weed flora of tea plantations of ri-bhoi district of meghalaya, india with a glimpse ... · 2016....

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WSN 56 (2016) 82-96 EISSN 2392-2192

Weed flora of tea plantations of Ri-Bhoi District of Meghalaya, India with a glimpse on its

ethnobiological value

Souvik Sen1,*, Sunil Kumar Pathak2 & Maqbool Lyngdoh Suiam3

1 Tea Research Association, Meghalaya Advisory Centre, Lumnongrim,

Dewlieh, Umsning, Pin - 793105, Meghalaya, India

2 Tea Research Association, Tocklai Tea Research Institute, Jorhat, Pin - 785008, Assam, India

3 Department of Horticulture, Directorate of Agriculture, Govt. of Meghalaya,

Tea Development Centre, Lumnongrim, Dewlieh, Umsning, Pin - 793105, Meghalaya, India

*E-mail address: [email protected]

ABSTRACT

Recent survey on the weed flora of tea ecosystem of Ri-Bhoi district of Meghalaya has recorded

66 weed species belonging to 51 genera under 31 families. This was the first attempt to explore the

weed flora of tea plantations of Meghalaya. Two species namely Bidens pilosa L. and Clerodendrum

paniculatum L. are reported for the first time from the tea plantation of North East India. Regarding

family-wise contribution Poaceae contributing highest number (14) of species followed by Asteraceae

(10), Cyperaceae (5), Lamiaceae (4), Amaranthaceae (2), Caesalpiniaceae (2), Malvaceae (2),

Polygonaceae (2), Solanaceae (2) & Schizaeaceae (2). Other families are having single representative.

23 weed species have been identified as ethno-biologically important. Local Khasi tribal peoples use

these weeds as folk medicine against various diseases and other purposes.

Keywords: Weed; Tea gardens; Ri-Bhoi district; Khasi tribal people; Meghalaya; India

1. INTRODUCTION

Tea, Camellia sinensis (L.) O. Kuntze is a perennial monoculture crop and covers

around 2000 ha area (Khasi & Garo hills) under tea plantation (Anonymous, 2012-13) of

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World Scientific News 56 (2016) 82-96

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Meghalaya. The economy of Meghalaya is mainly focused on agriculture where 70% of its

population depending on agriculture and nearly 2/3rd

of the total work force engaged in

agriculture (Rymbai et. al., 2012). Suitable climate and soil have prompted many farmers in

Meghalaya, known as the ‘Scotland of the East’, to take up developing tea gardens. It was a

visit in 1974 by Tea Board of India scientists that marked the beginnings of organized tea

cultivation in the state (Dept. of Agriculture, Govt. of Meghalaya, 2016).

Like other agricultural and horticultural crops, tea also needs an adequate agronomic

care for a high and sustained yield. Uncontrolled weed growth in tea cultivation can cause a

loss of production to the extent of 10-50% (Rajkhowa et. al., 2005; Deka & Barua, 2015). The

weeds are not only affect the tea plants by competing with them for necessary requirements

but also act as alternate host for various pathogens and pests. It also restricts branching system

and frame development in tea plant as well as responsible for contamination of plucked

shoots. For effective control measures of this unwanted plant, knowledge on their floristic

composition and seasonal behavior are essential. It is more so in the tea growing areas of

Meghalaya where the agricultural practices are quite different due to hilly terrain. Though

there are numerous reviews available on the weed flora of tea ecosystem of North East India,

but focus have been given more on traditional tea growing areas like Assam & West Bengal.

Meghalaya, a non-traditional tea growing area of India has been overlooked (Basu, 1972;

Dutta, 1983; Mustafee, 1988 & 1998; Anonymous 1992-93, 1994-95, 1996-97, 1998-99,

1999-2000, 2000-2002; Rajkhowa et. al., 2005; Ghosh & Das, 2009; Gogoi & Sarma, 2009;

Ghosh & Das, 2011; Deka & Barua, 2015). Considering such sparse information available on

the tea weeds of Meghalaya, in our first attempt we have carried out the survey on tea weeds

of Ri-Bhoi district of Meghalaya. 63% of the total tea areas of Meghalaya (Anonymous,

2012-13) are situated in Ri-Bhoi, lies between 90°55’ to 91°16’ latitude and 25°40’ to 25°21’

longitude and there is an altitudinal variation of 200m to 850m amsl. The region experiences a

tropical monsoon climate.

The area is dominated by the Khasi tribal people, who are dependent on the tea gardens

for their day to day life. They are very poor and most of them are living in remote areas and

are much dependent on natural resources for their survival. Due to poor transportation and

medical facilities in the rural areas, the rural folks in Meghalaya to a great extent still hold on

to their traditional faith upon local wild herbal plants. Traditional health-care system is an

age-old practice performed since ancient time by the people in the state of Meghalaya. During

the survey we were also able to identify some ethno-biologically important tea garden weeds.

Though some ethno-biological studies in Meghalaya have been undertaken by Joseph and

Kharkongor (1981), Rao (1981), Neogi et. al. (1989), Ahmed and Borthakur (2005), Laloo et.

al. (2006); Chhetri (2010); Hynniewta (2010); Laloo & Hemalatha (2011); Sheikh et.

al.(2013); Mir et. al.(2014). But crop specific surveys were lacking. Therefore, the attempt

was made to link up such traditional khasi wisdom with the tea cultivation as well as

popularize the uses of these weeds and to provide additional information for enrichment of the

available ethnobotany database of Meghalaya.

2. MATERIALS & METHODS

Survey on weed species was carried by visiting different tea gardens of Ri-Bhoi district

of Meghalaya. The weeds were surveyed in all the seasons to get a clear picture of the weed


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flora. For overall methodologies (viz. collection, preservation, identification and confirmation

of the weed species) Jain & Rao (1977), Dutta (1983), Rajkhowa et. al. (2005) & Naidu

(2012) were followed. In this regard necessary assistance has also been taken from India

Biodiversity Portal (IBP) & The Plant List (2013).

During the present survey, all the ethnobotanical information related to tea weed was

recorded from the local resourceful persons in different tea garden areas. At the same time, all

available literature on ethnobiology of Meghalaya was also consulted.

3. RESULTS & DISCUSSION

Sixty six (66) weed species under 31 families have been recorded during the survey of

weed flora in tea gardens of Ri-Bhoi district of Meghalaya (Table 1). These weeds are either

growing inside the tea sections or in open leftover spaces within the garden territory. Weed

flora was represented by 6 monocotyledonous, 22 dicotyledonous and 3 pteridophytic

families. Survey revealed that 23 species (35%) were monocotyledonous, 39 dicotyledonous

(59%) and 4 pteridophytic species (6%) (Fig. 1). 7 (10%) species occurred during the winter

season, 13 (20%) during summer and 25 (38%) species during both winter and summer

seasons. Furthermore, 21 (32%) species were considered as perennial which were found

throughout the year in tea plantation. Among monocotyledons, Poaceae and Cyperaceae top

the list with 14 and 5 species respectively (Fig. 2).

Similarly Asteraceae in dicotyledons with 10 species form the dominant family (Fig.

3). It is worth to mention that two dicotyledonous species namely Bidens pilosa L.

(Asteraceae) and Clerodendrum paniculatum L. (family Lamiaceae) are recorded for the first

time from the tea plantation of North East India (Fig.5 ).

Dicotyledonous species were outnumbered the monocotyledonous one but the density

of monocotyledonous weeds was greater. Monocotyledonous and dicotyledonous weed

species were found to grow in wide range of habitat, while pteridophytic species were

growing under the shady or moist areas of the tea fields.

Distribution pattern of different weed species showed more number of occurrences

during the summer season than winter. It was observed that the number of weed species

increase with the rise in temperature from February onwards. January being the coldest month

of the year supports very few weed species. The critical period of weed competition starts

from April to September, the period concur with high temperature and rainfall which provides

a very favourable condition for weed growth and hence utmost care is needed to be taken to

control the weed during this period so that the productivity should not be affected.

Young tea sections are found to be dominated by Axonopus compressus, Chrysopogon

aciculatus, Cynodon dactylon, Cyperus rotundus, Digitaria sanguinalis, Imperata cylindrica,

Paspalum conjugatum, P. longifolium, Setaria glauca (Monocotyledons); Ageratum

conyzoides, Bidens pilosa, Borreria articularis and Mimosa pudica (Dicotyledons).

Mature tea sections are mostly dominated by Axonopus compressus, Cynodon

dactylon, Saccharum spontaneum (Monocotyledons); Acmella paniculata, Borreria

articularis, Chromolaena odorata, Drymaria cordata, Lantana camara, Oxalis corniculata,

Melastoma malabathricum, Mikania micrantha and Sida acuta (Dicotyledons) (Fig. 5).


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Table 1. List of weed species recorded from the tea plantations

of Ri-Bhoi district, Meghalaya.

Sl. No. Botanical name Family Life

span

Severity of

infestation

Monocotyledons:

1 Colocasia esculenta (L.) Schott. Araceae P L

2 Murdannia loriformis (Hassk.) Rao

& Kam. Commelinaceae

A

(S & W) M

3 Cyperus pilosus Vahl Cyperaceae A (S) H

4 Cyperus rotundus L. -Do- P H

5 Fimbristylis aestivalis Vahl -Do- A

(S & W) M

6 Fimbristylis quinquangularis (Vahl)

Kunth -Do-

A

(S & W) M

7 Kyllinga brevifolia Rottb. -Do- A

(S & W) M

8 Dioscorea pentaphylla L. Dioscoreaceae A

(S & W) L

9 Arundinella benghalensis (Spreng.)

Druce Poaceae A (S) H

10 Axonopus compressus (Sw.)

P.Beauv. -Do- P H

11 Chrysopogon aciculatus (Retz.)

Trin. -Do- P H

12 Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers. -Do- P H

13 Dactyloctenium aegyptium (L.)

Willd. -Do- A (S) M

14 Digitaria sanguinalis (L.) Scop. -Do- A

(S & W) H

15 Echinochloa colona (L.) Link -Do- A

(S & W) M

16 Eleusine indica (L.) Gaertn. -Do- A

(S & W) H

17 Imperata cylindrica (L.) Raeusch. -Do- P H

18 Lophatherum gracile Brongn. -Do- P L

19 Paspalum conjugatum P.J.Berginus -Do- A

(S & W) H

20 Paspalum longifolium Roxb. -Do- P H

https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lophatherum_gracile&action=edit&redlink=1


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21 Saccharum spontaneum L. -Do- P M

22 Setaria glauca (L.) P.Beauv. -Do- A

(S & W) H

23 Curcuma aromatica Salisb. Zingiberaceae P L

Dicotyledons:

24 Amaranthus spinosus L. Amaranthaceae A

(S & W) M

25 Achyranthes aspera L. -Do- A (W) M

26 Centella asiatica (L.) Urb. Apiaceae A

(S & W) M

27 Acmella paniculata (Wall. ex DC.)

R.K.Jansen Asteraceae P H

28 Ageratum conyzoides L. -Do- A

(S & W) H

29 Bidens pilosa L. -Do- A

(S & W) H

30 Chromolaena odorata (L.) R. M.

King & H. Rob. -Do-

A

(S & W) H

31 Crassocephalum crepidioides

(Benth.) S. Moore -Do-

A

(S & W) M

32 Dicrocephala integrifolia (L.f.)

Kuntze. -Do- A (W) L

33 Elephantopus scaber L. -Do- A

(S & W) M

34 Mikania micrantha Kunth -Do- P H

35 Vernonia cinerea (L.) Less. -Do- A (W) L

36 Xanthium strumarium L. -Do- A (W) L

37 Impatiens balsamina L. Balsaminaceae A

(S & W) M

38 Lepidium didymum L. Brassicaceae A (W) L

39 Cassia tora L. Caesalpiniaceae A (S) M

40 Cassia occidentalis L. -Do- A (S) M

41 Drymaria cordata (L.) Willd. ex

Schult. Caryophyllaceae A (S) H

42 Ipomoea digitata L. Convolvulaceae P H

43 Euphorbia hirta L. Euphorbiaceae A (W) M

44 Heliotropium indicum L. Heliotropaceae A (S) L


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45 Clerodendrum infortunatum L. Lamiaceae P M

46 Clerodendrum paniculatum L. -Do- P M

47 Ocimum gratissimum L. -Do- A (W) L

48 Leucas indica (L.) R. Br. ex Vatke -Do- A

(S & W) L

49 Sida acuta Burm. f. Malvaceae A (S) H

50 Triumfetta rhomboidea Jacq. -Do- A (S) L

51 Melastoma malabathricum L. Melastomaceae P H

52 Mimosa pudica L. Mimosaceae P H

53 Oxalis corniculata L. Oxalidaceae A

(S & W) H

54 Crotalaria pallida Aiton Papilionaceae A (S) L

55 Persicaria hydropiper (L.) Delarbre Polygonaceae A

(S & W) L

56 Polygonum perfoliatum L. -Do- A

(S & W) L

57 Piper sylvaticum Roxb. Piperaceae P L

58 Borreria articularis (L. f.) F. N.

Will. Rubiaceae

A

(S & W) H

59 Scoparia dulcis L. Scrophulariaceae A

(S & W) M

60 Solanum torvum Sw. Solanaceae P M

61 Solanum myriacanthum Dunal -Do- A

(S & W) L

62 Lantana camara L. Verbenaceae A (S) H

Pteridophytes:

63 Pteridium aquilinum (L.) Kuhn Dennstaedtiaceae P H

64 Pteris longipes D. Don Pteridaceae P H

65 Lygodium microphyllum (Cav.)

R.Br. Schizaeaceae A (S) M

66 Lygodium flexuosum (L.) Sw. -Do- A

(S & W) M

P = Perennial, A = Annual, S = Summer species, W = Winter species; H = High, M = Moderate, L = Low


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Figure 1. Percentage (%) of different types of weed flora recorded from the tea gardens

of Ri-Bhoi district, Meghalaya

Figure 2. Species level distribution of different monocotyledonous families of weed recorded

from the tea gardens of Ri-Bhoi district, Meghalaya.

35%

59%

6%

Monocotyledons

Dicotyledons

Pteridophytes

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

1 1

5

1

14

1


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Figure 3. Species level distribution of different dicotyledonous families of weed recorded

from the tea gardens of Ri-Bhoi district, Meghalaya.

Out of 66 weed species, 23 species (35%) have been found as ethno biologically

important (Table.2). Of the recorded families, Asteraceae is represented by highest number of

8 species (Fig.4) and most of the species (87%) are found to be dicotyledons. Such useful

weeds are either utilized by the tribal people as medicinal purpose to treat various ailments or

as edible food and fodder. The khasi tribal people traditionally use such medicinally important

weeds for curing a number of diseases, while hospitals are used only in case of emergency.

This knowledge is being transferred from generation to generation among the tribal people.

Medicinal plants have played an immense role in supporting the primary healthcare system of

the state. About 95% of traditional medicine preparations are mentioned to be of plant origin,

and 90% of the rural people depend on this system (Mir et. al., 2014).

Table 2. List of ethno-biologically important weed species recorded during from the tea

plantations of Ri-Bhoi district, Meghalaya.

Weed species Local name Parts

used Method of utilization References

Achyranthes aspera L. ‘Shobyrthit’ Leaf &

root

Paste made from the leaf

buds is used to treat wound

and injuries. The roots are

also used as toothbrushes

and also for dental problems.

(A), (F)

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

2

1

10

1 1

2

1 1 1 1

4

2

1 1 1 1

2

1 1 1

2

1


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Acmella paniculata (Wall.

ex DC.) R.K.Jansen

‘Jasat’/ ‘Kynbat-

Niang-Ming’

Leaf &

flower

The leaves are used in

preparation of dry fish.

Inflorescence provides relief

from toothache.

(C), (F)

Ageratum conyzoides L. ‘Kynbatblu myngai’/

‘Bat nongrim’

Whole

plant

Leaves having antiseptic

property and are made into

paste with lime and applied

locally on injuries to stop

bleeding. Leaves are also

used to treat typhoid. Whole

plant together with fruits of

Piper peepuloides and

rhizome of Acorus calamus,

are crushed and the content

is taken orally for treatment

of ulcer.

(A), (C),

(F)

Bidens pilosa L. ‘Soh byrthit’ Leaf Leaves juice is taken against

gastric disorders. (C) (F)

Centella asiatica (L.) Urb.

‘Batsohlah’/

‘Mansiar’

‘Khliang syiar’/

‘Ibong syiar’/

‘Jamynsyiar’

Whole

plant

The squeezed out juice of

whole plant is used to get

relief from both diarrhea and

dysentery.

(C), (D),

(E), (F)

Chromolaena odorata (L.)

R. M. King & H. Rob. ‘Krah-lynroh’ Leaf

Leaf juice is used to stop

bleeding from injuries and to

treat dysentery.

(A), (D)

Crassocephalum

crepidioides (Benth.) S.

Moore

‘Sla-aeroplane’/

‘Jathymmai’ Leaf

The leaves are mainly used

as pig fodder. Leaf juice is

taken for constipation and

stomach disorders.

(A), (C),

(F)

Clerodendrum

paniculatum L. ‘Jaiong-Jarem’ Leaf

Young leaves are taken raw

to cure anemia and for

purification of blood. It is

also used in liver complaints.

(F)

Clerodendrum

infortunatum L.

‘Syntiew doh mahi’/

‘Dieng jarem

synrang’/’Dieng

kylia sla’

Root

Root astringent, decoction is

used as a demulcent in

gonorrhea.

(B)

Colocasia esculenta (L.)

Schott. ‘Wang’ Leaf

A young clean leaf is taken

and covered over the head to

reduce high fever and bring

down the temperature.

Leaves are also used as

vegetables.

(C), (F)

Cynodon dactylon (L.)

Pers. ‘Semtyrpai’

Whole

plant

Whole plant is chewed for

dental cavities and

toothaches.

(C)


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Cyperus rotundus L. ‘Phlang’ Whole

plant

Whole plant is taken for

dysentery and jaundice. (F)

Drymaria cordata (L.)

Willd. ex Schult. ‘Thei phelwang’

Whole

plant

The whole plant is used in

diarrhea, vomiting and

urinary troubles. It is a

popular antidote for snake

bite.

(A)

Elephantopus scaber L. ‘Kymbut-skur’/

‘Sniang’

Leaf &

root

Decoction of crushed leaves

& roots is used against

dysentery and urinary

problems. Paste made from

the root is applied for

pimple. The leaves with

boiled rice are said to be an

antidote to stings of

poisonous insects.

(A), (D),

(F)

Heliotropium indicum L. ‘Mationg-blang’ Leaf The cooked leaves are used

for stomachache. (A)

Lantana camara L. ‘Sohpang khlieh’ Leaf

Crushed leaves are used to

intoxicate fish. Leaves are

also used to cure skin

diseases. Leaves are also

used in pest control of

horticulture crops.

(A), (C),

(F)

Oxalis corniculata L.

‘Kaitkai’/’Soh-

dkhiew’/ ‘Sohkhia

khnai’

Whole

plant

The leaf juice is used in

chronic cough and

dysentery. The whole plant

is mixed with ginger and

applied for snakebites.

(A), (C),

(D), (F)

Melastoma malabathricum

L. ‘Dieng-sohkhling’ Leaf

The leaf juice is used to stop

bleeding from injuries. (A), (F)

Mikania micrantha Kunth ‘Jyrmi ba pur’ Leaf

Leaves are chewed and used

to get relief from diarrhea

and other stomach problems.

It is also used for treatment

of cattle.

(C), (D),

(F)

Mimosa pudica L. ‘Tiewkhapbrip’ Leaf &

root

The leaves are boiled in

water and the resultant juice

is taken for cure of diabetes.

Roots are also used as snake

repellent.

(A), (C),

(E), (F)

Persicaria hydropiper (L.)

Delarbre ‘Kynbat sat’ Leaf

The leaves are used as fish

poison. Paste prepared from

leaves is applied as a balm

for skin diseases. It is also

used in the treatment of

pneumonia.

(A), (E)


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Solanum torvum Swartz ‘Soh pdok’ Fruits

Fruits are used for toothache.

Fruits along with ginger are

crushed together and taken

with warm water for

giddiness and dizziness.

(C)

Xanthium strumarium L. ‘Lokra’ Leaf &

fruit

Young leaves are used as

vegetables. Fruits are mildly

narcotic.

(A), (F)

(A) Neogi et. al. 1989; (B) Laloo et. al., 2006; (C) Hynniewta, 2010; (D) Laloo & Hemalatha, 2011;

(E) Mir et. al., 2014; (F) Information collected during the survey

Figure 4. Species level distribution of different ethno-biologically important families

of weed recorded from the tea gardens of Ri-Bhoi district, Meghalaya.

Some of the recorded weed species (viz. Clerodendrum infortunatum, Lantana camara,

Persicaria hydropiper, Xanthium strumarium) are also having the pesticide property and

reported to be exhibit varied degree of control against two major tea pest, Tea mosquito bug

(Helopeltis theivora) & Red spider mite (Oligonychus coffeae) (Barthakur 2011,

Radhakrishnan and Prabhakaran 2014; Roy et. al. 2016). Therefore, crude aqueous extract of

such weeds can be utilized in tea pest management of Meghalaya. Weeds like Mikania

micrantha, Ageratum conyzoides, Melastoma malabathricum, Mimosa invisa, Ipomea

digitata, Lantana camara etc. having high ‘K’ and ‘N’ content may also be used to prepare

quality compost or vermicompost within the garden territory (Phukan et. al. 2011;

Anonymous 2012).

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

1 1 1

8

1 1 1

2

1 1 1 1 1 1 1


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Figure 5. A. Weed menace in young tea plantation; B. Weed competition in mature tea

section; C. Flowering stage of Bidens pilosa L. in a tea field; D. Clerodendrum paniculatum

L. in a young tea plantation; E. Acmella paniculata (Wall. ex DC.)

R. K. Jansen – an ethnobotanically important weed.

4. CONCLUSIONS

The purpose of the present study is to focus on the weed spectrum of the tea plantations

of Ri-Bhoi district, Meghalaya and at the same time providing a glimpse on their

ethnobotanical importance. The study infers that diversity of dicotyledonous weeds in the tea

growing areas of Ri-Bhoi district is more than monocotyledonous weeds. Around 1/3rd

of the

recorded species are found to acquire traditional importance among the Khasi tribal people.

The present study will facilitate popularization of the use of these plants in other tea growing

areas of Meghalaya. But the question comes in our mind whether such traditional uses are

either supported by actual pharmacological effects or simply based on folklore. Therefore,


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periodic surveillance on such ethno botanical knowledge is needed and such traditional

knowledge must be conserved for further research. The recorded weed species can also be

utilized in Integrated Pest Management practices and preparation of high grade organic

manures. The present study will be helpful for the workers involved in exploring the weeds of

different agro-ecosystems as well as ethnobiology of different region.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

Authors are gratefully acknowledged for the assistance extended by different Tea Gardens authorities during the

weed survey. They are also thankful to all the resource persons of the tribal communities for all sorts of help and

assistance. They are grateful to the workers of this group in India. They are also thankful to the Director of

Horticulture, Govt. of Meghalaya, Shillong for providing facilities. The first and second authors are grateful to

the Director, Tea Research Association, TTRI, Jorhat, Assam for his support and encouragement. The first

author is also indebted to Prof. D. Raychaudhuri, Honorary Professor, Department of Agricultural

Biotechnology, IRDM Faculty Centre, Ramakrishna Mission Vivekananda University, Kolkata for his

continuous mental support and encouragements.

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( Received 24 September 2016; accepted 11 October 2016 )

weed flora of tea plantations of ri-bhoi district of meghalaya, india with a glimpse ... · 2016....

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