生物期中報告

Neural Plasticity組員： B9902085 劉尚霖 B9902100 魏豪毅指導老師：周淑娥老師

What is Neural Plasticity

• neuroplasticity, brain plasticity, cortical plasticity

• the ability to reorganize itself by forming or deceasing new neural connections throughout life

• allow the neurons to compensate for injury and disease to adjust their activities in response to changes in their environment

How does Neural Plasticity workHow does Neural Plasticity works

• Synaptic pruning - two directions ： delete and create new connections - closely tied to the ability to learn and remember - each neuron acts independently, but learning new skills requires lots of neurons

Features of Neural Plasticity

• structural and functional changes - not only structure but also function - Several types of brain cells, the neurons, neuroglial cell

• age determinant - different age with different number of synaptic - Scientists used to believe the body stopped forming new neural cells after mid-childhood(untrue)

Name Function

Astrocytes (1) Metabolic support(2) Promotion of the myelinating activity (3) Nervous system repair

Ependymal cells help circulate that CSF and make up the Blood-CSF barrier

Oligodendrocytes producing myelin sheath: provides insulation to the axon electrical signals to propagate more efficiently.

Radial glia (1)including Bergmann glia and Müller cell(2)bidirectional communication with neurons

Schwann cells (1)provide myelination to axons in the PNS (2)phagocytotic ： clear cellular debris

Satellite cells regulate the external chemical environment

Microglia Protect central nervous system

• two main conditions - the course of normal brain development - an adaptive measure for the compensation necessary ： a result of lost or impaired function or for making the most of a person’s remaining function after an injury to the brain.

• environment factor - gene, environment response

Features of Neural Plasticity

Functions of Neural Plasticity• Learning and memorizing - brain not stop changing and adjusting - the number of synapses between neurons increases - memory is first restores in short-tem memory - nerve pulse wave stimulates first neuron, then second and lead to long-term memory

• Compensate the brain - help maximized the functions of the damaged brain - other parts of the brain could compensate the functions - less effective in human brains

• Change in synaptic efficiency - LTP ： long-term potentiation - LTD ： long-term depression

Functions of Neural Plasticity

早期：獨立蛋白質合成 晚期：細胞外信號調節

LTP (Long term potentiation)

Modulator Target

β-Adrenergic receptor cAMP, MAPK amplification

Nitric oxide synthase Guanylyl cyclase, PKG, NMDAR

Dopamine receptor cAMP, MAPK amplification

Metabotropic glutamate receptor PKC, MAPK amplification

LTD (Long term depression)

• mechanism opposite to LTP

•receptors

•modest level

•activate inhibitor1

Application• Reconstruct brain(or replace other sites) - reading, playing computer games, exercising - reading obstacles, stroke, Alzheimer’s disease, Parkinson's disease - CI, constraint-induced

• Causes the racism and the sexual discrimination short circuit

• Still limited

Thank you for listening