WHAT IS FITNESS ?WHAT IS FITNESS ?FITNESS IS A MEASURE OF THE BODY’S FITNESS IS A MEASURE OF THE BODY’S ABILITY TO COMPLETE ACTIVITIES FOR ABILITY TO COMPLETE ACTIVITIES FOR

EVERYDAY LIFE EFFECTIVELY AND EVERYDAY LIFE EFFECTIVELY AND EFFICIENTLY.EFFICIENTLY.

FITNESS FOR SPORT HOWEVER, IS OFTEN MORE FITNESS FOR SPORT HOWEVER, IS OFTEN MORE SPECIFIC AND AT A HIGHER LEVEL. FITNESS HAS SPECIFIC AND AT A HIGHER LEVEL. FITNESS HAS TWO MAIN COMPONENTS, HEALTH – RELATED TWO MAIN COMPONENTS, HEALTH – RELATED

FITNESS AND SKILL – RELATED FITNESS.FITNESS AND SKILL – RELATED FITNESS.

HOWEVER, WHAT FACTORS CAN HOWEVER, WHAT FACTORS CAN AFFECT AN INDIVIDUALS AFFECT AN INDIVIDUALS

FITNESS ?FITNESS ?

FACTORS AFFECTING FACTORS AFFECTING FITNESSFITNESS

WHAT ARE THEY ?WHAT ARE THEY ?PHYSIQUE

ALCOHOL

AGE

WEIGHT AND HEALTH

GENDER

DISABILITY

DIET

SMOKING

EATING DISORDERS

STRESS

PERFROMANCE ENHANCING DRUGS

WEIGHT AND HEALTHWEIGHT AND HEALTH

IN PAIRS DISCUSS AND LIST THE WAYS YOU FEEL IN PAIRS DISCUSS AND LIST THE WAYS YOU FEEL WEIGHT AND HEALTH CAN AFFECT SOME-ONES WEIGHT AND HEALTH CAN AFFECT SOME-ONES FITNESS :-FITNESS :-

BEING THE WRONG WEIGHT CAN LEAD TO HEALTH BEING THE WRONG WEIGHT CAN LEAD TO HEALTH PROBLEMS. THE RISK OF , PROBLEMS. THE RISK OF , AND INCREASE FOR AND INCREASE FOR PEOPLE WHO ARE OVERWEIGHT.PEOPLE WHO ARE OVERWEIGHT.

HEART ATTACK STROKESHIGH BLOOD PRESSURE

AGEAGE

• Our bodies slow down with ageOur bodies slow down with age• Participating in physical activity is beneficial Participating in physical activity is beneficial

as age increasesas age increases• Muscular strength declines with age, but Muscular strength declines with age, but

endurance levels can be maintainedendurance levels can be maintained• Bones become brittle and the capacity to Bones become brittle and the capacity to

withstand impact injuries declineswithstand impact injuries declines• Reaction and limb speed declineReaction and limb speed decline• Numbers of older people involved in sport is Numbers of older people involved in sport is

growing rapidlygrowing rapidly• The ageing process can be slowed down by The ageing process can be slowed down by

continued participation in physical activitycontinued participation in physical activity

IN PAIRS DISCUSS AND LIST HOW YOU FEEL AGE AFFECTS SOME-ONES FITNESS

AGEAGE

• TASK :-TASK :-

Why might older people want to Why might older people want to staystay

fit?fit?

GENDERGENDER• Generally, females are not as physically Generally, females are not as physically

strong as malesstrong as males• Women have 30% greater fat content Women have 30% greater fat content

than menthan men– Contributes to their muscular endurance, they are Contributes to their muscular endurance, they are

able to endure more physical hardship than menable to endure more physical hardship than men• Hormonal changes in women as they get Hormonal changes in women as they get

older can make their bones more brittle, older can make their bones more brittle, physical exercise helps to maintain bone physical exercise helps to maintain bone density.density.

• Changing attitudes to women Changing attitudes to women participating in sport will allow participating in sport will allow performance to improve rapidlyperformance to improve rapidly

GENDERGENDER

• TASK :-TASK :-

Discuss how changes in Discuss how changes in social attitude over the years has social attitude over the years has affected participation and affected participation and performance in different sports and performance in different sports and activities on the basis of gender?activities on the basis of gender?

DISABILITYDISABILITY• Gender and ageing still applyGender and ageing still apply• - - As we get older, we become less mobile; our As we get older, we become less mobile; our

vision is likely to become less acute. The physical vision is likely to become less acute. The physical components of fitness are all affected by age. Some components of fitness are all affected by age. Some of them, such as strength & stamina, differ between of them, such as strength & stamina, differ between the sexes and can also be affected by disabilitythe sexes and can also be affected by disability. .

• Attitudes to participation have changedAttitudes to participation have changed• Technology now allows more Technology now allows more

participationparticipation- - Such as wheelchairs and prostheses can improve Such as wheelchairs and prostheses can improve the quality of participation.the quality of participation.

• Disability sport is now becoming Disability sport is now becoming mainstreammainstream

LIFESTYLE INFLUENCESLIFESTYLE INFLUENCES

• The most direct influences on our The most direct influences on our lifestyle are:lifestyle are:• ParentsParents• FriendsFriends• Other adults - teachersOther adults - teachers• Role models in sportRole models in sport• Popular musicPopular music• The mediaThe media

LIFESTYLE INFLUENCESLIFESTYLE INFLUENCES• All of these can have a positive or All of these can have a positive or

negative influences on our negative influences on our participation and fitness:participation and fitness:Positive influences can be :-Positive influences can be :-- Taking part in activities- Taking part in activities- Support and confidence building- Support and confidence building- Highlighting activities available to you- Highlighting activities available to you

Negative influences can be :-Negative influences can be :-– Be injurious to our general healthBe injurious to our general health– Have a detrimental influence on sporting Have a detrimental influence on sporting

performance or contribute to cheatingperformance or contribute to cheating

LIFESTYLE INFLUENCESLIFESTYLE INFLUENCES

• At one time socially acceptable, - ‘the cool At one time socially acceptable, - ‘the cool thing to do’ but not nowthing to do’ but not now

• Now much more informed about the Now much more informed about the dangers of smokingdangers of smoking

• Affects fitness in following ways:Affects fitness in following ways:– It increases the likelihood of heart malfunctionIt increases the likelihood of heart malfunction– It increases the likelihood of thrombosisIt increases the likelihood of thrombosis– It damages and reduces the capacity and It damages and reduces the capacity and

efficiency of the lungsefficiency of the lungs– It reduces the oxygen-carrying capacity of the It reduces the oxygen-carrying capacity of the

bloodblood– It limits the efficiency of gaseous exchangeIt limits the efficiency of gaseous exchange

SMOKING

SMOKINGSMOKING

• TASK :-TASK :-

Why do you think many young people Why do you think many young people are still tempted to take up smoking, are still tempted to take up smoking, despite the clear indications that it is despite the clear indications that it is damaging to their health? damaging to their health?

ALCOHOLALCOHOL• More socially acceptable than smokingMore socially acceptable than smoking• For sports performers alcohol can:For sports performers alcohol can:

– Artificially steady the nerves prior to and during Artificially steady the nerves prior to and during competitioncompetition

– Delay or mask feelings of tiredness/exhaustionDelay or mask feelings of tiredness/exhaustion• Unwanted side-effects of alcohol consumption:Unwanted side-effects of alcohol consumption:

– Dehydration – alcohol is a diuretic drug – Dehydration – alcohol is a diuretic drug – increases loss of fluid from the body increases loss of fluid from the body

– Slower heart rate, creating an unfair advantageSlower heart rate, creating an unfair advantage– Possible liver damagePossible liver damage– Slower reaction time and/or false assessment of Slower reaction time and/or false assessment of

risky situationsrisky situations

EATING DISORDERSEATING DISORDERS

• The term 'eating disorder' is an illness The term 'eating disorder' is an illness rather than the result of poor dietrather than the result of poor diet

• Eating disorders are damaging in two Eating disorders are damaging in two ways:ways:– They affect general health and well beingThey affect general health and well being– They affect active sportspeople who have They affect active sportspeople who have

great emphasis placed on their body great emphasis placed on their body shapeshape

• ANOREXIA NERVOSAANOREXIA NERVOSA– Self imposed starvationSelf imposed starvation– Sufferers are obsessed with being fatSufferers are obsessed with being fat

EATING DISORDERSEATING DISORDERS

• BULLIMIA NERVOSABULLIMIA NERVOSA– Sufferers have a poor self imageSufferers have a poor self image– Binge eating is usually followed by vomitingBinge eating is usually followed by vomiting

• Both disorders affect more women than Both disorders affect more women than menmen

• Usually happen in sports where Usually happen in sports where physique is importantphysique is important– GymnasticsGymnastics– Horse racingHorse racing– Distance runningDistance running– BodybuildingBodybuilding

EATING DISORDERSEATING DISORDERSANOREXIA ANOREXIA NERVOSANERVOSA

BULIMIA NERVOSABULIMIA NERVOSA COMPULSIVE COMPULSIVE EATING EATING DISORDERDISORDER

• Self – imposed starvation

• Obsessed with their appearance & weight

• Imagine that they are too fat

• Often involve themselves in vigorous exercise

• Poor self – image

• Binge eating usually followed by feelings of self disgust and vomiting

Obsessed with their appearance & weight

• Imagine that they are too fat

• Often involve themselves in vigorous exercise

• Episodes of uncontrollable over – eating

• Do not normally make themselves vomit after eating

• Are not obsessed with the need to exercise

STRESSSTRESS• Moderate levels can produce improvements Moderate levels can produce improvements

in performancein performance• Extreme levels can de-motivate and seriously Extreme levels can de-motivate and seriously

depress performance levels (over arousal)depress performance levels (over arousal)• Stress levels can be managed in many ways:Stress levels can be managed in many ways:

– Setting attainable targetsSetting attainable targets– Mental rehearsal and positive imageryMental rehearsal and positive imagery– Verbal reassurance from coachVerbal reassurance from coach– Relaxation, both physical and mentalRelaxation, both physical and mental

• The same stimulus e.g. a noisy crowd, can act The same stimulus e.g. a noisy crowd, can act as a positive influence on one performer, but as a positive influence on one performer, but negative on anothernegative on another

• The big occasion will bring out the best in The big occasion will bring out the best in some players, but may overwhelm otherssome players, but may overwhelm others

PERFORMANCE ENHANCING PERFORMANCE ENHANCING DRUGSDRUGS

• Performance enhancing drugs Performance enhancing drugs are taken with the intention of are taken with the intention of gaining an unfair advantagegaining an unfair advantage STIMULANTSSTIMULANTS

Most common are amphetamines, Most common are amphetamines, which mask the effects of tiredness which mask the effects of tiredness and increase feelings of aggressionand increase feelings of aggressionThey are normally associated with They are normally associated with endurance eventsendurance events

NARCOTIC ANALGESICSNARCOTIC ANALGESICSPainkillers used to mask the pain of Painkillers used to mask the pain of injuryinjury

PERFORMANCE ENHANCING PERFORMANCE ENHANCING DRUGS DRUGS

ANABOLIC STEROIDSANABOLIC STEROIDS– Artificial substances that reproduce those which Artificial substances that reproduce those which

occur in the body naturally (e.g.testosterone) occur in the body naturally (e.g.testosterone) – Used in the building of muscle bulk as they Used in the building of muscle bulk as they

accelerate recovery from trainingaccelerate recovery from training– They produce dangerous long term side effects They produce dangerous long term side effects

to healthto health DIURETICSDIURETICS - They expel water from the body faster than is - They expel water from the body faster than is normally the casenormally the case - Used in sports where bodyweight is critically - Used in sports where bodyweight is critically importantimportant - Can also be taken to mask the presence of other- Can also be taken to mask the presence of other substancessubstances

PERFORMANCE ENHANCING PERFORMANCE ENHANCING DRUGSDRUGS

• ERYTHROPOIETIN (EPO)ERYTHROPOIETIN (EPO)– Increases the production of red blood Increases the production of red blood

cells which carry oxygen to the cells which carry oxygen to the muscles muscles

– Used in endurance eventsUsed in endurance events– Very hard to detect after 72 hoursVery hard to detect after 72 hours• BLOOD DOPINGBLOOD DOPINGInvolves the removal and later Involves the removal and later replacement of blood to increase its replacement of blood to increase its oxygen-carrying capacityoxygen-carrying capacityCan produce a 20% increase in blood Can produce a 20% increase in blood haemoglobin levelshaemoglobin levels

PERFORMANCE ENHANCING PERFORMANCE ENHANCING DRUGSDRUGS

TYPE OF TYPE OF DRUGDRUG

WHY THEY WHY THEY ARE USEDARE USED

EXAMPLE EXAMPLE OF DRUGOF DRUG

SPORT SPORT ASSOCIATED ASSOCIATED WITH DRUGWITH DRUG

Stimulant Amphetamines/Caffeine

Used to mask the pain of injury

All sports

Weight Lifting

To reduce the effects of tiredness & increase feelings of aggression/ competitiveness

Permits the body to recover from heavy training more quickly than normal

Narcotic Analgesics

Endurance Events - Cycling / Long distance swimming

Pain Killers - Morphine/Heroin/Codeine

Anabolic Steroids

Stanazol Nandrolone Clenbuterol

PERFORMANCE ENHANCING PERFORMANCE ENHANCING DRUGSDRUGS

TYPE OF TYPE OF DRUGDRUG

WHY THEY WHY THEY ARE USEDARE USED

EXAMPLE EXAMPLE OF DRUGOF DRUG

SPORTS SPORTS ASSOCIATED ASSOCIATED WITH DRUGWITH DRUG

Diuretics

Increase the production of red blood cells which carry O2 to the muscles

Beta -Blockers

Expels water from the body at an accelerated ratePeptide

Hormones & Analogues

Thiazides Lasix Aldactone

Horse Racing/Boxing (Where bodyweight is critical)

Erythropoietin Corticotrophin

To slow down the heart beat

Inderal Propranolol Biocadren

Pistol Shooting /Archery (Steady hand)

Endurance Events

PERFORMANCE ENHANCING PERFORMANCE ENHANCING DRUGSDRUGS

TYPE TYPE OF OF DRUDRUGG

WHY IT WHY IT IS USEDIS USED

PROCESS INVOLVEDPROCESS INVOLVED

Blood Blood dopingdoping

To increase the blood’s oxygen-carrying capacity

•Blood is taken from the athlete several wks before a major competition

•The red blood cells are removed and the remaining components of blood are immediately re-injected to allow the body to rebuild it’s missing red cells

•A few days prior to competition the original red cells are re-injected

•This can increase the body’s red blood cell count by up to 20 per cent above normal