What is a Bureaucracy?

A method for organizing large groups

Loyola’s Bureaucracy

Characteristics of a Bureaucracy Internal Division of Labor specialized by

function.

Employees are recruited and promoted based on expertise (usually).

Hierarchy

Standard Operating Procedures.

Effective, Efficient execution of tasks to reach goals.

Structure…The Cabinet 15 departments

Each established by Congress for a specific task

Headed by a Secretary

Appointed by the President

Approved by the Senate

Each Dept is sub-divided

Functions are greatly impacted by the President

CABINET DEPARTMENTS

Secretary of State Secretary of the Treasury Secretary of Defense Attorney General Secretary of the Interior Secretary of Agriculture Secretary of Commerce Secretary of Labor Secretary of Health and Human Services Secretary of Housing and Urban Development Secretary of Transportation Secretary of Energy Secretary of Education Secretary of Veterans Affairs Secretary of Homeland Security

Created by: Congress

Secretaries Approved by: Senate

What the Bureaucracy Does Congress and Pres.

Pass a Law

Bureaucracy

Implement/Enforce law

Department of the Interior

SUBUNITS Bureau of Indian

Affairs National Parks Service U.S. Fish and Wildlife

Service Office of Surface

Mining, Reclamation and Enforcement

INDEPENDENT AGENCIES, REGULATORY AGENCIES & GOVERNMENT CORPORATIONS

Report Directly to the President Narrower area of Responsibility than Cabinet

Departments. What is the difference between these

three?

REGULATORY AGENCIES Created by Congress for a

particular area of focus. Regulate particular activity

or interest Free of political pressure

Securities and Exchange Commission

Federal Elections Commission

INDEPENDENT EXECUTIVE AGENCIES- Like a cabinet dept. but have a more specific

focus- Practical and symbolic reasons- Less indebted to President- NASA- CIA- EPA

GOVERNMENT CORPORATIONS Charge for services. Also receive govt.

funds. Post Office Amtrak

Why do these exist?

EPA VIDEO

9:15 minute mark http://www.learner.org/courses/democracyinamerica/dia_8/dia_8_video.html

• Why was the EPA created?

• What role does leadership play in creating an effective bureaucracy?

• Can any bureaucracy operate effectively without clear political guidance as to what goals it should pursue? 

Growth of the Bureaucracy 1st Congress: 1789

Created State, War, Treasury, Justice Departments.

1861-1900: Civil War Industrial Revolution

Department of Agriculture

Dept. of Labor Dept. of Commerce

Depression and WWII Change in public

attitude (role of Govt) Social Programs

WWII Use of Federal Taxes: Expand Govt. Amendment 16:

Income Tax (1913) Military Preparedness

(Continues in Cold War)

1960s Civil Rights Movement LBJ: Great Society

(“War on Poverty”)

Is the Bureaucracy too big? Department of Agriculture: NBC Learn Video

Who Are Bureaucrats?Total Federal Employment

Executive (1.9million, 70%)

Postal Service(767,600; 28%)

Judicial(33,800; 1%)

Legislative(30,000; 1%)

(2.7 million)

U. S. Military 543,000 Army 335,000 Navy 158,000 Marines 330,000 Air Force 810,000 Reserves

Who are Bureaucrats?Hiring 1800s

Spoils System (Patronage)

1883: Pendleton Act Introduce merit based system

Today: 90% are hired by the civil service system Many “indirectly employed” through sub-

contracting. i.e., military contractors

What the Bureaucracy Does Congress and Pres.

Pass a Law

Bureaucracy

Implement/Enforce law

Congress Delegates Authority/ Bureaucratic Autonomy

Administrative discretion: in creating policies, regulations, & disbursing

grants.

Administrative adjudication: Settle disputes between two parties.

“The Bank Regulators’ Book Club”

1. What was the law passed by Congress?

2. Which agency was responsible for implementing?

3. Provide MULTIPLE SPECIFIC examples of how the bureaucrats exercise ADMINISTRATIVE DISCRETION.

4. http://www.npr.org/blogs/money/2011/02/04/133476579/the-bank-regulators-book-club

Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation Formed in 1933 Why?

Independent Agency

Regulates Banks and Deposits

Insure up to $250,000

“Full Faith and Credit”

Career Bureaucrats v. Political Appointments Agency Point of View

Career with one Agency Continuity Long term stability Status Quo “Protect Turf”

President’s Agenda Temporary political

agenda Short term goals “pet” issues/projects Attempt to enact change

Iron Triangle

Halliburton and the Iron Triangle http://www.youtube.com/watch?

v=deGPK54tBW4

Accountability: Checks on the Bureaucracy

Congressional Control Appropriate money

Shape laws; create regulations

Create Departments/Agencies

Investigate agencies (hearings)

Approve of secretaries

Accountability: Checks on the Bureaucracy

Presidential Control Appointments Reorganize (with Congress) Budget Cuts (with Congress) Executive Orders Tells them how to implement

Judicial Control Injunctions

(prevent an agency from acting until court officially rules on a case).

Threat of Litigation Declare actions unconstitutional

DEPARTMENT OF JUSTICE

Federal Bureau of Investigation

Bureau of Alcohol Tobacco and Firearms

Drug Enforcement Administration

Federal Bureau of Prisons

DEPARTMENT OF HOMELAND SECURITY Federal Emergency

Management Agency (FEMA)

Transportation Security Administration (TSA)

U.S. Coast Guard

U.S. Secret Service

Customs and Border Protection

DEPARTMENT OF THE TREASURY

Bureau of Engraving and Printing

Internal Revenue Service

U.S. Mint