what day is it today? why is this day important?

WHAT DAY IS IT TODAY?

WHY IS THIS DAY IMPORTANT?

THE LAST CLASS

Almost brings tears to my eyes…

THE END OF GEJ1

TODAY’S CLASS

• CRASH COURSE ON NPs– GENDER– NUMBER– REFERENCE

• OVERVIEW OF THE FINAL EXAM• TIPS FOR THE FINAL EXAM• GIFT:

– WORKBOOK FOR THE NEXT SEMESTER• YOUR FEEDBACK• GOODLUCKS AND GOODBYES

CRASH COURSE ON NPs

WHY CRASH COURSE?AS A MEANS OF DAMAGE LIMITATION.

WHAT IS INCLUDED IN THE CRASH COURSE ON NPs?

• STRUCTURE OF NPs• FUNCTIONS OF NPs• REFERENCE (general info)• NUMBER (general info)• GENDER (general info)

ONLY THINGS THAT ARE RELEVANT FOR THE FINAL

EXAM.

STRUCTURE OF NPs

WHAT ARE THE BUILDING BLOCKS OF NPs?

NP STRUCTURE - summary

HOWEVER,

NP STRUCTURE IS NOT ACCURATELY REPRESENTED IN YOUR WORKBOOK

THERE ARE MORE POSSIBILITIES.

ADDITIONAL STRUCTURES OF NPs• Sometimes, an NP can have SOME THINGS EVEN IN FRONT

OF THE DETERMINER e.g. – Even both her first young students of assertive psychology now

call her a fake.– Things in front of the determiner are called RESTRICTERS:– Especially, even, just, etc.

• Sometimes, an NP can have some things BETWEEN THE ADJECTIVE AND THE HEAD NOUN e.g. – This new kitchen cabinet is expensive.– IT’S ANOTHER NOUN!– Theoretically there is no limit on the number of PREMODIFYING

NOUNS.– E.g. failover redundancy server clusterOr, even worse:– Fulfillment line status rule set assignments

FUNCTIONS OF NPs

WHAT DO NPs DO IN A SENTENCE?

Last night, around midnight, the underground artists

spray-painted the gallery entrance door the color

that they thought would look fab in the morning.

NP FUNCTIONS CAN BE DIVIDED INTO TWO LARGE GROUPS:

NP functions

Independent: SENTENCE ELEMENTS

SUBJECT OBJECT COMPLEMENT ADVERBIAL

Dependent:PARTS OF OTHER PHRASES

Complement of Preposition (COP)

FUNCTIONS OF NPs• INDEPENDENT FUNCTIONS (SENTENCE ELEMENTS):

– SUBJECT (My dog is stupid.)– OBJECT – both INDIRECT and DIRECT (John bought a stupid

dog. I gave my friend a stupid dog.)– COMPLEMENT – both SUBJECT and OBJECT (Wolfy is a

stupid dog. I consider Wolfy a stupid dog.)– ADVERBIAL (I took my stupid dog for a walk yesterday. I

bought it last year.)• DEPENDENT FUNCTIONS (PARTS OF OTHER PHRASES):

– COMPLEMENT OF THE PREPOSITION: In a bank, over the river, inside the complex mechanism of a nuclear reactor

REFERENCE

WHAT IS REFERENCE?

“Take the Holy Grail!”

Nouns and Noun Phrases • Defining Reference:

• Reference denotes the phenomenon by which an NP in a certain utterance is associated with some entity in the real or conceptual world. (Trask 1993, A Dictionary of grammatical terms in Linguistics. London; p. 232)

Reference gives information about the relationship which holds between an expression and what that expression stands for on particular occasions of its utterance. (Lyons, Semantics, Vol. I, p. 170)

• Reference is an utterance-dependent notion!!!• IN ENGLISH REFERENCE IS EXPRESSED THROUGH

DETERMINERS (e.g. ARTICLES).

REFERENCE – in this course

UNIQUE REFERENCE is a property of

PROPER NOUNS.

REFERENCE – the use of articles

TYPES OF REFERENCE

SOME ADDITIONAL EXAMPLES

TYPES OF REFERENCE

SPECIFI

C

• SPECIFIC DEFINITE• John ordered a book and the book has just arrived.

SPECIFI

C

• SPECIFIC INDEFINITE• John bought a TV and Mary some bananas.

SPECIFI

C

• SPECIFIC UNIQUE: property of proper nouns• The Hebrides vs. Boston

GENERIC

• GENERIC REFERENCE• Tigers are dangerous. vs. A tiger is a dangerous animal.

UNDER NORMAL CIRCUMSTANCES, WE WOULD NOW DO SOMETHING LIKES THIS…

UNIQUE REFERENCE

• Unique reference is restricted to PROPER NOUNS and can be realized with:– THE DEFINITE ARTICLE (e.g. the Arctic)– THE ZERO ARTICLE (e.g. John Smith)

• BTW, proper nouns are names of specific people (Shakespeare), places (Milwaukee), countries (Austria), months (January), days (Thursday), holidays (Christmas), magazines (Vogue) and so forth.

• Proper nouns lack article contrast (Paris vs. *The Paris, or The Hague vs. *A Hague)

UNIQUE REFERENCE WITH THE DEFINITE ARTICLE

• The Browns have just moved in.• The Netherlands is a nice country.• West Devon Beef was offered £1.60 a kilo by

meat firms in Somerset and the Midlands.– PLURAL NAMES (IN GENERAL)


• The Hebrides, the Shetlands, the Canaries• The Himalayas, the Alps, the Rockies, the

Pyrenees– PLURAL GEOGRAPHICAL NAMES (usually GROUPS

OF ISLANDS and MOUNTAIN RANGES)– EXCEPTIONS: Kensington Gardens, Burnham

Beeches


• The Avon, the Danube, the Euphrates, etc.• The Pacific (Ocean), the Baltic, the Kattegatt,

etc.• The Panama Canal, the Erie Canal, etc.

– SINGULAR GEOGRAPHICAL NAMES OF RIVERS, SEAS, OCEANS and CANALS


• The Grand, the Waldorf Asotoria, the Savoy, etc.– NAMES OF HOTELS and RESTAURANTS

• The Globe, the Criterion, the Athenaeum, etc.– NAMES OF THEATRES, CINEMAS, CLUBS, etc.

• The Tate, the Louvre, the Ermitage, etc.― NAMES OF MUSEUMS, LIBERARIES, etc.


• The Economist, The New York Times, The Observer, The Providence Journal, etc.– NAMES OF NEWSPAPERS

• NOTE: After genitives and possessives the article is dropped: today’s New York Times

• NOTE: Magazines and periodicals normally have the zero article – Life, Time, Popular Mechanics, Nature, Language, etc.


• The University of Novi Sad, the City of New York, the Island of Cyprus, etc.– PROPER NOUNS IN POSMODIFICATION WITH A

GENERIC TERM AS THE HEAD NOUN• NOTE: When the proper noun is the head

noun, the zero article is used: Novi Sad University, New York City, etc.

UNIQUE REFERENCE WITH THE ZERO ARTICLE

• Generally speaking, the following list exemplifies the main classes of proper nouns that take the zero article:– PERSONAL NAMES (with or without titles)– TEMPORAL NAMES

• Festivals• Months and days of the week

– GEOGRAPHICAL NAMES• Continents• Countries, counties, states, etc.• Cities, towns, etc.• Lakes, and• Mountains

– NAME + COMMON NOUN

UNIQUE REFERENCE – ZERO ARTICLE - PERSONAL NAMES

• Dr Brown, President Kennedy, Mr and Mrs Smith, professor and Mrs Walker, Priver Ryan, Lord Nelson, Lady Churchill, Cardinal Spellman, General MacArthur, Captain O’Connor, Inspector Harris, Judge Dredd, etc.

• EXCEPTIONS: the Emperor Napoleon (but: Emperor Haile Selassie), the Duke of Wellington, the Lord (= God), (the) Czar Alexander, (the) Rev John Smith

• The article may also precede other titles, including LORD and LADY, but only in FORMAL USE.

• Family relations with unique reference behave like proper nouns: Father (Daddy, Dad) / Mother (Mummy, Mum) / Uncle is here.

• COMPARE: The father was the tallest in the family. Vs. Father, where’s my new book?

UNIQUE REFERENCE – ZERO ARTICLE - TEMPORAL NAMES

• Christmas (Day), Independence Day, Easter (Sunday), Good Friday, Passover, etc.– NAMES OF FESTIVALS

• January, February, Monday, Thursday, etc.– NAMES OF THE MONTHS AND THE DAYS OF THE WEEK

• NOTE: The days of the week have plurals (I hate Mondays.) along with next and last + a noun constructions: We’ll leave on Sunday. He left on the next Sunday.

• E.g. He left on a Sunday. (without a reference to a particular Sunday)

UNIQUE REFERENCE – ZERO ARTICLE – GEOGRAPHICAL NAMES

• (North) America, (Central) Asia, (Medieval) Europe, (East) Africa, etc.– NAMES OF CONTINENTS (NORMALLY NO ARTICLE

EVEN WITH PREMODIFYING ADJECTIVES)– EXCEPTIONS: Antarctica BUT the Antarctic, also

the Arctic


• (Elizabethan) England, (modern) Brazil, (industrial) Staffordshire, (northern) Scotland, etc.– NAMES OF COUNTRIES, COUNTIES, STATES, ETC.

(NORMALLY NO ARTICLE EVEN WITH PREMODIFYING ADJECTIVES)

– EXCEPTIONS: Argentina BUT the Argentine, the Ruhr, the Saar, the Sahara, (the) Ukraine, the Crimea, (the) Lebanon, (the) Congo, the Midwest

– The Everglades – AND OTHER PLURAL NAMES


• (downtown) Boston, (ancient) Rome, (central) Brussels, (suburban) London, etc.– NAMES OF CITIES AND TOWNS (NORMALLY NO

ARTICLE EVEN WITH PREMODIFYING WORDS)– EXCEPTIONS: The Hague, the Bronx, the City, the

West End, the East End


• Lake Michigan, Silver Lake, (Lake) Ladoga, etc.– NAMES OF LAKES

• Mount Everest, Mount Vernon, Mont Blanc, Vesuvius, Ben Nevis, etc.– NAMES OF MOUNTAINS– EXCEPTION: the Mount of Olives

UNIQUE REFERENCE – ZERO ARTICLE – NAME + COMMON NOUN

• Hampstead Heath, Oxford Street, Madison Avenue, Park Lane, Portland Place, Brendon Hill, Piccadilly Circus, Leicester Square, Westminster Bridge, Windsor Castle, Westminster Abbey, Paddington Station, Epping Forest, Scotland Yard, Hampton Court, etc.– NAME + COMMON NOUN (DENOTING BULIDINGS, STREETS,

BRIDGES, ETC.)• EXCEPTIONS: the Albert Hall, the Mansion House, the

Haymarket, the Strand, the Mall, the Merrit Parkway, the Pennsylvania Turnpike.

• THINK: What’s the difference between the Oxford Road and the Oxford road?

THESE WERE THE SLIDES ONLY ON UNIQUE REFERENCE…

BTW, DON’T WORRY, ALL THE SLIDES WILL BE AVAILABLE ON THE BLOG.

HOWEVER, THESE ARE NOT NORMAL CIRCUMSTANCES, SO WE WILL SIMPLY MOVE

ON…

REFERENCE

• Reference as a grammatical relationship is realized through DETERMINERS.

• DETERMINERS are a closed-system set of function words which act as premodifiers in the NP.

• Based on their position in the NP in relation to each other they are divided into:– PREDETERMINERS– CENTRAL DETERMINERS– POSTDETERMINERSPREDETERMINERS AND CENTRAL DETERMINER ARE

MUTUALLY EXCLUSIVE, BUT TWO POSTDITERMINERS CAN CO-OCCUR.

DETERMINERS (pg. 69)

EXERCISES ON FORM

AND FUNCTION

WORKBOOK

PAGE 82

THE MOST IMPORTANT EXERCISES FOR THE FINAL EXAM

TASKS 1 and 2

TASK 1: a, b, c (page 82)

NP1=S

?NP2=CoP (Complement of Preposition)BUT WE WON’T ANALYZE IT BECAUSE IT IS TOO DEEPLY EMBEDDEDPre.

NP1=S NP2=OdCent. Adj.

NP1=SPre. Cent..

Cent.

PP

clause (finite)

TASK 1: d, e, f (page 82)

NP1=S NP2=CoP

NP1=S NP2=OdPre.Cent.

NP1=CsPost. Post..

Cent.

PP

PP

clause (non-finite)

NP3=CoPPre. Cent.

ORNP1=CsPost. Post..

NP2=CoPCent. Post. Adv.

TASK 1: g, h, i

NP1=SPre. Cent.

NP1=SPre. Cent. Post.

NP1=SCent.

PP1 PP2

Post. Adj.NP2=A

Cent. Post.

NP2=CsPre. Cent.

TASK 1: j, k, l

NP1=S NP2=OdCent.

PP (ellipted finite clause)

NP2=OdNP1=SCent. Post. Adj.

NP1=CsPre. Cent.. Adj.

NP2=S

?NP3=(A)

TASK 1: m, n, o

NP1=S NP2=OdPre. Cent. Adj.

NP2=OdAdv. Cent.Adj.

NP1=SNP2=Od

Cent. Adj. Adj.

NP1=S clause (finite) NP2=CoPPost. (ordinal)

TASK 1: p

NP1=SCent.

clause (non-finite) NP2=OdPost. (cardinal)

NP1=S NP2=Oi NP3=OdNP4=(A)

NP1=S NP2=CsNP1=SNP2=CoP

NP1=S NP2=CoPNP1=SNP2=CoP

NP1=SNP2=Od

NP3=(A)NP1=SNP2=Cs

NP1=S NP2=Od NP3=Co

NP1=S NP2=CoP

NP1=S NP2=CoP

NP1=S NP2=ANP1=S

NP1=S NP2=Cs

NP1=SNP2=Cs

NP1=S NP2=Od

NUMBER

WHAT IS NUMBER?

NUMBER – general info

• In English, the nominal category of number is marked by the –s inflection.

• Based on the way the category of number can be expressed, all nouns in English can be classified into two large groups:– VARIABLE NOUNS – have both singular and plural– INVARIABLE NOUNS – have only singular OR only

plural

• Custom = tradition• Customs = the place where your bags are checked• Damage = physical harm dome to something• Damages = money that a court orders someone to pay as a punishment for

harming them or their property• Glass = material• Glasses = spectacles (an instrument for improving vision)• Look = act of looking• Looks = physical attractiveness• Manner = the way something is done• Manners = polite way of behaving in social situations• Moral = a practical lesson about what to do or how to behave (a message)• Morals = principles of standards of good behavior, especially in matters of sex

(ethics)• Movie = film• (the) movies = cinema/ movie theatre

NUMBER – general info

• Let’s get back to the classification.• As we mentioned, most nouns in English can

be classified into two large groups:– VARIABLE NOUNS – have both singular and plural– INVARIABLE NOUNS – have only singular or only

plural

WITHIN THESE TWO CLASSES THERE ARE SEVERAL SUBCLASSES:

1) singular invariable nouns (singularia tantum): a) noncount nouns (i.e. uncountable nouns)b) proper nouns2) plural invariable nouns (pluralia tantum): a) summation pluralsb) pluralia tantum ending in -s and without any plural marking3) variable nouns: have both singular and plural form (i.e. countable nouns)a) regular nouns: predictable plural with -sb) irregular nouns: unpredictable plural, foreign plural, compounds

UNDER NORMAL CIRCUMSTANCES, WE WOULD NOW DO SOMETHING LIKES THIS…

1A) NONCOUNT NOUNS: This chain is made of gold. Vs. *This chain is made of three golds. I like music. Vs. *I like three musics. Invariable nouns ending in -s and -ics: What is the news today? Vs. *What are the news today?I study phonetics. Vs. *I study seven phonetics. B) PROPER NOUNS: I will visit France. Vs. *I will visit Frances. Discuss: I met Tom. Vs. ? I meet three Toms yesterday.

2A) SUMMATION PLURALS: These scissors are five Euro. vs * This scissors is five Euro. These trousers are too expensive. vs *This trousers is too expensive. B) PLURALIA TANTUM: Clothes vs. cloth; arms vs. arm This vermin cause disease. vs *This vermin causes disease.

3a) Variable nouns:

The vast majority of nouns have both SINGULAR and PLURAL number, and use –S to form PLURAL.

I see a dog. I see several dogs.

However there are many exceptions:

E.g. nouns ending in –o, nouns ending in –y, etc.

Additionally, there are many irregular variable nouns.

The rules for forming plural forms of nouns have to be memorized.

HOWEVER, THESE ARE NOT NORMAL CIRCUMSTANCES, SO WE WILL SIMPLY MOVE

ON…

Plural of Variable Nouns• Nouns ending in or s,–ss, -sh, -ch,-x form their plural by adding –es.e.g. hero – heroes dish – dishes fox – foxes

• Commonly used nouns in –o form their plural with –oese.g. tomato – tomatoes hero – heroes potato – potatoes

• Some nouns in o can either get –os or –oes in plurale.g. buffalo – buffalos / buffaloes cargo – cargos / cargoes volcano –

volcanos / volcanoes

Plural of Variable Nouns• When a word ends in double –o or in vowel +o, it gets –os in

plurale.g. kangaroos, videos, radios, studios, zoos

• Nouns ending in –y following a consonant form their plural by dropping the y and adding –ies.

e.g. baby – babies fly – flies country - countries

• A few nouns form their plural by changing the root vowele.g. man – men woman – women tooth – teeth foot – feet goose – geese mouse – mice

• Some nouns have the same form in singular and plurale.g. sheep fish deer

Plural of Variable Nouns• Twelve nouns ending in –f or –fe drop the endings and add –

ves: knife, wolf, calf, shelf, leaf, loaf, thief, sheaf, half, wife, life, self

e.g. wife – wives life – lives

• There are nouns in –f or –fe that have two ways of making plural:

e.g. hoof – hoofs / hooves scarf – scarfs / scarves

FOREIGN PLURAL: suffixes and pronunciation

Some nouns foreign origin have irregular plural. The most common among them are Latin and Greek nouns:

• analysis – analyses (L) [si:z]• basis – bases (G)• crisis – crises (G)• hypothesis – hypotheses (G)• thesis – theses (G)

• datum – data (L) [∂]• medium – media (L)• memorandum – memoranda

• appendix - appendices• index – indices (L)[si:z]

• formula - formulae (L)• larva – larvae [i:]

• criterion – criteria (G)• phenomenon –• phenomena [∂]

• nucleus – nuclei (L)• stimulus – stimuli [ai]•

COMPOUNDS:

able seaman ~ able seamen, head banger ~ head bangers

babysitter ~ babysitters; close up ~ close-ups commander-in-chief ~ commanders-in-chief; mother-in-law ~ mothers-in-law

woman doctor ~ women doctors, man-child ~ men-children

Plural of Variable Nouns: COMPOUNDS

NOW, MORE PRACTICE…

Foreign plurals!

WORKBOOK

PAGE 71

-I -I

-I -I -I / -ES

-ES -ES

-AE -AE

-AE-S

-AE -AE-S

-S -S

-A -A -A

-A -S

-A -S

-S

-ES / -ICES

-ES-ICES

-ES-ICES

-ES-ICES

-ES -ES-ICES

-ES -ES -ES -ES -ES

-ES

-A -A

-A-S

-S -S

-I

-S-I

-S-I

-S-S-I

-S-I-S-I

-S-IM

-S-IM

GENDER

GENDER IN ENGLISH?

Brad Pitt

I love my new black Chevy Camaro SS

______ is awesome.

Angelina Jolie

I love my new red Jaguar

______ is awesome.

Gender“The grammatical category of gender applies in the first instance to a system of noun classes differentiated by the agreement patterns they enter with associates words.” (Huddleston and Pullum, A Cambridge Grammar of the English Language, p. 484) “By gender is meant a grammatical classification of nouns, pronouns, or other words in the noun phrase, according to certain meaning-related distinctions, especially a distinction related to the sex of the referent.”(Quirk et alii, Comprehensive Grammar of the English Language, chapter 5, p. 314) Gender is “a grammatical category found in certain languages by which nouns are divided into two or more classes requiring different agreement forms on determiners, adjectives, verbs or other words.”(Trask, A Dictionary of grammatical terms in Linguistics, London, p. 115)

In English, gender is BIOLOGICAL.

In some other languages, gender is GRAMMATICAL (e.g. in Serbian,

“девојчурак” is masculine).

3 MAIN GENDER CLASSES IN ENGLISH:

1) personal: male, female, “dual gender”2) non-personal: common, collective, animals3) Inanimate

This classification is based on the following natural features:±human±animate+feminine or +masculine

One last question: how do we determine the gender of a noun?BY PRONOUN SUBSTITUION, This actor is smart. > He is smart. This actress is smart. > She is smart.

WHAT CAN YOU EXPECT IN THE EXAM?

THE LAST PART OF THE LAST CLASS

GEJ1 EXAM

• DATE: January 18, 2012• DAY: MONDAY, i.e. MONDAY NEXT WEEK• TIME: 18:30• DURATION: 1:30• LOCATION: AUDITORIUM (“amfiteatar”)• RELEVANT CHAPTERS IN THE WORKBOOK:

– Chapter 1: Basic Concepts in Grammar– Chapter 2: Verbs and the VP– Chapter 3: Nouns, Pronouns and the NP

ORGANIZATIONAL STUFF

• Due to the fact that the faculty is spatially challenged, your exam coincides with THREE OTHER EXAMS:– GEJ2– IEJ– TIPSET

• Why is that important?• REASON 1: Checking the roll sheet and seating

everybody in their positions will probably take 15 minutes or more, so try to be in front of the auditorium 15 minutes earlier.

ORGANIZATIONAL STUFF

• REASON 2: You will be sitting between students from previous generations, which means that there will be a tight squeeze, so there won’t be enough room for pencil bags, cell phones, notepads, lucky charms, amulets, rabbits’ feet, horseshoes, etc.

• In other words, the only things allowed on the desk are:– pens (a reasonable number)– pencils (a reasonable number)– erasers (one)– correction fluid OR correction roller

WORKBOOKPAGE 180

MAIN FEATURE OF THE TEST:THERE ARE SOME NUMBERS AT THE END OF EACH SET OF INSTRUCTIONS:1. Identify the word class (Noun, Verb, AUXiliary, ADJective, ADVerb,

PRONoun, PREPosition, CONJunction, DETerminer) of the underlined items in the following: [6 pts, min.2]

WHAT DO THESE NUMBERS MEAN?X pts.: the maximum number of points that you

can possibly score in that particular taskmin. Y: the minimal number of points that you

must score in that particular task

MAIN FEATURE OF THE TEST: (continued)

WHAT HAPPENS IF YOU DON’T SCORE A MINIMUM NUMBER OF POINTS IN A TASK?•depends on the number of minimum points:

–if the number of points below the minimum is smaller than TWO (2):

•THE NUMBER OF POINTS BELOW THE MINIMUM IS DEDUCTED FROM YOUR FINAL SCORE •E.G. IF YOUR FINAL SCORE IS 82 POINTS, BUT YOU FAILED TO SCORE A MINIMUM BY 2 POINTS IN A TASK, YOUR FINAL SCORE IS ACTUALLY 82-2=80

–if the number of points below the minimum is bigger than TWO (2):

•YOU FAIL THE EXAM

MAIN FEATURE OF THE TEST: (continued)

WHY DO YOU HAVE THIS SYSTEM IN PLACE?In order to make sure that you know ALL the topics covered by the course.A FRIENDLY WORD OF ADVICE:DO ALL THE TASKS! I.e. you must do all the tasks!

EXAM TEST – sample TEST1. Identify the word class (Noun, Verb, AUXiliary, ADJective, ADVerb,

PRONoun, PREPosition, CONJunction, DETerminer) of the underlined items in the following: [6 pts, min.2]

a) What is the restaurant like? _________ b) Although he studied hard, he didn’t pass the exam. _________

c) We’ll have to finish the job, however long it takes. _________

d) No, thank you. I’ve had more than enough. _________e) I’ll give you double the price. _________ f) Friendly as she was, she offered help. _________

PREP

CONJ

ADV

PRON

DET

ADJ

EXAM TEST – sample TEST2. Supply the past tense and the past participle of the following verbs: [3pts, min.1]

a) raise ___________ , __________

b) rise ____________ , __________

c) spread __________ , __________

d) kneel _____________, _____________

e) withdraw __________ , _____________

f) freeze _____________ , _____________

RAISED RAISED

ROSE RISEN

SPREAD SPREAD

KNELT KNELT

WITHDREW WITHDRAWN

FROZE FROZEN

EXAM TEST – sample TEST3. Underline the VPs in the following sentence, determine their type (according to

structure, finiteness) and identify the verbal categories (tense, mood, aspect, voice, modality) expressed in each: [3pts, min.1]

a) By the end of the year, he will have been working in the company for 15 years.

VP1:_________________________________________________________

b) His physical condition seems to have been affected by the accident.VP1:_________________________________________________________

VP2: _________________________________________________________

finite, complex; T: present, A:perf. prog. M:ind. V: active Mod: +

finite, simple; T: present, A:non-perf. non-prog. M:ind. V: active Mod: -

non-finite, complex; T: - , A:perf. non-prog. M:- V: passive Mod: -

EXAM TEST – sample TEST4. Supply the plural forms of the following nouns: [5 pts, min.2]

a) man-of-letters _____________________ f) libretto _________________________b) belief ____________________________ g) chassis _________________________c) louse ____________________________ h) court martial ____________________d) series ____________________________ i) criterion

________________________e) dilemma __________________________ j) take-off ________________________

MEN-OF-LETTERSBELIEFS

LICESERIES

DILEMMAS

LIBRETTOS / LIBRETTI

CHASSISCOURTS MARTIAL

CRITERIA

TAKE-OFFS

EXAM TEST – sample TEST5. Insert a/ an/ the/ zero where necessary. Put a cross (X) for zero: [6 pts, min.3] a) Can you go by _________ train to _________ Indian Ocean or to

_______Himalayas? b) Celia is sure she’s seen _________ UFO _________ other day.c) ________ exercise is good for __________ body.d) We can’t be sure about the history of _________ human race, but

_________ man developed earlier than we think, although we weren’t there at the time of ________ dinosaurs.

e) This is the front room. _________ floor is in good order, so we will probably cover it with _________ carpet.

/ THETHE

A THE/ THE

THE/

THETHEA

EXAM TEST – sample TEST6. Supply the appropriate forms of the verbs in brackets: [5 pts, min.2] I (1 be) very sorry to hear about your mother's illness, and (2 be) glad that you (3 go) to Scotland to see how she is. It will be nice for her to see you.Of course I will look after Tim. We thoroughly (4 enjoy) having him last year and my dog missed him after he (5 leave) and (6 look) for him everywhere.Will you bring him on Tuesday afternoon? Or, if that (7 not suit) you, any time on Wednesday. (8 not bother) to bring dog food; I have plenty. I hope you will have time to have tea with me when you (9 bring) Tim, and that by then you (10 have) better news of your mother.Love, Jane1.______________ 2. ______________ 3. ______________ 4. ______________ 5. ______________ 6. ______________ 7. ______________ 8. ______________ 9. ______________ 10. ______________

am am are goingenjoyed had left looked

doesn’t suit Don’t bother bringwill have (had)

EXAM TEST – sample TEST7. Put the following sentences into the Passive Voice: [6 pts, min.3] a) Nobody has ever spoken to me like that before.__________________________________________________________ b) People will laugh at you if you wear that silly hat. __________________________________________________________ c) Her sudden arrival must have shocked him. __________________________________________________________ d) Are they renovating the city library?______________________________________________________________ e) The police say that the suspects were working undercover at the time. (two possibilities)

_____________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________

I have never been spoken to like that before.

You will be laughed at if you wear that silly hat.

He must have been shocked by her sudden arrival.

Is the city library being renovated?

It is said that the suspects were working undercover at the time.

The suspects are said to have been working undercover at the time.

EXAM TEST – sample TEST8. Complete the sentences using a suitable modal

construction: [6 pts, min.3]a) My brother wasn’t in London last month, so you

______________________ (see) him there.b) I usually _________________ (get) a seat on the bus in the morning

so I have to stand, but this morning I _________________ (get) one.c) You ___________________ (turn off) the TV. It wasn’t disturbing

me. Maybe not, but it was disturbing me, and I ___________________ (finish) this paper by tomorrow morning or I will be in trouble.

d) You __________________________ (leave) your dog locked up in the bathroom. No wonder it made such a mess!

needn’t have turned off

can’t get

was able to get

couldn’t have seen

must finish

shouldn’t have left

EXAM TEST – sample TEST9. Identify the sentence elements (use underline or [square brackets]) and label their functions (S, V, O, C, A). Put the optional sentence elements in brackets. [5 pts, min.2]Example: The fire died out during the night / [The fire] [died out] [during the night]. S V (A) a) After having taken all the lessons, the candidates were eager to take the driving test.b) The members of the committee couldn’t decide how to define their strategy in the future.c) The manager gave whoever asked a week off.d) Her French teacher finds her surname too difficult to pronounce.e) My friend from Canada lived in Vancouver for ten years.

(A) S V Cs

S V Od

S V Oi Od

S V Od Co

S V A (A)

EXAM TEST – sample TEST10. Finish each of the following sentences in such a way that it means exactly

the same as the sentence printed before it: [5 pts, min.2] a) It would be nice to be on a beach now instead of an office.Imagine ________________________________________________b) I’m sorry I didn’t work hard enough.If only __________________________________________________c) Regrettably, I had to tell everyone the truth about his past.I wish __________________________________________________d) Start doing your homework, you don’t have much time!It’s high time _____________________________________________e) There’s no need for you to drive me, just call a taxi, please. I’d rather ________________________________________________

we were on a beach now.

I had studied harder.

I had not had to tell (had not told)everyone the truth about his past.

you started doing your homework!

you just called / would call a taxi.

EXAM TEST – sample TEST

11. Underline and analyse the structure and the syntactic functions of all the NPs in the following sentences: [6pts, min.3]

a) His arrogant attitude at the meeting made everybody present very angry. NP1 _______________________ NP2 _______________________ ___________________________ ___________________________

b) The girl working in the library showed me all the books I asked for. NP1 _______________________ NP2 _______________________ ___________________________ ___________________________

c) A lot of seats have already been taken by the students of linguistics. NP1 _______________________ NP2 _______________________ ___________________________ ___________________________

F: SS: Cent. + Adj. + Head + PP

F: OdS: Head + Adj.

F: SS: Cent. + Head + Clause (non-finite)

F: OiS: Head

NP3 F: OdS: Pre. + Cent. + Head +Clause (finite)

F: SS: Post (quantifier) + Head

F: C.O.PS: Cent. + Head + PP

EXAM TEST – sample TEST

12. Choose the correct form(s): [5 pts, min.2] a) There has been fewer / less / lesser demand for videos this

year than last year.b) It is a fifty-kilometre / fifty kilometers / fifty kilometers’

tunnel.c) We do not hear much / many / a lot of news about Africa

these days.d) Each bag / baggage / luggage was examined at the desk.e) How many / How much cattle was / were grazing on the

field?

EXAM TEST – sample TEST13. Use the appropriate pronoun: [5 pts, min.2] a) The committee has reached __________ decision.b) The people with ____________ I am working are

extremely friendly.c) One must look after ______________.d) Nobody called me, did __________?e) If _________________ needs help, they can ask

me.

ITS

WHOM

ONESELF

THEY

SOMEBODY / ANYBODY

SOMEONE/ ANYONE

GIFTYOU GET THE WORKBOOK FOR THE

NEXT SEMESTER.

MAKE SURE YOU HAVE IT READY FOR THE NEXT CLASS (MID-FEBRUARY).

YOUR FEEDBACK AND/OR QUESTIONS,

PLEASE!ABOUT THE COURSE

GOODBYES AND GOODLUCKS

• I wish you a lot of success and a lot of luck in your upcoming exams!

• May you pass with flying colors!• If important questions crop up, unfortunately

there are no office hours during the exam term.

• However, feel free to send an email if you cannot resolve a very urgent problem:

[email protected] AND [email protected]

mailto:[email protected]

mailto:[email protected]

THE ENDGEJ1 IS NO MORE.

what day is it today? why is this day important?

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