welcome to sociology. everyday actor everyday actor (taken-for-granted wisdom) ◦ practical...
TRANSCRIPT
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Welcome to Sociology
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Everyday Actor
Everyday Actor (Taken-for-granted wisdom)◦Practical knowledge to get through daily life
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Skills of an Everyday Actor
• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wYmrg3owTRE&feature=related
• Language–Hugh Laurie and Ellen
• Your “practical knowledge”?
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Everyday Actor vs Social Analyst
• Social Analyst (Questions Everything)
• Seeks information that is: – Systematic – Comprehensive – Coherent and– Clear
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The Social Analyst
• Takes the perspective of stranger in social world
• Questions most everything “Everyday Actor” assumes is true or real– Language– Gender roles– Power relationships
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The Beginner’s Mind
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The Beginner’s MindOpposite of expert’s mind. To explore social world, important toclear our minds of:• Stereotypes • Expectations, and • Opinions
• We are more receptive to experiences.
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What is Sociology?
Sociology is a social science
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Levels of Analysis
Macrosociology: Focus -> Large scale social structures◦Family, Economy, Education, Healthcare
Microsociology: Focus -> Social interactions ◦Friendship groups, work groups, peers
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Social Institutions
Social Structures that provide basic social needsExamples:
◦Education◦Economics◦Politics◦Family
What basic social needs do these meet?
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The Macro-Micro Continuum
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Ways of Knowing
• What do you know?
• How do you know it?
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• Science– Logical system that bases knowledge on direct,
systematic observation
• Scientific Sociology– Study of society based on systematic observation of
social behavior
• Empirical Evidence– Information we can verify with our senses
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Society
Shapes the lives of people in various categories such as: Children Adults Women and men Rich and poor
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Children
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Women
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Men
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Rich People & Poor People
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Sociological Imagination
• Term coined by C. Wright Mills
• Mills says, “To understand social life, we must understand the intersection between biography and history.”
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Sociological Imagination
C. Wright Mills (1959)C. Wright Mills (1959)The Sociological Imagination helps people understand:
1. Society
2. Society’s effects on their lives
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C. Wright Mills
Described as an ‘American Utopian' - committed to social change, and angered by the oppression he saw around him
Mills argued that a small group of men within the political, military and corporate spheres - the power elite - made ‘the decisions that reverberated into all areas of American life’
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Sociological Imagination
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SociologicalImagination
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Culture Shock
Happens when you:
–Experience disorientation
–Upon entering new environment
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Culture Shock
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Culture Shock—Food
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Culture Shock
• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qBND33BNfZw
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***Sociology’s Family Tree:Theories and Theorists
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What is a Social Theory?
• Organized and verifiable ideas – Explain society & social behavior
• Creates order
• Helps us make sense of world – And our place in world
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Sociological Theories
Not just how things happen, but
•Why?
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Social Context
18th & 19th century
New system of production:◦Industrial revolution◦Capitalism◦Colonialism
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Social Context
• Enlightenment: New Ideas• Humanism
• Importance of human rather than divine matters
• Science• Knowledge of physical world by
•Observation & Experimentation• New political forms
• Democracies
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Auguste Comte
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Auguste Comte
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• Laid groundwork for future sociologists
• Sociology to be treated like scientific discipline
• Coined the term “Sociology” (1839)
• Society=Organism
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Harriet Martineau
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• Social activist • Labor unions• Abolition of slavery• Women’s suffrage
• Traveled to United States
• Translated Comte’s work from French to English
Harriet Martineau
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Herbert Spencer
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• Society=Organism
• Societies adapt to changing environment
• “Survival of the Fittest”• Lamarkianism
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Cxfbq4evdTY
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Herbert Spencer
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Émile Durkheim
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• Émile Durkheim worked to establish sociology as academic discipline.
• Social factors that hold society together
• Studied relationship between social factors and suicide
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Emile Durkheim
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Karl Marx
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• Karl Marx was a German philosopher and political activist.
• Marx contributed to conflict theory.
Karl Marx
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• Marx believed that capitalism was creating social inequality
• between the bourgeoisie, who owned the means of production (money, factories, natural resources, and land),
• and the proletariat, who were the workers.
• According to Marx, this inequality leads to class conflict.
Karl Marx
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Max Weber
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• Max Weber also interested society becoming industrialized.
• Concerned with process of rationalization,– applying economic logic to all human activity.
• Believed that contemporary life was filled with disenchantment
• Result of dehumanizing features of modern societies.
Max Weber
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•Character of modernized, bureaucratic, secularized western society, -- Science is more highly valued than belief, -- Processes oriented toward rational goals -- As opposed to traditional society
Disenchantment
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George Herbert Mead
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• George Herbert Mead was interested in the connection between the individual and society.
• In Mind, Self and Society (1934), Mead describes how the individual mind and self arises out of the social process.
• “I” and the “Me”
George Herbert Mead
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Erving Goffman
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• Erving Goffman interested in the “self”
• Goffman used the term dramaturgy to describe the way people strategically present themselves to others.
Erving Goffman
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MODERN SCHOOLS OF THOUGHT
Structural Functionalism
Society as: Stable Ordered system Interrelated parts
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Structural Functionalism
• Social institutions: Meet needs of society–Family–Education–Politics–Economy–Function
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Conflict Theory
Social conflict basis: Of society and Social change
Source of Conflict: Inequality
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Conflict theory
• Focus:
–Dominance–Competition–Social change
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Conflict theory
Materialist Labor and Economic reality
Critical of existing arrangements
Dynamic historical change Inevitable
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Symbolic Interactionism
Interaction
Symbols
Shared meaning
Social creation of reality
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Feminist Theory
Gender inequalities Nature Source
Gender structures social world
Goal: Eliminate inequalities
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Queer Theory
Sexual identity is social construct
No sexual category fundamentally deviant or normal
Questions basis for all social categories
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Postmodernist Theory
• Social reality is:• Diverse• Changing• No truth, reason, right, order, or
stability• Everything is relative & temporary
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Theory in Everyday Life
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Theory in Everyday Life
Perspective Level of Analysis Focus of Analysis Case Study