STRATEGIC MANAGEMENT

ESSAY – 12 MARKS

UNIT – I

1. Define strategic management? Bring out the significance of strategic management process.

2. Distinguish between vision and mission. Discuss the process of developing a strategic vision and mission statement

3. How important are objectives for an organization? How are they established?

4. Discuss the concept of strategic intent. Write a note on crafting a strategy

UNIT – II

1. Discuss in detail the competitive forces (Five Force Model) that are faced by the industry members. (If question is asked on the external environment such as “Explain in detail the external environment affecting the company’s strategic decisions”, then the same answer of five forces should be written)

2. What do you mean by Competitor? Explain the framework for competitive analysis

3. How are company’s resources, capabilities and core competencies analyzed? (If question is asked on the internal environment such as “Explain in detail the internal environment affecting the company’s strategic decisions”, then the same answer of company’s resources, capabilities and core competencies should be written)

UNIT – III

1. Explain Porter’s Generic Competitive Strategies? How can you convert these three Generic Strategies into five?

2. What are vertical integration strategies? Discuss the strategic advantages of vertical integration

3. How offensive and defensive strategies help to secure competitive advantage? Explain different types of offensive and defensive strategies

4. Distinguish between BPO, LPO and Healthcare BPO’s HR outsourcing. Discuss the emerging and changing environments for outsourcing. (Please read latest news for updates on the policies of Obama government on outsourcing)

UNIT – IV

1. What is fragmented industry? Explain the reasons and remedies for fragmentation.

2. Explain features of an emerging industry. What are the strategies to be followed in an Emerging industry?

3. How is mature industry different from decline industry? How can a firm gain competitive advantage in both mature and decline industry

4. Discuss briefly the strategies to be followed by Industry leaders, Runner-up firms, weak and crisis ridden businesses.

UNIT – V

1. What is Corporate Governance? Discuss the importance of Corporate Governance with reference to the companies such as Satyam, Enron, Worldcom, and Daewoo. (Internet link on the scandals are provided at the end of the questions, those who are interested can read them to get the real sense about corporate governance)

2. Change in strategy requires or demands change in organizational structure and control. Elucidate

3. Effective implementation of strategy requires good leadership. Discuss. (or) Bring out the importance of strategic leadership and explain how leader can make a strategy successful or failure

SHORT – 2 MARKS

1. Objectives Vs Goal

2. Strategic Planning

3. Strategic moves

4. Grand strategies

5. SWOT analysis

6. Competitor Intelligence System

7. Competitive moves

8. Distinctive competence

9. Strategic Alliance

10. Co-operative strategies

11. Merger and Acquisitions

12. Vertical integration

13. Unbundling & Outsourcing strategies

14. Strategic Groups

15. Synergy

16. Competitive Advantage

17. Stagnant Vs Turbulent Industries

18. Diversification Strategies

19. Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR)

20. Strategic Entrepreneurship

SUPPLY CHAIN MANAGEMENT

ESSAY – 12 MARKS

UNIT – I

1. Explain the concept, objectives and functions of Supply Chain management. OR “Supply chain helps an organization to increase profitability by satisfying the channel partners and customer” Elucidate.

2. What is operating model for supply chain? Discuss the Framework of SCM

3. Explain in detail the various supply chain strategies?

4. What is Value Chain? Explain the linkage between value chain and value delivery system for SCM with suitable diagrams.

UNIT – II

1. How is an organization for effective SCM developed? Explain in detail development of integrated logistics strategy

2. Discuss the role of logistics in maximizing profitability and cash flow.

3. Bring out the importance of Transportation in SCM. What are the factors affecting transporting selection?

4. Discuss the role and importance of Handling systems. How selection of handling systems is done?

UNIT – III

1. Explain in detail the role and importance of inventory management in supply chain?

2. What do you mean by sourcing of material? Discuss the issues and problems associated with global sourcing.

3. Discuss the role of stores management. How can inventory be an element of customer service?

UNIT – IV

1. “Strategic partnerships and alliances ensure effective supply chain management”. Comment on the statement and explain what precautions are to be taken while entering into alliances.

2. Explain the importance of Best practice and Benchmarking. How are they associated with the supply chain?

3. How can you attain the level of optimization of supply chain? Explain the problems of complexity confronting SCM. What is role of modeling?

UNIT – V

1. Discuss the issues relating to Retail supply chain management or the various issues related to the management of an internal and external supply chain.

2. What is the role of human resources in SCM? Discuss the issues in workforce management and relationship management with suppliers, customers and employees [This question is related to various kinds of human resources who are associated with supply chain such as suppliers, customers and employees. The answer should focus on how the satisfaction of all there people (suppliers, customers and employees) will help organization to increase its profitability]

3. What is Customer-Led business? Explain Customer focus in supply chain.

4. What is the role of customer service in supply chain and how is customer service strategy developed?

SHORT – 2 MARKS

1. Electronic Data Interchange (EDI)

2. Reverse Logistics or Reverse supply chain

3. Global Supply Chain

4. Third Part Logistics (3PL) Vs 4PL

5. International logistics

6. Inbound Vs Outbound Logistics

7. Breakdown pattern analysis

8. Equipment Maintenance

9. Vertical Trade-off Vs Horizontal Trade-off

10. E-procurement Vs Group purchasing

11. JIT Vs VMI

12. Inventory Policies

13. Lean manufacturing

14. Re-engineering of supply chain

15. Wave flow products

16. Sources & Sinks

17. RFID Vs. Bar coding

18. Complaint handling

19. Channel Design

20. Packaging Vs Repackaging

 

ENTREPRENEURIAL DEVELOPMENT

 

ESSAY – 12 MARKS

UNIT – I

1. Discuss the evolution, characteristic, functions and types of entrepreneur.

2. What are the functions, growth, problems and recent trends of entrepreneurship? Explain the role of entrepreneurship in economic development

3. Explain the concept, functions, growth, problems and development of entrepreneurship. What are the recent trends with regard to women entrepreneurship?

4. What is rural entrepreneurship? Discuss the need for rural development and problems faced in development of rural entrepreneurship

UNIT – II

1. Explain the economic and non economic factors affecting entrepreneurial growth. 

2. Write a note on the following

    a)  Entrepreneurial motivation    b) Entrepreneurial Competencies    c) Entrepreneurial mobility

3. What is Entrepreneurship Development Programmes (EDPs)? Discuss the objectives, curriculum, phases and evaluation of EDPs.

UNIT – III

1. Define small enterprises. What are its characteristics, rationale and scope of Small Enterprises?

2. Discuss the role small enterprises in economic development. Explain the problem faced by small enterprises?

3.  Explain in detail the process of Project Management including Project identification, Project selection, Project formulation and Project appraisal. Or What is project management? Explain various components in project management with suitable examples.

4. How is the relationship of small enterprises with large units? Explain the financing and ownership structures of small enterprises

UNIT – IV

1. What are the various forms of institutional financing available to entrepreneurs?

2. Explain briefly IDBI, IFCI, UTI, LIC,

3. Bring out the significance of SFCs, SIDCS, SIDBI and EXIM bank.

4. What is the need of institutional support to entrepreneurs? Bring out the significance and role of NSIC, SIDO, and DIC

UNIT – V

1. Explain the need, relevance and development of venture capital funds.

2. What is the structure and regulatory framework of venture capital financing in India? Explain the exit strategies of venture capital financing.

3. Discuss the investment and evaluation process of a venture. What is conventional method, Chicago method and revenue multiplier method?

4. What are the important venture capital funds in India? Explain the performance of TDICI.

SHORT – 2 MARKS

1. Entrepreneur Vs Manager

2. Intrapreneur

3. Rural entrepreneurship

4. Government actions

5. Feasibility report

6. Business Plan

7. Evaluation of EDPs

8. IRBI

9. ICICI

10. SSICs

11. SISI

12. Industrial estates

13. Specialised institutions

14. TCOs

15. Venture capital portfolio

16. Seed financing

17. Additional financing

18. Investment nurturing methodologies

19. Gujarat venture Capital

20. Commercial Banks financing

 

INTERNATIONAL FINANCE

ESSAY – 12 MARKS

UNIT – I

1. Explain briefly the need for an efficient and sound international monetary system with special focus on gold standard and Brettonwoods standard

2. Distinguish between the fixed & floating exchange rate regime.

3. Explain Global financial markets with reference to international money and capital market

4.  Discuss the global financial instruments and institutions

UNIT – II

1. Bring out the significance of foreign exchange markets. Discuss the mechanism of Foreign Exchange transfers

2. Discuss the various methods employed for determination of foreign exchange with special emphasis on Balance of Payment (BOP)

3.  Explain briefly Purchasing Power Parity (PPP), Interest Rate Parity (IRP), and international Fisher’s effect.

4. What is unbiased forward rate theory? Distinguish briefly between asset approach and technical approach

You can expect one practical problem from this unit. There are also chances for two practical problems from this unit and no theory at all. So be prepared for practical problems especially on Interest Rate Parity, Inflation Rate Parity (PPP), Arbitrage and Calculation of Outright rate & Premium or discount.  Nevertheless, do not ignore theory questions completely. Beware; there can also be two theory questions and no practical problem at all.

UNIT – III

1.  What is foreign exchange risk exposure? Explain the measurement and management of foreign exchange exposure. Or Explain in detail a) Transaction Exposure  b) Translation Exposure     c) Economic Exposure

2. What is hedging? Discuss the instruments and strategies for hedging and eliminating foreign exchange risk

3. Bring out the significance of currency options contract in managing foreign exchange risk. Distinguish between Forward contract and Futures contract. Or What is derivative? How derivatives instruments help in managing foreign exchange risk 

You can expect one practical problem from this unit. There are also chances for two practical problems from this unit and no theory at all. So be prepared for practical problems especially on Hedging i.e. transaction exposure; forwards, currency futures and currency options. Nevertheless, do not ignore theory questions completely. Beware; there can also be two theory questions and no practical problem at all.

UNIT – IV

1. What is international cash management? Discuss the centralized and decentralized cash management

2.  International capital budgeting is a difficult task. Explain or What is international capital budgeting? Write a note on NPV vs. APV

3. Explain the importance of international capital market. Discuss the features and instruments of Euro currency market.

4. What is the need for global financing strategy? Explain types, assessment and measurement of country related risk.

Since past few years two practical problems are given from this unit. Last year, in complete International Finance paper only one practical problem was asked that too on Outright forward rates and premium and discount. So, you can expect one practical problem from this unit. There are also chances for two practical problems from this unit and no theory at all. So be prepared for practical problems especially on International Capital Budgeting, International cost of capital, . Nevertheless, do not ignore theory questions completely. Beware; there can also be two theory questions and no practical problem at all. This time I strongly feel that compulsory one theory question will be asked from this unit.

UNIT – V

1. Bring out the comparative analysis of international tax laws. What is scope of tax charge?

2. Discuss the tax implications of foreign activities of an Indian enterprise. What are the tax incentives provided for earnings in foreign currency

3. What are the tax implications of activities of foreign enterprises in India?

4. Explain double taxation reliefs. What are bilateral relief and unilateral relief?

This is basically theoretical unit. Nevertheless you can expect problem on international tax implication. Preparing theory in this unit will be of much use.

SHORT – 2 MARKS

1. Cooperative intervention

2. Special Drawing Rights (SDR)

3. Wider band Vs Crawling peg

4. IFM Vs World Bank (IBRD)

5. Sterilization

6. CHIPS Vs SWIFT

7. Law of one price

8. Triangular Arbitrage Vs Geographical Arbitrage

9. Risk quantification

10. European option Vs American option

11. Put option Vs Call option

12. Marking to market

13. FDI Vs Portfolio investment

14. American Depositary Receipts (ADRs) Vs Global Depositary Receipts (GDRs)

15. Euro credits Vs Foreign bonds

16. Medium Term Notes (MTN) Vs Floating Rate Notes (FRN)

17. Carry forward Vs carry back

18. Tax treaties Vs Tax credits

19. Representative Assesses Vs Tax incentive

20. Transfer pricing

 

CONSUMER BEHAVIOUR

ESSAY – 12 MARKS

UNIT – I

1. What are the contemporary dimensions of consumer behavior? Discuss CB research process

2. Explain importance of studying consumer behaviour.  What are individual determinants of consumer behaviour?

3. Briefly explain the concepts and theories of motivation and personality and their marketing implications.

4. Discuss in detail the concept of perception and its impact on marketing strategies.

UNIT – II

1. Discuss learning principles and their marketing implications. What are Behavioural learning theories?

2. Explain the concepts of conditioning. What are the important aspects of information processing theory?

3. Bring out the relevance and importance of split-brain theory

UNIT – III

1. Explain the influence of environment on consumer behaviour. What is the influence of culture and cross-culture on consumer behaviour?

2. Bring out the cultural and sub-cultural influences on consumer behaviour.

3. Discuss the various stages of Family Life Cycle (FLC) and its marketing implications

4. What is the importance of reference group in consumer behavior? Explain various types of reference groups and their marketing implications.

UNIT – IV

1. What are the steps involved in consumer-decision making process?

2. Bring out the difference between pre-purchase and post purchase consumer behaviour.

3. Explain in detail the steps between evaluation of alternatives and purchase decision

UNIT – V

1. Explain briefly various models of consumer behavior

2. Bring out the differences between Modeling behavior traditional models and contemporary models

3. Discuss Generic model and Nicosia model of consumer behavior

4. What are Howard Seth model, and Miniard model?

SHORT – 2 MARKS

1. Consumer Research

2. Personality

3. Perception                                                  

4. Brand Loyalty

5. Information retention                                               

6. Retrieval of information

7. Encoding

8. Culture

9. Social class

10. Direct vs. indirect reference group

11. Consumer action

12. Disposal of products

13. Blackwell model

14. Engel

15. Weber’s Law

16. Family Life Cycle                                        

17. Consumer decision rule

18. Cognitions and beliefs                                

19. Formal groups

20. Nuclear family                                           

INVESTMENT MANAGEMENT

ESSAY – 12 MARKS

UNIT – I

1. What is Investment decision process? Discuss the various sources of investment information. What factors should be considered in making investment decision?

2. Distinguish between investment and speculation. Explain the role of speculator.

3. Explain briefly the following

            a) Fundamental Analysis    

            b) Technical Analysis           

            c) Efficient Market Hypothesis (EMH)

One compulsory practical problem on risk and return will be asked

UNIT – II

1.  Bring out the importance of bond valuation. What are the features and types of debt instruments?

2.  What is bond yield measurement? Discuss the importance of bond duration, Macaulay’s duration and modified Macaulay’s duration

3. How is Bond Portfolio managed? Write a note on active and passive bond portfolio management strategies

One compulsory practical problem on Bond valuation i.e. Present value, Actual YTM, Apprx. YTM, Immunization, or Macaulay’s duration.

UNIT – III

1. What do you mean by Common stock analysis and valuation? Discuss the basic features of common stock.

2. Explain in detail the various approaches to common stock valuation

One compulsory practical problem on Common stock valuation i.e., constant growth model, Two-stage model and earning approach

UNIT – IV

1. Explain Harry Markowitz’s portfolio theory and discuss the assumptions of the theory

2. Bring out the importance and application of Capital Asset Pricing Model (CAPM)

3.  What is Arbitrage pricing theory? Discuss the law of one price and two factor arbitrage pricing

One compulsory practical problem on Portfolio returns with calculation of Beta Coefficient.

UNIT – V

1. Discuss the genesis, features, types and schemes of Mutual Funds. Write a note on mutual fund expenses

2. “The market for MF in India is growing rapidly, and more small investors are opting MF investment” Elucidate or Explain the prospects and problems of Mutual Funds in India. How MF is regulated and how investors are protected?

3. What are the developing and implementing investment strategies of mutual fund? How is Mutual fund performance measured?

One compulsory practical problem on calculation of NAV, return on MF, Treynor, Sharpe, and Jensen index.

SHORT – 2 MARKS

1. Systematic Vs unsystematic risk

2. Immunization of bond

3. Price Earning approach (P/E ratio)

4. Investment Vs Speculation

5. Dow Theory

6. Arbitrage Pricing

7. CML Vs SML

8. Ex-post Vs Ex-ante return

9. Yield To Maturity (YTM) Vs Yield to Call (YTC)

10. Zero coupon bonds

11. NAV

12. Front end load Vs Back end load

13. Stock index futures

14. Features of fixed income securities

15. Beta

16. Interest rate risk

17. Efficient frontier

18. Undervalued Vs Overvalued securities

19. Fama’s Decomposition

20. Geometric mean return Vs  dollar weighted return

This is a practical paper and you will get chance to score more. So do practice practical problems as you can expect one practical problem from every unit. Also remember, that if in case no problem is asked in the examination, then you should be prepared to write theory (rather than leaving the complete question and loosing marks)

So give first preference to practical problems and to be on a safer side also be prepared with theory

 

SERVICES AND RETAIL MARKETING

ESSAY – 12 MARKS

UNIT – I

1. Explain the concept and scope of services. Discuss the 4 I’s of services goods and services categorization. Or Bring out the importance of service industry.  What are the challenges for service industry?

2. Define service segmentation, targeting and positioning.  How are STP Strategies useful in service industry?

3. “Customer Expectations and perceptions of services are vital while formulating service strategy”. Elucidate

UNIT – II

1. Explain service marketing mix.  What factors should be considered while designing service marketing mix? Or Discuss the 7Ps of service marketing mix and its importance in service industry.

2. What are the dimensions of service quality?  How can the service quality be measured and managed? or Understanding service quality management is an integral part of good service company. Elucidate.

UNIT – III

1. Explain the various strategies used by the firms for dealing with intangibility, inventory, inconsistency and inseparability.

2. “Customer relationship can be cemented through segmentation and retention strategies”. Discuss. Or How are customer relationship are built through segmentation and retention strategies?

3. What is service marketing triangle?  Explain the role of employee in service delivery. Or “Satisfied employee will lead to satisfied customer”.  What are your comments?

4. Define internal marketing and its relevance in the context of delivering service quality of external customers.

UNIT – IV

1. What is various types of Retailing? Explain the significance of franchising and technology in retail.

2. Briefly discuss the various factors affecting retail. What is the process of retailing?

3. Give an overview of retailing in India. Discuss the emerging trends and policy imperatives for retailing.

UNIT – V

1. What is Merchandise management? Explain the various sources of merchandise.

2. Explain the relevance of logistics management, category management, and stores layout & design to merchandise management

3. Discuss the retailing strategy to be formulated for providing valuable customer service

SHORT – 2 MARKS

1. Peripheral services 

2. Service positions

3. Relationship marketing                                           

4. Industrial service                                                

5. Customer Relationship

6. Branding of services                                               

7. Service quality

8. Target marketing

9. Customer gap                                                         

10. Service delivery

11. Service culture

12. Interactive marketing                                             

13. Service perception

14. Franchising

15. Retailing

16. Retail regulations

17. Visual merchandising

18. Stores Layout

19. Retail Design

20. Services continuum

 

PERFORMANCE MANAGEMENT

ESSAY – 12 MARKS

UNIT – I

1. Discuss the need for performance management in Indian organization. What are the determinants of job performance?

2. Explain the linkage between human resource strategy and organizational performance. What is the role of personality factors in job performance?

3. What are the components of effective performance management? Explain performance management cycles

4. Discuss the spangenberg’s integrated model of performance

UNIT – II

1.  Discuss in detail the need and methods for performance appraisal

2. What is re-engineering performance appraisal system? Explain the importance of performance analysis

3.  What is the importance of performance monitoring and feedback?

UNIT – III

1. How benchmarking helps in improving the performance? What is corporate performance management?

2. What is the significance of benchmarking in the Indian industry? Discuss the experience based approach to benchmarking.

3. What is EFQM excellence model? Distinguish between process and diagnostic bench-marking

 4. Bring out the importance of new performance management model

UNIT – IV

1. “Competency mapping is one of the best performance management tool” Discuss or what is competency mapping? Explain the different types of competency models.

2. Discuss the framework of Balance Score Card (BSC). How BSC helps in making performance management systems (PMS)

3.  Explain in detail the factors affecting the human performance system

4. Distinguish between managerial competency model and competency causal flow model.

UNIT – V

1. Explain the need, relevance, and significance of developing and designing performance management systems (PMS)

2. “By using OMS data for H.R decisions, performance can be improved”. Explain

3. Discuss the OMS and Appraisal practices in India and other Asian countries. What policy and strategy initiatives help in improving HR performance?

4. How is implementing and managing performance management done? Discuss the impact of performance management on line managers and employees.

SHORT – 2 MARKS

1. Key Performance Areas (KRAs)

2. Performance Targets

3. Performance planning

4. Performance effectiveness

5. Assessment center

6. Performance review

7. Simulation exercises

8. Psychometric tests

9. Process management

10. Emotional surplus

11. Organizational excellence

12. Diagnostic benchmarking

13. Competency gap

14. Competency assessment

15. Appraisal work

16. Competency models

17. Designing performance appraisal

18. Implementing performance management

19. PMS data

20. Performance management framework

 

EMPOWERMENT AND LEADERSHIP DEVELOPMENT

ESSAY – 12 MARKS

UNIT – I

1. Discuss the meaning and role of empowering manager. What are the benefits of empowering employees and empowering organization?

2. What are the strategies for overcoming resistance to empowerment? Explain the tactics for becoming an empowering leader

3. How are ethics linked with empowerment? What are the benefits of mentoring? Discuss the significance of mentoring in empowerment.

UNIT – II

1. What do you mean by leadership styles? Explain in detail different types of leadership styles?

2. Differentiate between transactional and transformational leadership.

3. Bring out the significance of cultural differences in leadership.

4. Who are visionary leaders? What is the contribution of Jim Collins, John Kotter, and John Adair to leadership theory?

UNIT – III

1. How does creating vision and showing directions helps a leader in designing and leading a learning organisation?

2. What is the role played by leader in bringing change and making organization learn change?

3. Discuss the leadership challenges in managing transformational change in a strategic organisation 

UNIT – IV

1. What are Leadership Development Programs (LDP)? Explain the characteristics and different types of LDP

2. How is evaluation of LDP done? Discuss the traditional approach to LDP evaluation

3. What are the domains (areas) of impact of a leadership program?

UNIT – V

1. Discuss the meaning and significance of company’s culture in developing an engaged workforce. How is high performance culture developed?

 2. How managing performance is key to effective execution? Discuss the importance of creating a culture of recognisition and celebration

3. What are the trends impacting the employer-employee relationship? Discuss the likely impact of the emergent trends.

4. Discuss in detail the best employer model

SHORT – 2 MARKS

1. Empowerment

2. Gateways to mentoring

3. Roadblocks to mentoring

4. Coaching

5. Leadership Behaviours

6. Servant leadership

7. Ethical leadership

8. Women leaders

9. Change agent

10. Leading change

11. Change management

12. Social architect

13. Leadership succession

14. Leadership development

15. Leadership through Self discipline

16. Super leadership

17. Employee life cycle

18. Engagement drivers

19. People value index model

20. Best employer theory

 

INFORMATION SYSTEMS AUDIT AND CONTROL

ESSAY – 12 MARKS

UNIT – I

1. Discuss the need for control and audit of computers. What are the effects of computers on internal controls and auditing? Explain the of IS Audit

2. What are the various types of audit procedures? Give an overview of steps in an Audit.

3. Explain the nature of control. Discuss the importance of evaluating planning, organizing, leading and controlling in top management’s process of control

4. What are system development management controls? How are the major phases in Systems development process evaluated?

UNIT – II

1. What do you mean by program development life-cycle? How are programming team organized? What is the method for managing the systems programming group?

2. What are Data Resource Management Controls? Explain in detail the rules and functions of DB and DBA

3. What is the importance of Security Management Controls? How is security program conducted? Discuss the major security threats and remedial measures to deal with threats.

4. Bring out the significance of Operations Management Controls. What are quality assurance functions? Discuss the relationship between Quality Assurance and Auditing.

UNIT – III

1. What is the application control framework? Explain the role and significance of Cryptography controls, Access Controls, and Audit Trail Controls.  

2. What are Input controls? Explain in detail various Data Input Methods. How validation of Data Input and Instruction Input is done?

3. What do you mean by Data Code Controls, and Data Entry Screen Design?

4. Explain briefly Communication controls, and Processing controls.

5. Bring out the differences between Database controls and Output controls

UNIT – IV

1. What do you mean by generalized audit software? Explain the significance of utility software and neural network software.

2.  Explain the role of specialized audit software. Give an overview of code review, test data and code comparison.

3. What are concurrent auditing techniques?  Discuss the performance measurement tools

UNIT – V

1. What do you mean by evaluating asset safeguarding and data integrity? Discuss the effectiveness and efficiency of evaluating systems.

2. Explain in detail the role, features or characteristics and functions of Information System Audit Management

3. “Continuous change in the Information technology industry will have greater impact on the future of information systems auditing” Elucidate

 

SHORT – 2 MARKS

 

1. Audit risk

2. Normative method

3. Approaches to auditing

4. DA VS DBA

5. Data repository system

6. Production control

7. Computer Operations Vs Network Operations

8. Capacity Planning Vs Performance monitoring

9. PIN vs. Digital Signatures

10. Plastic Cards

11. Check Design

12. Expert Systems

13. Interviews Vs Questionnaires

14. Control flow charts

15. Evidence collection

16. IS Auditor

17. Data Integrity

18. Data preparation

19. Program library

20. Audit software