Weekly Announcements

Quiz on 7.1 & 7.2 Thursday Lab on Osmosis and Diffusion

Monday Next Week Review for Chapter 7 Thursday Next

Week Test on Chapter 7 Friday Next Week

9/23/13

Do Now: List some parts of the cell HW:

Review pages 196 – 199 from last week Read pages 200 – 205 and add to

today’s notes

CELLSCELLSCELLULAR COMPONENTS CELLULAR COMPONENTS

& PROCESES& PROCESES

MODERN CELL THEORYMODERN CELL THEORY

1.1. The cell is the unit of structure and The cell is the unit of structure and function in living things. function in living things.

2.2. All cells arise from preexisting cells. All cells arise from preexisting cells.

3.3. The cells of all living things carry on The cells of all living things carry on similar chemical activities. similar chemical activities.

4.4. All cells carry on their metabolic All cells carry on their metabolic activities in organelles. activities in organelles.

There are two types of cells:There are two types of cells:

1.1. Prokaryotic-Prokaryotic- cells that DO NOT have a cells that DO NOT have a nucleus or other cell ORGANELLESnucleus or other cell ORGANELLES

2.2. Eukaryotic-Eukaryotic- cells with a NUCLEUS & cells with a NUCLEUS & cell ORGANELLEScell ORGANELLES

Which is more complicated?Which is more complicated? REMEMBER REMEMBER YOUYOU ARE ARE EUKARYOTIC!EUKARYOTIC!

The parts of a cell that carry out a The parts of a cell that carry out a function are called cell function are called cell ORGANELLESORGANELLES::

All cells have the following All cells have the following organelles:organelles: Cell MembraneCell Membrane CytoplasmCytoplasm RibosomesRibosomes CytoskeletonCytoskeleton

Eukaryote cells ALSO haveEukaryote cells ALSO have:: NucleusNucleus NucleolusNucleolus MitochondriaMitochondria Golgi Body ComplexGolgi Body Complex Endoplasmic ReticulumEndoplasmic Reticulum VacuoleVacuole LysosomeLysosome Centrioles (Centrioles (ANIMAL ONLYANIMAL ONLY))

Only Plant Cells have all of the above &:Only Plant Cells have all of the above &: Cell WallCell Wall ChloroplastChloroplast

organelles organelles

little “organs” of the cell little “organs” of the cell Organelles are present in BOTH Organelles are present in BOTH

plants and animals plants and animals Carry out cellular functions!Carry out cellular functions!

Nucleus Nucleus

cellular cellular control centercontrol center Controls cellular activityControls cellular activity

contains contains hereditaryhereditary material material (DNA in chromosomes) (DNA in chromosomes)

self duplicatingself duplicating structure - structure -divides when the cell divides divides when the cell divides

Nuclear membrane Nuclear membrane

surrounds nucleus allowing surrounds nucleus allowing certain materials to enter and certain materials to enter and leave leave

Nucleolus Nucleolus

round organelle in the nucleusround organelle in the nucleus usually a pair usually a pair involved with the involved with the synthesis of synthesis of

RNARNA in the ribosomes in the ribosomes

Ribosomes (make protien) Ribosomes (make protien)

sites of sites of protein synthesisprotein synthesis in the in the cytoplasm cytoplasm

may be free in the cytoplasm or may be free in the cytoplasm or attached to the endoplasmic attached to the endoplasmic reticulum reticulum

Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) Endoplasmic reticulum (ER)

cytoplasmic channels from the cytoplasmic channels from the cell membrane to the nuclear cell membrane to the nuclear membrane membrane

associated with the associated with the storage, storage, synthesis, and transportsynthesis, and transport of of materials within the cell materials within the cell

““HIGHWAY” for cell transportHIGHWAY” for cell transport

Cytoplasm (protoplasm) Cytoplasm (protoplasm)

fluid like material between the fluid like material between the cell membrane and the nucleus cell membrane and the nucleus

over 80 % water over 80 % water ““HOLDS” cell organelles in placeHOLDS” cell organelles in place site of most organelles and site of most organelles and

cellular cellular chemical reactionschemical reactions

Vacuole (storage)Vacuole (storage) membrane bound cytoplasmic membrane bound cytoplasmic

spaces containing materials spaces containing materials ** Vacuoles are crucial in single-** Vacuoles are crucial in single-

celled organismscelled organisms

Two Types:Two Types: FoodFood vacuole--store and digest vacuole--store and digest

ingested food ingested food ContractileContractile vacuole-pumps excess vacuole-pumps excess

water from cells maintaining water from cells maintaining homeostasishomeostasis

Lysosome (Break down) Lysosome (Break down)

pouch containing pouch containing digestive digestive enzymes enzymes

digest bacteria and some foods digest bacteria and some foods entering the cell entering the cell

Breaks down complex molecules Breaks down complex molecules into simpler molecules (SLICE) into simpler molecules (SLICE)

breakdownbreakdown worn out cell worn out cell organelles organelles

Mitochondrion Mitochondrion "Powerhouse of the cell" "Powerhouse of the cell" carries on carries on cellular respirationcellular respiration

(contains respiratory enzymes that (contains respiratory enzymes that make ATP) (make ATP) (energy moleculeenergy molecule) )

may contain DNA--is self may contain DNA--is self duplicating-- divides when the cell duplicating-- divides when the cell divides divides

found in greater #s in active cells found in greater #s in active cells

Golgi apparatus (complex) Golgi apparatus (complex)

usually located near the nucleus usually located near the nucleus synthesizes, packages, and synthesizes, packages, and

secretessecretes cellular products cellular products Packages waste & harmful Packages waste & harmful

materialsmaterials

Plasma (cell) membrane Plasma (cell) membrane The cell membrane is The cell membrane is SEMI-PERMEABLESEMI-PERMEABLE selectively regulates the flow of materials selectively regulates the flow of materials

to and from the cell--thus maintaining to and from the cell--thus maintaining chemical chemical homeostasishomeostasis within the cell within the cell

The membrane acts like a The membrane acts like a BOUNCERBOUNCER only only allowing certain things in and out of the allowing certain things in and out of the cell It is made up of a lipid bilayer cell It is made up of a lipid bilayer

double layer of FAT - double layer of FAT - "Fat sandwich" "Fat sandwich" transport through the plasma membrane transport through the plasma membrane

likely occurs through these globular likely occurs through these globular proteins (Fluid mosaic model) proteins (Fluid mosaic model)

9/24/13

Do Now: List the two organelles that build proteins

HW: Complete Quick Lab Activity on page 203 in your textbook for tomorrow. (This will be weighted as a quiz)

Quick Review From Yesterday and Your Homework

Organelles That Store, Clean Up, and Support = Vacuoles and Vesicles, Lysosomes, and The Cytoskeleton

Organelles That Build Proteins = Ribosomes, ER, Golgi Apparatus

Organelles That Capture and Release Energy = Chloroplasts, Mitochondria

Hydrophilic-Hydrophilic- attracts water attracts water Hydrophobic-Hydrophobic- repels water repels water

Why is it important that the cell Why is it important that the cell membrane is made up of small membrane is made up of small phospholipids?phospholipids?

ANIMAL CELL ORGANELLES ANIMAL CELL ORGANELLES ONLYONLY

Centriole-Centriole- a cylindrical structure a cylindrical structure found in the cytoplasm which found in the cytoplasm which appears to function during the appears to function during the division of certain animal cells division of certain animal cells (usually near the nucleus)(usually near the nucleus)

Helps animal cells divide Helps animal cells divide

PLANT CELL ORGANELLES PLANT CELL ORGANELLES ONLYONLY Cell Wall-Cell Wall- a nonliving structure a nonliving structure

which surrounds and supports the which surrounds and supports the cell - composed mostly of cellulose cell - composed mostly of cellulose Gives the plant cell structure & Gives the plant cell structure &

supportsupport ChloroplastsChloroplasts- green in color-double - green in color-double

membrane - contain the green membrane - contain the green pigment chlorophyll which carries pigment chlorophyll which carries on photosynthesis on photosynthesis Uses the sun’s energy to make food Uses the sun’s energy to make food

for the plantfor the plant

photosynthesis photosynthesis

the the conversion of light energy to conversion of light energy to chemical energychemical energy by chlorophyll by chlorophyll in chloroplasts in chloroplasts

Overall Net equation for Overall Net equation for photosynthesis:photosynthesis: 6 Water + 6 Carbon dioxide yields 6 Water + 6 Carbon dioxide yields

glucose + 6 oxygen (when glucose + 6 oxygen (when catalyzed by chlorophyll in the catalyzed by chlorophyll in the presence of sunlight) presence of sunlight)

Quick Lab Class Activity

Turn to page 203 in your textbooks. Start the activity in class, agree on individual roles, and complete at home

9/25/13

Do Now: Take the first 4 minutes of class to finalize your Organelle Models

HW: Study for 7.1 and 7.2 Quiz Tomorrow!

Brief Presentations

Take 2 minutes maximum to present your models you created to the class. We will place your organelle models around the room for display arranged as if the room was a cell

9/26/13

Clear Your Desks. Today is your Quiz on 7.1 and 7.2

HW: Read Pages 208 – 211 in your textbooks

Levels of Tissue Organization Levels of Tissue Organization

cellcell - unit of structure of all life - unit of structure of all life tissuetissue - composed of groups of - composed of groups of

similar cells similar cells organsorgans - composed of groups of - composed of groups of

tissues functioning together tissues functioning together organ systemsorgan systems - composed of - composed of

groups of organs functioning groups of organs functioning together together

Types of transport in Cells Types of transport in Cells Passive transport Passive transport - movement of - movement of

substances through a membrane substances through a membrane from a region of high to a region of from a region of high to a region of low concentration - no energy low concentration - no energy needed (ATP) - diffusion and osmosis needed (ATP) - diffusion and osmosis are examples of this are examples of this

Active transport Active transport - movement of - movement of substances through a membrane substances through a membrane from a region of low concentration from a region of low concentration to a region of high concentration - to a region of high concentration - requires cellular energy (ATP) requires cellular energy (ATP)

Whether passive or active transport Whether passive or active transport is needed depends on the is needed depends on the CONCENTRATION GRADIENTCONCENTRATION GRADIENT

The concentration gradient is the The concentration gradient is the differencedifference in the concentration of a in the concentration of a substance in two different spacessubstance in two different spaces

ConcentrationConcentration - the amount of a - the amount of a particular substance in a contained particular substance in a contained area compared with the amount of area compared with the amount of the same substance in another areathe same substance in another area

Translation: Amount of something in Translation: Amount of something in a space (water, salt, sugar, iron,)a space (water, salt, sugar, iron,)

PROCESSES OF THE PLASMA PROCESSES OF THE PLASMA MEMBRANE MEMBRANE There are two types of There are two types of passive passive

transporttransport: Diffusion and Osmosis: Diffusion and Osmosis The goal of both diffusion and The goal of both diffusion and

osmosis is to reach osmosis is to reach EQUILIBRIUMEQUILIBRIUM within the cellwithin the cell

Equilibrium is a condition in which Equilibrium is a condition in which the the movement in one direction is movement in one direction is equal to the movement in another equal to the movement in another directiondirection

DiffusionDiffusion

the tendency of molecules to the tendency of molecules to move from an area of move from an area of higher higher concentrationconcentration to an area of to an area of lower concentrationlower concentration

(concentration gradient- diff in (concentration gradient- diff in conc. between 2 regions)conc. between 2 regions)

OsmosisOsmosis movement of water through a membrane movement of water through a membrane

from a region of higher to lower con.from a region of higher to lower con. SoluteSolute - substance being dissolved in a - substance being dissolved in a

liquid (ex. salt) liquid (ex. salt) SolventSolvent - substance doing the dissolving - substance doing the dissolving

(ex. water) (ex. water) PermeabilityPermeability - the extent to which a - the extent to which a

membrane will allow particular sized membrane will allow particular sized molecules to pass molecules to pass

Semi-permeable membraneSemi-permeable membrane (selectively (selectively permeable)-allows some molecules to pass permeable)-allows some molecules to pass but not others but not others

So, describe how “Kool-Aid”® is So, describe how “Kool-Aid”® is made with regard to the terms made with regard to the terms “solute” and “solvent”. What is the “solute” and “solvent”. What is the “universal solvent”?“universal solvent”?

When comparing two solutions there are When comparing two solutions there are three possible relationships, We Identify three possible relationships, We Identify the relationships by determining what the relationships by determining what would happen if a cell were placed in the would happen if a cell were placed in the solution.solution.

HypertonicHypertonic-- A solution that causes a A solution that causes a cell to cell to shrinkshrink because of osmosis. because of osmosis. Meaning water leaves the cell.Meaning water leaves the cell.

Hypotonic-Hypotonic- A solution that causes a cell A solution that causes a cell to to swellswell because of osmosis meaning because of osmosis meaning water rushes into the cell. water rushes into the cell.

IsotonicIsotonic-A solution that causes -A solution that causes no no changechange in cell size. Meaning there is no in cell size. Meaning there is no movement of water.movement of water.

If the fluid outside the cell has…

Then the outside fluid is…

Water moves… Effect on the cell?

…less water than is present inside the cell

…more water than is present inside the cell

…same amount of water as inside the cell

So, answer this question…. Why do So, answer this question…. Why do “establishments” offer free popcorn, “establishments” offer free popcorn, peanuts, and pretzels to their peanuts, and pretzels to their patrons if they are serving patrons if they are serving beverages? What changes are beverages? What changes are taking place in the body to initiate taking place in the body to initiate the need for more beverages?the need for more beverages?

9/27/13

Do Now: Name the two types of passive transport and describe how they are different from each other.

HW: Read pages 212 – 213 and complete the questions in the 7.3 Assessment

Active TransportActive Transport--

the movement of a substance the movement of a substance against the concentration against the concentration gradient. (uphill) gradient. (uphill)

Active transport requires cell to Active transport requires cell to USE ENERGYUSE ENERGY

Sodium pump Sodium pump - transports three - transports three sodium ions out of the cell and sodium ions out of the cell and two potassium ions into the celltwo potassium ions into the cell

Both are against the Both are against the concentration gradientconcentration gradient

The energy needed to perform The energy needed to perform this activity is supplied by ATP this activity is supplied by ATP (adenosine tri-phosphate) (adenosine tri-phosphate)

ATP is a unit of energy made by ATP is a unit of energy made by the cellthe cell

EndocytosisEndocytosis-- the movement of a the movement of a substance into the cell by a vesicle. A substance into the cell by a vesicle. A vesicle is a form of packaging that is vesicle is a form of packaging that is used by cells.used by cells.

ExocytosisExocytosis-- the movement of a the movement of a substance out of the cell by a vesicle.substance out of the cell by a vesicle.

PhagocytosisPhagocytosis-- cytoplasm of cell cytoplasm of cell surrounds and engulfs particle--ex. surrounds and engulfs particle--ex. ameba and white blood cellameba and white blood cell

PinocytosisPinocytosis-- plasma membrane plasma membrane "pinches in" to permit entry of molecules "pinches in" to permit entry of molecules too large to diffuse throughtoo large to diffuse through

Passive Vs. Active Transport Writing Activity

Compare the two types of transport in no more than 2 paragraphs (3-4 sentences each paragraph). Make sure to describe in detail the differences between both types of transport.