn ;'wf/ ;lxtsf] gful/stf k|bfg ul/g] 5 . of}lgs cNk;+Vossf] clwsf/ / k|ltlglwTj ;'lglZrt ul/g]5 .

&=!! ;'s'Daf;L tyf c;'/lIft cfjf;sf] ;d:of g]kfnL sf+u|]; cfocfh{g tyf ;'/lIft j;f]jf;sf] k|jGw gePsf

sf/0fn] jfWotfj; ;'s'Daf;L x'g'kg{] cj:yfsf] cGTo ug{ rfxG5 .

e"ldxLg, ljkGg / cfly{s–;fdflhs jlGrlts/0fdf k/]sf ju{nfO nlIft u/L ;'/lIft tyf :j:ys/ cfjf; lgdf{0f / cfo–cfh{gsf sfo{qmd ;+rfng ul/g]5 . af9L jf cGo k|s[lts hf]lvd k"0f{ :yfgdf a;f]af; u/]sf kl/jf/x¿nfO{ qmlds ¿kdf ;'/lIft If]qdf gofF cfjf; lgdf{0f u/L :yfgfGt/0f ul/g]5 .

k|To]s gful/snfO{ cfjf;sf] ;'ljwf x'g] ;+j}wflgs xsnfO{ sfof{Gjog ul/g] 5 . ;'ne cfjf;sf] Joj:yf u/L ;'s'Djf;LnfO{ j;f]jf;sf] Joj:yf ul/g] 5 .

&=!@ afnaflnsf jfnjflnsfx¿ /fi6«sf s0f{wf/ x'g jfNofj:yfd} logLx¿sf] ;d'lrt

zf/Ll/s tyf dfgl;s ljsf;sf nflu /fi6«sf] nufgL x'g'k5{ eGg] ;f]+r g]kfnL sf+u|];sf] /x]sf]5 . ljkGg kl/jf/df hGd]sf] sf/0fn] s'g}klg jfnjflnsf c;n lzIff / :jf:yf]krf/sf] cj;/af6 jlGrt x'g'x'Fb}g . o;}

96

b[li6sf]0faf6 afnaflnsfsf ;du| clwsf/x¿sf] ;+/If0f tyf k|j4{gsf nflu g]kfnL sf+u|];sf sfo{qmdx¿ lgb{]lzt x'g]5g .

!* aif{ d'lgsf afnaflnsfx¿nfO{ s'g}klg ;s[o /fhgLlts ultljlwdf ;+nUg u/fO{g] 5}g . ;a} lsl;dsf afn zf]if0f, b'Jo{jxf/ tyf afn>d pGd"ngsf nflu ljz]if sfo{qmd tyf cleofgx¿ ;~rfng ul/g]5 .

“kfFr jif{sf] pd]/df ;a} afnaflnsf ljBfnodf” eGg] dfGotf cg'¿k afnaflnsfnfO{ ljBfno k7fpg k|f]T;flxt ul/g]5 . ljBfno hfg jfnjflnsfnfO cfslif{t / pTk|]l/t ug{ ljBfnox¿df jfnd}qL k"jf{wf/ / jftfj/0f lgdf{0f ul/g]5 .

afnaflnsfnfO{ pd]/ cg';f/ pko'Qm v]ns'b dgf]/GhgfTds ultljlw tyf ;f+:s[lts hLjgdf :jtGqtf k"j{s ;xefuL x'g kfpg], ;';'lrt x'g kfpg], ;+ul7t x'g kfpg], cfkm"x¿dfly k|efj kfg{] ljifodf ljrf/ JoQmug{ kfpg] clwsf/ ;'/lIft ul/g]5 . l56f] 5l/tf] / ;'ne ¿kdf afnd}qL Gofo ;'lglZrt ul/g] 5 .

c;xfo, cgfy, ;':t dgl:yltsf, ckfËtf ePsf, åGåkLl8t, lj:yflkt, Pj+ hf]lvddf /x]sf, ;8s jfnjflnsf nufot ;+/If0fsf] cfjZostf ePsf afnaflnsfnfO{, ljsf;, sNof0f tyf ;'lglZrt eljZosf lgldQ /fHoaf6 ljz]if ;+/If0f / ;'ljwf k|bfg ul/g] 5 .

k|To]s ljBfnodf afn ;+/If0f ;ldlt tyf uflj;df afn Snjx¿sf ultljlwdf ;xof]u ug{] Joj:yf ldnfO{g]5 .

;8s afnaflns tyf cgfyx¿sf nflu dxfgu/kflnsfdf $ / pkdxfgu/kflnsfdf @ cgfy tyf ;8s afnaflnsf :ofxf/ s]Gb|sf] Joj:yf ul/g]5 . pQm s]Gb|x¿df k|f=lj= ;Ddsf] lzIff lbg] Joj:yf ul/g]5 . pQm sfo{qmdsf] sfof{Gjog gu/kflnsfsf] sfof{noaf6 x'g]5 .

&=!# åGå kLl8tsf ;DaGwdf lj:t[t zflGt ;Demf}tf @)^#, g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg

@)^# sf] efjgf cg'¿k tTsfn lgikIf, :jtGq / ;Ifd ;To tyf d]nldnfk cfof]u / j]kQf ;DjGwL cfof]u u7g ul/g]5 .

åGåkLl8tnfO{ ;]jf;'ljwf k|bfg ug{sf nflu cfjZos Joj:yf ug{, åGåaf6 kLl8t gful/s tyf lj:yflktsf] l:ylt kQf nufO{ ;'emfj lbg ;ldlt agfO{ /fxt k|bfg ug{ åGåsfndf

97

sAhf ul/Psf ;DklQ ;DjlGwt JolQmnfO{ lkmtf{ u/fpg] Joj:yf ldnfpg nufot åGåsfndf ePsf dfgjclwsf/ pNn+3g / HofbtLsf 36gfsf ;DaGwdf / åGå kLl8tnfO{ /fxt, kl/k"/0f / Gofo ;'lglZrt ug]{ ;DaGwdf ;jf]{Rr cbfntn] ;/sf/nfO{ lbPsf cfb]zx¿ sfof{Gjog ul/g]5 .

hgcfGbf]ngsf 3fOt] Pj+ åGå kLl8t / tLgsf kl/jf/nfO{ plrt kl/k"/0fsf] Joj:yf ul/g]5 . 3fOt]sf nflu pkrf/ / hLjgofkgsf nflu plrt Joj:yf ul/g]5 .

;z:q 4G4sf qmddf dfl/Psfsf kl/jf/, 3fOt] ePsf, lj:yflkt ePsf, ;DklQ sAhf ul/Psf gful/sx¿, ;'/IffsdL{ nufotnfO{ /fxt, k'gaf{; / zLkd"ns tflndsf nflu ljz]if cfly{s Kofs]hsf] Joj:yf ul/g]5 .

&=!$ sd}of, afbL, e"ldxLg / clt ljkGg pk]lIft ;d'bfo u/LjLsf] /]vfd'lg /x]sf h'g;'s} hflt ;d'bfo efiff If]qsf] ePtf

klg tLgsf] klxrfg u/L clen]v /flvg] 5 . pgLx¿sf] hLljsf]kfh{gsf nflu ljz]if sfo{qmd ;~rfng ug{]5 . ;fdflhs ;'/Iffsf] xs cGtu{t gfgf, 5fgf, dfgf, lzIff, :jf:Yo, /f]huf/sf nflu ljz]if Joj:yf;lxtsf] k|fyldstf /xg]5 .

sd}of, afbL, e"ldxLg / cGo pk]lIft tyf ;LdfGts[t ;d'bfosf lzIff ;d:ofnfO{ g]kfnL sf+u|]; PSsfO;f}+ ztfAbLsf] /fli6«o nHhf sf] ¿kdf x]b{5 . lzIffdf kx'r, /f]huf/L sf] ;''lglZrttf, pBd Joj;fo ;+rfng ug{ ljQ, k|ljlw tyf Joj:yfksLo ;xof]u / ;fdflhs ;'/Iffsf] Joj:yfaf6 oL ;d'bfosf] ;d:ofsf] ;dfwfg ;Dej 5 eGg] ljZjf;sf ;fy oL ;d:ofx¿sf] ;dfwfgnfO pRr k|fyldstf lbO{ ;d:ofsf] pGd"ng ug{]5 .

&=!% d'l:nd ;d'bfo wfld{s cNk;+Vossf] ¿kdf /x]sf d'l:nd ;d'bfosf] /fhgLlts,

wfld{s / ;fF:s[lts clwsf/sf] Jojxfl/s ;'lglZrttf ul/g]5 . db/;f lzIffnfO{ cf}krfl/s lzIffdf ;dfj]z ul/g]5 . d'l:nd ;d'bfosf] wfld{s ofqfsf] k4ltnfO{ plrt Joj:yfkg

ul/g]5 .

98

d'l:nd ;d'bfosf] ;fF:s[lts ;Dkbfx¿sf] ;+/If0fdf hf]8 lbOg]5 .

d'l:nd ;d'bfosf] a[xQ/ lxtsf nflu /fli6«o :t/df …d'l:nd cfof]uÚ sf] u7g ul/g]5 .

&=!^ cGo wfld{s cNk;+Vosx¿cGo wfld{s cN;+Vossf] /fhg}lts, wfld{s / ;f:s[lts clwsf/sf] k|jå{g Pj+ ;+/If0f ul/g] 5 . *= nf]stflGqs Oltxf;sf] ;Djw{g

@))& ;fn b]lv xfn ;Dd cgj/t k|hftGqsf] nflu n8]sf of]4fx¿ / tLgsf kl/jf/sf] nfut /flvg] 5 / pgLx¿sf] ;Ddfghgs ¿kdf a:g] vfg] Joj:yfsf] cfjZostf cg';f/ k|aGw ul/g] 5 . g]kfnL sf+u|];sf lhNnf sfof{nox¿df To; lhNnfsf k|hftGqsf] nflu zxLb x'g]x¿ / tLgsf] kl/jf/, / k|hftGqsf of]4fx¿sf] clen]v / kmf]6f]x¿ /flvg]5 . o:tf hLljt of]4fx¿nfO{ ljz]if kl/rokq lbOg]5 . pQm kl/rokqsf] cfwf/df kf6L{sf sfo{qmdx¿df, laz]if :yfg / ;fj{hlgs ;]jfx¿ h:t} oftfoft, :jf:y, lzIff ;/sf/L ;x'lnotx¿ pknAw u/fOg] 5 . k|To]s lhNnfsf ljz]if :yfgx¿ h:t} g]kfnL sf+u|]; kf6L{sf nf]stflGqs of]4fsf] hGd:yn, qmflGt ubf{ k|of]u ul/Psf a:t' cflbsf] clen]v /fVg] / tLgLx¿nfO{ nf]stflGqs cf:yfsf :ynsf ¿kdf ljsl;t ul/g]5 .

g]kfnL sf+u|];n] o; 3f]if0ffkqdfkm{t ;d[4 g]kfn lgdf{0fsf] vfsf k|i6tfsf ;fy /fv]sf] 5 . of] g]kfnL sf+u|];sf] ;+sNk xf] . o; 3f]if0ffkqdf ;j} ljifox¿ ;d]l6g ;+ej 5}g . o;df g;d]l6Psf ljifox¿nfO{ ;d]6\b} cfufdL rf/ aif{df g]kfnL sf+u|]; hgtfnfO{ kl/jt{gsf] cg'e'lt lbnfpg] u/L ;d[4 g]kfnsf] hu a;fNg]5 . ljt]sf ;ft aif{df @)^@÷)^# ;fnsf] hgcfGbf]ngdfkm{t JoQm hgcfsf+Iff cg'¿k kl/jt{gsf] cg'e"lt x'g ;s]g . g]kfnL sf+u|]; Joj:yflksf ;+;bsf] cfufdL rf/ jif{sf] ;do s'g} klg axfgfdf v]/ hfg lbg] 5}g . /fhgLlts ;+qmd0fsf] lgsf; ;+u} cfly{s

99

qmflGtsf] hu a;fNgsf lglDt klg cfufdL ;+ljwf;g;efdf g]kfnL sf+u|];sf] g]t[Tj ckl/xfo{ 5 .

/ cGTodf,kf6L{sf b:tfj]hx¿df cfsif{s gf/f k|:t't ug]{ t/ Jojxf/df eg] gful/ssf] ;DklQ /fVg kfpg] xs dfly ;d]t aGb]h nufpg], pBdzLntfnfO{ lg¿T;flxt ug,]{ ePsf snsf/vfgf aGb ug]{, gful/ssf] lx88'n / a;f]af;sf] clwsf/nfO{ s'l07t ug]{ , o'jf zlQmnfO{ b'¿kof]u ug]{, cfk/flws ultljlwnfO{ a9fjf lbg], b]z leq} gful/snfO{ klxnf] / bf];|f] bhf{sf] agfpg]x¿nfO{ klxrfg ug{ / ljj]s ;Ddt lg0f{o u/L cfkm\gf] dtflwsf/ k|of]u ug{ g]kfnL sfFu]|; g]kfnL hgtf;Fu xflb{s cfu|x ub{5 .

100

xfd|f] clkn

cfb/0fLo lbbLjlxgL tyf bfh'efOx¿xfdL bf];|f] ;+ljwfg;efsf] lgjf{rgdf 5f} . of] ;+ljwfg;efnfO{ ;kmntfdf 6'Ëfpg' g} clxn]sf] d'Vo r'gf}lt xf] . o;sf] ;kmntfdf g} zflGt, nf]stGq / ;d[l4sf] hu cl8Psf] 5 . g]kfnL sf+u|]; k|i6 5 g]kfndf g t t];|f]k6s ;+ljwfg;efsf] lgjf{rg ;+ej 5 g cGo ljsNkjf6 /fhgLlts jf lgsf; g} . t;y{ g]kfnL sf+u|]; of] ;+ljwf;efnfO{ ;kmntfdf k'¥ofpb} ;+3Lo nf]stflGqs u0ftGqsf] hudf d'n'ssf] ofqf cufl8 a9fpg rfxG5 . g]kfnL sf+u|];n] ljt]sf ;ft bzsdf g]kfnL e"lddf ;DkGg kl/jt{gsf ;j} cfGbf]ngx¿sf] g]t[Tj ub{} cfPsf] 5 t/ cfGbf]ngjf6 k|fKt ;j} pknlJwx¿ ;+:yfut x'g ;s]sf 5}gg . o;k6s g]kfnL sf+u|]; cfˆgf] Tof] ljutsf] cg'ejjf6 kf7 l;Sb} ;j} cfGbf]ngsf pknlJwnfO{ ;+:yfut ub{} ;d[l4sf] ofqf to ug{] ;+sNk ub{5 .xfd|f] cufl8sf] jf6f]sf] k|:yfgljGb' eg]sf] gofF ;+ljwfgsf] lgdf{0f g} xf] . jt{dfg ;+qmd0fsfnLg /fhgLltsf] lgsf;sf nflu ;+ljwfg;efdf g]kfnL sFu|];sf] jlnof] pkl:yt ckl/xfo{ ePsf] 5. g]kfnL sf+u|];sf] ljutn] g} k|dfl0ft u5{ ;+qmd0fsflng cj:yfdf ;j}nfO{ ;dGjo ug{] ;fdy{Ø g]kfnL sf+u|];;Fu dfq 5 . @)$^ ;fnsf] hgcfGbf]ng kl5sf] ;+qmd0fsflng cj:yfdf g]kfnL sf+u|];n] g} ;j}nfO{ ;dGjo ub{} Psjif{ leqdf ;+ljwfg hf/L u/L cfd lgjf{rg ;DkGg u/]sf] lyof].@)^@\)^# ;fnsf] hgcfGbf]ng kZrftsf] ;+s6k"0f{ cj:yfdf g]kfnL sf+u|];n] g} ;j}nfO{ ;dGjo ub{} ;+ljwfg;efsf] lgjf{rg / u0ftGqsf] 3f]if0ff u/]sf] lyof]. t/ lj8Djgf To;kZrft hj sf+u|]; g]t[TjbfoL e'ldsfdf /x]g tj zflGt k|sof / ;+ljwfg lgdf{0fsf] sfd ;d]t cnkq kof{]. ct: g]kfnL sf+u|]; hgtfsf ljrdf ;+sNk ug{ rfxG5 cfufdL Ps jif{leqdf ;j}nfO{ ;dGjo ub{} ;+3Lo nf]stflGqs u0ftGq ;lxtsf] gofF ;+ljwfg hf/L ug{]5 / cfˆgf] dfu{lrq cg'¿k cfly{s ;d'Ggltsf] dfu{df d'n'snfO{ cufl8 j9fpg]5 .

101

g]kfnL sf+u|]; ;d'Ggt g]kfn ;d[4 g]kfnL eGg] gf/f lnP/ o; 3f]if0ffkqdfkm{t g]kfnL hgtfsf jLrdf pkl:yt ePsf] 5 . ;+ljwfg;ef lgjf{rgsf] of] P]ltxfl;s 38Ldf g]kfnL sf+u|]; ;+qmd0fsfnLg /fhgLlt lgsf; lbg ;Sg], ;j}nfO{ ;dGjo ug{ ;Sg] / ;j}sf] clwsf/ ;'lglZrt ug{ ;dk{lt kf6L{ g]kfnL sf+u|];nfO{ cfˆgf] ljj]s;Ddt dt lbgsf lglDt g]kfnL hgtfnfO{ xflb{s clkn ub{5 .

æhgtfsf] hudf p7\5 nf]stGqsf] klxrfgo;s} nflu lbPsf x'g zxLbn] Hofg

ljrf/ k'¥ofpF Ps} ef]6n] lbG5 b]zsf] lgsf;bLuf] zflGt, ;+ljwfg, ;d[l4 / ljsf;Æ

ho g]kfn .

102

gf/fx¿ zflGt, ;d[l4 / ;+3Lo nf]stflGqs u0ftGqfTds ;+ljwfg .;+ljwfg ;efsf] ;kmntfsf nflu g]kfnL sf+u|];nfO{ dtbfg ..

/fli6«otf, ;dfhjfb / nf]stflGqs u0ftGq .;+3Lotf, k|fb]lzs :jfoQtf / ;d[4 cy{tGq ..

ls;fgsf] kf6L{, >ldssf] ;fyL . g]kfnL sf+u|]; g]kfnsf] nflu ..

an xf]Og ljrf/ .g]kfnL sf+u|];sf] cfwf/ ..

pRr cfly{s j[l4 .g]kfnL sf+u|];sf] b[li6 ..

pBdLnfO{ cj;/ / ;\'/Iff .g]kfnL sf+u|];sf] k|lta4tf ..

g]kfnL sf+u|];sf] dGq .;+3Lo, nf]stflGqs u0ftGq ..

g]kfnL sf+u|];sf] lhDd]jf/L .zflGt, ;d[l4 / /f]hfu/L ..

g]kfnL sf+u|];sf] k|ltj4tf .;+ljwfg / :yL/tf ..

g]kfnL sf+u|];sf] cleofg .klxrfg / ljljwtfsf] ;Ddfg ..

g]kfnL sf+u|];sf] cfjfh .;dtf d"ns ;dfh ..

:yfgLo ;/sf/ agfpF .

103

hgtfsf] clwsf/ arfpF ..

¿v lrGxdf ef]6 xfnf}+ .g]kfnL sf+u|];nfO{ lhtfcf}+ ..

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