week 1 unit conversions conservation of mass ideal gas newtonian fluids, reynolds no . week 2
DESCRIPTION
Week 1 Unit Conversions Conservation of Mass Ideal Gas Newtonian Fluids, Reynolds No . Week 2 Pressure Loss in Pipe Flow Pressure Loss Examples Flow Measurement and Valves Pump Calcs and Sizing. Friction Losses in Pipes found on Moody Chart handout - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
![Page 1: Week 1 Unit Conversions Conservation of Mass Ideal Gas Newtonian Fluids, Reynolds No . Week 2](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062410/56815ebc550346895dcd3eb1/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Week 1Unit ConversionsConservation of MassIdeal GasNewtonian Fluids, Reynolds No.
Week 2Pressure Loss in Pipe FlowPressure Loss ExamplesFlow Measurement and ValvesPump Calcs and Sizing
![Page 2: Week 1 Unit Conversions Conservation of Mass Ideal Gas Newtonian Fluids, Reynolds No . Week 2](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062410/56815ebc550346895dcd3eb1/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
Friction Losses in Pipes
found on Moody Chart handout
Determine the pressure drop of water, moving through a 5 cm diameter, 100 m long pipe at an average velocity of 5 m/s. The density of the water is 1000 kg/m3 and the viscosity is 0.001 Pa.s. The pipe roughness is 0.05 mm.
€
C f
€
ΔP = 2LD
C f ρv 2
![Page 3: Week 1 Unit Conversions Conservation of Mass Ideal Gas Newtonian Fluids, Reynolds No . Week 2](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062410/56815ebc550346895dcd3eb1/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
1000 gallons of wort is transferred from a kettle through a 100 m long, 4 cm diameter pipe with a roughness of 0.01 mm. The wort flows at an average velocity of 1.2 m/s and assume that its physical properties are the same as those of water (μ = 0.001 Pa.s).
a) Determine the time required to transfer all of the wort to the boil kettle, in min.
b) Determine the Reynolds Number.c) Determine the pressure drop in the pipe.
![Page 4: Week 1 Unit Conversions Conservation of Mass Ideal Gas Newtonian Fluids, Reynolds No . Week 2](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062410/56815ebc550346895dcd3eb1/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
Head vs. ΔP
Head/Pressure loss in Fittings and Valves Reference Sheet
gPhead
Δ
![Page 5: Week 1 Unit Conversions Conservation of Mass Ideal Gas Newtonian Fluids, Reynolds No . Week 2](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062410/56815ebc550346895dcd3eb1/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
Consider the previous example. How would the pressure drop change if the pipework included twelve 90 elbows and one fully open globe valve?
![Page 6: Week 1 Unit Conversions Conservation of Mass Ideal Gas Newtonian Fluids, Reynolds No . Week 2](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062410/56815ebc550346895dcd3eb1/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
Valves – Globe ValveSingle Seat
- Good general purpose- Good seal at shutoff
Double Seat- Higher flow rates- Poor shutoff (2 ports)
Three-way- Mixing or diverting- As disc adjusted, flow to one channel increased, flow to other decreased
![Page 7: Week 1 Unit Conversions Conservation of Mass Ideal Gas Newtonian Fluids, Reynolds No . Week 2](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062410/56815ebc550346895dcd3eb1/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
Valves – Butterfly Valve
Low Cost“Food Grade”Poor flow controlCan be automated
![Page 8: Week 1 Unit Conversions Conservation of Mass Ideal Gas Newtonian Fluids, Reynolds No . Week 2](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062410/56815ebc550346895dcd3eb1/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
Valves – Mix-proof Double SeatTwo separate sealing elements
keeping the two fluids separated.
Keeps fluids from mixingImmediate indication of failureAutomated, Sanitary appsEasier and Cheaper than
using many separate valves
![Page 9: Week 1 Unit Conversions Conservation of Mass Ideal Gas Newtonian Fluids, Reynolds No . Week 2](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062410/56815ebc550346895dcd3eb1/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
![Page 10: Week 1 Unit Conversions Conservation of Mass Ideal Gas Newtonian Fluids, Reynolds No . Week 2](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062410/56815ebc550346895dcd3eb1/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
Valves – Gate Valve
Little flow control, simple, reliable
![Page 11: Week 1 Unit Conversions Conservation of Mass Ideal Gas Newtonian Fluids, Reynolds No . Week 2](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062410/56815ebc550346895dcd3eb1/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
Valves – Ball Valve
Very little pressure loss, little flow control
![Page 12: Week 1 Unit Conversions Conservation of Mass Ideal Gas Newtonian Fluids, Reynolds No . Week 2](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062410/56815ebc550346895dcd3eb1/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
Valves – Brewery ApplicationsProduct Routing – Tight shutoff, material
compatibility, CIP criticalButterfly and mixproof
Service Routing – Tight shutoff and high temperature and pressure
Ball, Gate, GlobeFlow Control – Precise control of passage area
Globe (and needle), ButterflyPressure Relief – Control a downstream
pressure
![Page 13: Week 1 Unit Conversions Conservation of Mass Ideal Gas Newtonian Fluids, Reynolds No . Week 2](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062410/56815ebc550346895dcd3eb1/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
Flow Measurement Principle:Bernoulli Equation
Notice how this works for static fluids.
€
P + 12
ρv 2 + ρgz = Constant
![Page 14: Week 1 Unit Conversions Conservation of Mass Ideal Gas Newtonian Fluids, Reynolds No . Week 2](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062410/56815ebc550346895dcd3eb1/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
Flow Measurement – Orifice Meter
Cd accounts for frictional loss, 0.65Simple design, fabricationHigh turbulence, significant uncertainty
€
˙ V = Cd A2
2ΔPρ
1 − A2A1
⎛ ⎝ ⎜ ⎞
⎠ ⎟2
P1 P2
![Page 15: Week 1 Unit Conversions Conservation of Mass Ideal Gas Newtonian Fluids, Reynolds No . Week 2](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062410/56815ebc550346895dcd3eb1/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
Flow Meas. – Venturi Meter
Less frictional losses, Cd 0.95Low pressure drop, but expensiveHigher accuracy than orifice plate€
˙ V = Cd A2
2ΔPρ
1 − A2A1
⎛ ⎝ ⎜ ⎞
⎠ ⎟2
P1P2
![Page 16: Week 1 Unit Conversions Conservation of Mass Ideal Gas Newtonian Fluids, Reynolds No . Week 2](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062410/56815ebc550346895dcd3eb1/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
Flow Meas. – Variable Area/Rotameter
Inexpensive, good flow rate indicatorGood for liquids or gasesNo remote sensing, limited accuracy
WeightDragForces
€
0 = Cdrag12 ρAv 2 − mg
vAV
![Page 17: Week 1 Unit Conversions Conservation of Mass Ideal Gas Newtonian Fluids, Reynolds No . Week 2](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062410/56815ebc550346895dcd3eb1/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
Flow Measurement - Pitot Tube
Direct velocity measurement (not flow rate)Measure ΔP with gauge, transducer, or
manometer
P1
P2
1 2
2
2
21vPP
v
![Page 18: Week 1 Unit Conversions Conservation of Mass Ideal Gas Newtonian Fluids, Reynolds No . Week 2](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062410/56815ebc550346895dcd3eb1/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
Flow Measurement – Weir
Open channel flow, height determines flowInexpensive, good flow rate indicatorGood for estimating flow to sewerCan measure height using ultrasonic meter
![Page 19: Week 1 Unit Conversions Conservation of Mass Ideal Gas Newtonian Fluids, Reynolds No . Week 2](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062410/56815ebc550346895dcd3eb1/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
Flow Measurement – Thermal Mass
Measure gas or liquid temperature upstream and downstream of heater
Must know specific heat of fluidKnow power going to heaterCalculate flow rate
![Page 20: Week 1 Unit Conversions Conservation of Mass Ideal Gas Newtonian Fluids, Reynolds No . Week 2](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062410/56815ebc550346895dcd3eb1/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
Flow Measurement – Magnetic
Faradays LawMagnetic field applied to the tubeVoltage created proportional to velocityRequires a conducting fluid (non-DI water)
![Page 21: Week 1 Unit Conversions Conservation of Mass Ideal Gas Newtonian Fluids, Reynolds No . Week 2](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062410/56815ebc550346895dcd3eb1/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
Flow Measurement – Magnetic
![Page 22: Week 1 Unit Conversions Conservation of Mass Ideal Gas Newtonian Fluids, Reynolds No . Week 2](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062410/56815ebc550346895dcd3eb1/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
Pumps
z = static headhf = head loss due to friction
Pump
fss
ss hρgP
zh HeadSuction
Suction Delivery
fdd
dd hρgP
zh HeadDelivery
fsfdsd
sdsd hhρg
PPzzhh Head Total
![Page 23: Week 1 Unit Conversions Conservation of Mass Ideal Gas Newtonian Fluids, Reynolds No . Week 2](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062410/56815ebc550346895dcd3eb1/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
PumpsDistanceForceWork
DistanceAreaAreaForceWork
timeDistanceArea
AreaForce
timeWorkPower
Flowrate VolumeΔPPower
ghVPV ΔΔ Output Power
Efficiency PumpOutputPower InputPower
![Page 24: Week 1 Unit Conversions Conservation of Mass Ideal Gas Newtonian Fluids, Reynolds No . Week 2](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062410/56815ebc550346895dcd3eb1/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
PumpsCalculate the theoretical pump power
required to raise 1000 m3 per day of water from 1 bar to 16 bar pressure.
If the pump efficiency is 55%, calculate the shaft power required.
Denisity of Water = 1000 kg/m3
1 bar = 100 kPa
![Page 25: Week 1 Unit Conversions Conservation of Mass Ideal Gas Newtonian Fluids, Reynolds No . Week 2](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062410/56815ebc550346895dcd3eb1/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
PumpsA pump, located at the outlet of tank A,must transfer 10 m3 of fluid into tank B in 20 minutes or less. The water level in tank A is 3 m above the pump, the piperoughness is 0.05 mm, and the pumpefficiency is 55%. The fluid density is 975 kg/m3 and the viscosity is 0.00045Pa.s. Both tanks are at atmosphericpressure. Determine the total head andpump input and output power.
Tank A
Tank B
8 m
15 m
4 m
Pipe Diameter, 50
mm
Fittings = 5 m
![Page 26: Week 1 Unit Conversions Conservation of Mass Ideal Gas Newtonian Fluids, Reynolds No . Week 2](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062410/56815ebc550346895dcd3eb1/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
Pumps
Need Available NPSH > Pump Required NPSHAvoid Cavitationz = static headhf = head loss due to friction
fs
v hP
ρg
Pz NPSH Available ps
s
![Page 27: Week 1 Unit Conversions Conservation of Mass Ideal Gas Newtonian Fluids, Reynolds No . Week 2](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062410/56815ebc550346895dcd3eb1/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
PumpsA pump, located at the outlet of tank A,must transfer 10 m3 of fluid into tank B in 20 minutes or less. The water level in tank A is 3 m above the pump, the piperoughness is 0.05 mm, and the pumpefficiency is 55%. The fluid density is 975 kg/m3 and the viscosity is 0.00045Pa.s. The vapor pressure is 50 kPa andthe tank is at atmospheric pressure.Determine the available NPSH.
Tank A
Tank B
8 m
15 m
4 m
Pipe Diameter, 50
mm
Fittings = 5 m
![Page 28: Week 1 Unit Conversions Conservation of Mass Ideal Gas Newtonian Fluids, Reynolds No . Week 2](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062410/56815ebc550346895dcd3eb1/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
Pump Sizing1. Volume Flow Rate (m3/hr or gpm) 2. Total Head, Δh (m or ft)
2a. ΔP (bar, kPa, psi)3. Power Output (kW or hp)4. NPSH Required
hgP ΔΔ
![Page 29: Week 1 Unit Conversions Conservation of Mass Ideal Gas Newtonian Fluids, Reynolds No . Week 2](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062410/56815ebc550346895dcd3eb1/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
PumpsCentrifugal
Impeller spinning inside fluidKinetic energy to pressureFlow controlled by Pdelivery
Positive DisplacementFlow independent of Pdelivery
Many configurations
![Page 30: Week 1 Unit Conversions Conservation of Mass Ideal Gas Newtonian Fluids, Reynolds No . Week 2](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062410/56815ebc550346895dcd3eb1/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
Centrifugal Pumps
Constantρgzρv21P 2
Impeller
SuctionVolute Casting
Delivery
![Page 31: Week 1 Unit Conversions Conservation of Mass Ideal Gas Newtonian Fluids, Reynolds No . Week 2](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062410/56815ebc550346895dcd3eb1/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
Centrifugal PumpsFlow accelerated (forced by impeller)Then, flow decelerated (pressure increases)Low pressure at center “draws” in fluidPump should be full of liquid at all timesFlow controlled by delivery side valveMay operate against closed valveSeal between rotating shaft and casing
![Page 32: Week 1 Unit Conversions Conservation of Mass Ideal Gas Newtonian Fluids, Reynolds No . Week 2](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062410/56815ebc550346895dcd3eb1/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
Centrifugal PumpsAdvantages
Simple construction, many materialsNo valves, can be cleaned in placeRelatively inexpensive, low maintenanceSteady delivery, versatileOperates at high speed (electric motor)Wide operating range (flow and head)
DisadvantagesMultiple stages needed for high pressuresPoor efficiency for high viscosity fluidsMust prime pump
![Page 33: Week 1 Unit Conversions Conservation of Mass Ideal Gas Newtonian Fluids, Reynolds No . Week 2](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062410/56815ebc550346895dcd3eb1/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
Centrifugal PumpsH-V Chart
Head
(or ΔP)
Volume Flow Rate
Increasing Impeller Diameter
A B C
![Page 34: Week 1 Unit Conversions Conservation of Mass Ideal Gas Newtonian Fluids, Reynolds No . Week 2](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062410/56815ebc550346895dcd3eb1/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
Centrifugal PumpsH-Q Chart
Head
(or ΔP)
Volume Flow Rate
A B C
Increasing Efficiency
Required NPSH
![Page 35: Week 1 Unit Conversions Conservation of Mass Ideal Gas Newtonian Fluids, Reynolds No . Week 2](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062410/56815ebc550346895dcd3eb1/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
Centrifugal PumpsH-Q Chart
Head
(or ΔP)
Volume Flow Rate
A B C
![Page 36: Week 1 Unit Conversions Conservation of Mass Ideal Gas Newtonian Fluids, Reynolds No . Week 2](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062410/56815ebc550346895dcd3eb1/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
Centrifugal PumpsH-Q Chart
Head
(or ΔP)
Volume Flow Rate
Required Flow
CapacityActual Flow
Capacity
Required Power
![Page 37: Week 1 Unit Conversions Conservation of Mass Ideal Gas Newtonian Fluids, Reynolds No . Week 2](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062410/56815ebc550346895dcd3eb1/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
Pump Sizing Example
Requirements100 gpm45 feet of head
Choose the proper impellerDetermine the power input to the pump
![Page 38: Week 1 Unit Conversions Conservation of Mass Ideal Gas Newtonian Fluids, Reynolds No . Week 2](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062410/56815ebc550346895dcd3eb1/html5/thumbnails/38.jpg)
Pressure Drop Example
Water flows through a 10 cm diameter, 300 m long pipe at a velocity of 2 m/s. The density is 1000 kg/m3, the viscosity is 0.001 Pa.s and the pipe roughness is 0.01 mm. Determine:
a. Volume flow rate, in m3/sb. Mass flow rate in kg/sc. Pressure loss through the pipe, in Pad. Head loss through the pipe meters