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What is the purpose of higher educa1on?: Comparing ins1tu1onal and student perspec1ves on the “noneconomic” benefits of comple1ng a college degree AERA 2014 ANNUAL MEETING Special Thanks To: Dr. Larry H. Ludlow, Boston College; Dr. Gavin T.L. Brown, The University of Auckland; Dr. Charles Fadel, Harvard University Roy Y. Chan Ph.D. student Boston College Lynch School of Educa5on [email protected] Monday, April 6, 2014

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Paper presented at AERA 2014 Annual Meeting on Monday, April 6, 2014 in Philadelphia, PA, USA.

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Page 1: What is the purpose of higher education?: Comparing institutional and student perspectives on the "non-economic" benefits of completing a U.S. bachelor's degree

What  is  the  purpose  of  higher  educa1on?:    Comparing  ins1tu1onal  and  student  

perspec1ves  on  the  “non-­‐economic”  benefits  of  comple1ng  a  college  degree  

           

AERA  2014  ANNUAL  MEETING  Special  Thanks  To:    

Dr.  Larry  H.  Ludlow,  Boston  College;  Dr.  Gavin  T.L.  Brown,  The  University  of  Auckland;  Dr.  Charles  Fadel,  Harvard  University  

   

Roy  Y.  Chan  Ph.D.  student  Boston  College  

Lynch  School  of  Educa5on  [email protected]    

Monday,  April  6,  2014  

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Introduc1on  •  New  pressures  have  challenged  the  tradi5onal  purpose  of  higher  educa5on  (AAC&U,  2012)    

•  Creates  tension  between  higher  educa5on  as  a  public  good  versus  higher  educa5on  as  a  private  benefit  (Marginson,  1997)  

•  Colleges  and  universi5es  are  under  pressure  to  measure  students’  general  skills  through  assessments  but  also  to  enhance  their  core  competencies  and  disposi5ons  such  as  knowledge,  aQtudes,  and  beliefs  for  entry  into  the  global  knowledge-­‐based  economy.  

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Introduc1on  Knowledge  Gap  

•  Current  knowledge  gap  between  the  “economic  benefits”  and  “non-­‐economic  benefits”  for  comple5ng  a  bachelor’s  degree  (Zaback,  Carlson,  &  Crellin,  2012)  

•  Benson,  Esteva,  and  Levy  (2013)  emphasized  that  a  bachelor’s  degree  program  from  California’s  higher  educa5on  system  s5ll  remains  a  good  investment  

•  Hout  (2012)  concluded  that  individuals  who  complete  higher  educa5on  earn  more  money,  live  healthy  lives,  and  contribute  more  to  society.  

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Introduc1on  Assessments  

•  Increasing  number  of  assessments  to  understand  and  measure  student  learning  progress  (AAU,  2013):    –  Collegiate  Learning  Assessment  (CLA)  –  Na5onal  Survey  of  Student  Engagement  (NSSE)  –  Degree  Qualifica5ons  Profile  by  the  Lumina  Founda5on  –  UCLA  Coopera5ve  Ins5tu5onal  Research  Program    (2013)  “2012  Freshman  Survey”    

•  Arum  and  Roksa  (2011)  argued  that  45  percent  of  students  made  no  gains  in  their  wri5ng,  complex  reasoning,  or  cri5cal-­‐thinking  skills  during  their  first  two  years  of  college  and  36  percent  failed  to  show  any  improvement  over  the  four  years  of  college  (Liu,  Bridgeman,  &  Adler,  2012).    

•  However,  limited  informa5on  about  how  the  data  are  used  (or  even  publicized)  vastly  lags  behind  in  the  worldwide  landscape  of  higher  educa5on  today  (Kuh  et  al.,  2014).    

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Purpose  of  Study  •  OBJECTIVE:  To  compare  and  contrast  ins5tu5onal  and  student  perspec5ves  on  the  goals  and  purposes  of  comple5ng  a  bachelor’s  degree.  – To  understand  what  mahers  in  college  during  students  four  cri5cal  years    •  “UCLA  Freshman  Survey”  between  1967  and  2013  

– To  determine  the  “value-­‐added”  for  comple5ng  a  bachelor’s  degree  today  •  Lumina  Founda5on  “Degree  Qualifica5ons  Profile  (DQP)”  

– To  offer  prac5cal  sugges5ons  as  to  how  ins5tu5onal  and  student  percep5ons  on  goals  and  purposes  could  be  further  evaluated    •  IEBC’s  “Tuning”  American  Higher  Educa5on  

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Research  Ques1ons  • What  do  current  literature  suggests  to  be  the  goals  and  purposes  of  higher  educa5on?  •  How  do  students  and  ins5tu5ons  make  sense  of  undergraduate  educa5on  in  the  21st  century?  •  In  what  ways  do  a  college  degree  fulfill    higher  educa5on  ambi5ons  for  advanced  skills,  generic  competencies,  and  high-­‐ideals  by  the  5me  students’  graduate  from  university?  

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Methods  •  Comprehensive  Literature  Review  Search  •  Between  September  2012  and  January  2014  •  Cri5cal  Interpre5ve  Synthesis  (CIS)  – Dixon-­‐Woods  et  al.  (2006)  =  to  establish  theories  and  concepts  from  diverse  bodies  of  exis5ng  literatures  through  systema5c  review  and  meta-­‐ethnography  methodologies.    •  Ques5ons  the  ways  in  which  the  problems,  assump5ons,  and  solu5ons  are  constructed  •  Iden5fies  the  “synthe5c  constructs”  of  both  internal  purposes  and  external  purposes,  and  the  complex  interplay  between  them    

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Overview  of  Data  Set  •  Peer-­‐reviewed  ar5cles,  books,  magazines,  and  newspapers  published  between  2000  and  2014  – Does  not  include  “economic”  benefits  

•  Selected  20  peer-­‐reviewed  ar5cles,  11  books,  3  magazine/newspaper  ar5cles,  and  2  policy  briefs  –  1)  Educa5on  Resources  Informa5on  Center  (ERIC)    –  2)  Educa5on  Research  Complete  (EBSCO)  –  3)  Academic  Search  Premier  –  4)  ProQuest  –  5)  Scopus  –  6)  Google  Scholar  –  7)  Amazon.com    –  8)  Chronicle  of  Higher  Educa7on    –  9)  Inside  Higher  Educa7on  

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Literature  Review  Ins7tu7onal  Perspec7ve  on  Bachelor’s  Degree  

•  ACCU  (2013)  =  to  prepare  students  for  civic  learning  and  democra5c  engagement  

•  Lagemann  and  Lewis  (2012)  =  to  prepare  young  adults  with  civic  educa5on  (civic  values,  ideals,  and  virtues)    

•  Saltmarsh  and  Hartley  (2012)  =  to  serve  a  democra5c-­‐centered  civic  engagement  and  to  develop  fully  rounded  intellectually  sophis5cated  and  caring  person  

•  Haigh  and  Clifford  (2011)  =  to  develop  students’  employability  skills,  moral  values,  and  competencies  

•  Kiziltepe  (2010)  =  to  prepare  students  to  acquire  skills  in  interpersonal  competence,  mul5-­‐cultural  understanding,  skills  in  problem  solving,  a  sense  of  purpose,  and  confidence  

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Literature  Review  Student  Perspec7ve  on  Bachelor’s  Degree  

•  Lumina  Founda5on  and  Gallop  Poll  (2014)  =  95  percent  of  Americans  expected  the  purpose  of  higher  educa5on  is  to  “get  a  good  job.”    

•  Barber,  Donnelly,  and  Rizvi  (2013)  =  to  have  the  “college  experience”  (mee5ng  students,  socialize,  explore  new  ideas,  make  friends,  lead  organiza5on)  

•  Levine  and  Dean  (2012)  =  to  make  them  feel  secure,  to  be  autonomous  grown-­‐ups,  to  seek  in5macy,  and  to  live  in  an  Internet  world.    

•  As5n  et  al.  (2011)  =  to  prepare  them  for  employment  (94%)  and  graduate  educa5on  (81%).    

•  Kenneh,  Reed,  and  Lam  (2011)  =  for  self-­‐improvement,  achieving  life  goals,  societal  contribu5ons,  career,  money,  family  expecta5ons  

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Findings  9  common  themes  

•  1)  Social  democra7c  values  and  ac7on;  civic  engagement.  This  theme  relates  to  the  inten5on  that  upon  gradua5on  students  will  take  an  ac5ve  role  in  society,  service,  and  co-­‐curricular  ac5vi5es,  with  ac5ve  concern  for  involvement  in  civic  concerns.  

•  2)  Advanced  intellectual  skills.  This  theme  relates  to  high-­‐level  cogni5ve  and  intellectual  skills  such  as  problem  solving,  analy5c  and  cri5cal  thinking,  and  crea5vity.    

•  3)  Advanced  communica7on  skills.  This  theme  relates  to  sophis5cated  abili5es  to  communicate  orally,  in  wri5ng,  and  through  ICT-­‐supported  media  so  as  to  effec5vely  transmit  informa5on,  persuade,  argue,  and  so  on.    

•  4)  Interpersonal  skills.  This  theme  focuses  on  students  gaining  competence  around  rela5onships  with  others.  This  includes  leading  in  condi5ons  of  complex  social  diversity,  exercising  tolerance,  curiosity,  ingenuity,  and  imagina5on.    

•  5)  Voca7onal  &  employment  preparedness.  This  theme  has  to  do  with  using  a  bachelor’s  degree  educa5on  as  a  means  of  gaining  a  highly  remunera5ve  job  and/or  career  or  having  the  skills  that  permit  entry  into  a  desirable  future  career.  

•  6)  Personal  life  quality  enhancement.  This  theme  has  to  do  with  developing  a  personal  sense  of  purpose,  perspec5ve,  and  iden5ty  such  that  the  quality  of  one’s  own  life  is  improved.  

•  7)  Personal  integrity.  This  theme  relates  to  becoming  aware  of  dissonance  and  resonance  and  having  the  competence  to  make  decisions  in  accordance  with  personal  morality  and  values.    

•  8)  Graduate  school  educa7on  preparedness.  This  theme  focuses  on  the  skills,  knowledge,  and  competencies  required  when  entering  graduate  programs  in  a  specific  discipline.    

•  9)  Family  expecta7ons/reasons.  This  theme  relates  to  fulfilling  obliga5ons  to,  expecta5ons  of,  and  aspira5ons  of  one’s  family  as  the  prime  mo5va5on  for  comple5ng  a  university  degree.  

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Findings  •  Student  goals  and  purposes    =  Very  instrumental  and  oren  personal  reasons  – Money,  Jobs,  Mee5ng  New  Friends,  Finding  Love,  Acquire  Knowledge,  Study  Abroad,  Pre-­‐requisites  for  Graduate  School,  To  Get  Away  from  Home  

•  Higher  educa5on  ins5tu5on  aims  and  purposes    =  highly  ideal  life-­‐  and  society-­‐changing  consequences.    – Core  competencies  and  generic  skills,  such  as,  problem  solving,  crea5vity,  communica5on,  cri5cal  thinking,  and  crea5vity  skills  that  are  deemed  necessary  for  success  in  the  21st  century    

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Ok,  we  get  it  Roy?  There’s  a  misalignment.  Has  this  been  true  historically?  

       

Let’s  look  at  data  I’ve  studied  from  UCLA  HERI  “Freshman  Survey”  

between  1967  and  2013  

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Percentage  of  freshmen  students  who  believe  that  being  well  off  financially  is  “Essen1al”:  (CATHOLIC  UNIVERSITIES)  

Key  Summary  •  In  1967,  only  37%  

believe  that  money  was  essen5al.  In  2013,  that  has  increased  to  82%.  

•  Freshmen  students  believe  that  money  is  “essen5al”  for  pursuing  a  college  degree  at  Catholic  Universi5es  

•  Increase  may  likely  be  due  to  the  college  costs  or  the  debt  that  would  be  incurred  from  tui5on  expense  

*  This  data  was  generated  by  Roy  Y.  Chan  through  SPSS  on  April  5,  2014.  Any  use  of  this  data  should  be  consulted  by  Roy  Y.  Chan  at  [email protected].  Thanks!  

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Percentage  of  freshmen  students  who  believe  that  being  well  off  financially  is  “Essen1al”:  

(PUBLIC  VS.  PRIVATE  UNIVERSITIES)  Key  Summary  

•  In  1967,  only  42%  of  public  universi5es  and  44%  of  private  universi5es  believe  that  money  was  essen5al.  In  2013,  that  has  increased  to  82%  and  80%.  

•  Historically,  freshmen  students  ahending  public  universi5es  expect  financial  stability  more  than  private  universi5es    

•  Regardless  of  ins5tu5onal  type,  there  is  a  slight  drop  in  1993.  Likely  due  to  more  job  opportuni5es  and  the  end  of  Cold  War  era.  

*  This  data  was  generated  by  Roy  Y.  Chan  through  SPSS  on  April  5,  2014.  Any  use  of  this  data  should  be  consulted  by  Roy  Y.  Chan  at  [email protected].  Thanks!  

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Percentage  of  freshmen  students  who  es1mate  they  will  have  a  “very  good  chance”  to  get  a  job:  

(CATHOLIC  UNIVERSITIES)  Key  Summary  

•  In  1973,  52%  of  freshmen  students  at  Catholic  universi5es  believe  that  a  college  educa5on  will  help  them  get  a  job.  In  2013,  that  number  has  stayed  the  same.  

•  There  is  a  significant  drop  between  1977  and  1997.  This  may  likely  be  due  to  poor  job  market,  changing  demographics,  and  higher  college  enrollments  and  federal  loan  programs  

*  This  data  was  generated  by  Roy  Y.  Chan  through  SPSS  on  April  5,  2014.  Any  use  of  this  data  should  be  consulted  by  Roy  Y.  Chan  at  [email protected].  Thanks!  

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Percentage  of  freshmen  students  who  es1mate  they  will  have  a  “very  good  chance”  to  get  a  job:  

(PUBLIC  VS.  PRIVATE  UNIVERSITIES)  Key  Summary  

•  In  1973,  50%  of  students  at  pubic  universi5es  and  57%  of  private  universi5es  believe  that  a  college  educa5on  will  help  students  get  a  job.  In  2013,  that  number  has  remained  the  same  but  has  significantly  dropped  at  private  universi5es  to  42%  

•  There  is  a  significant  drop  once  again  between  1977  and  1997  

*  This  data  was  generated  by  Roy  Y.  Chan  through  SPSS  on  April  5,  2014.  Any  use  of  this  data  should  be  consulted  by  Roy  Y.  Chan  at  [email protected].  Thanks!  

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So,  how  should  higher  educa=on  leaders  increase  students’  chance  to  

acquire  acquiring  a  job  during  college?      

         

ANSWER:  “Tuning  USA”  

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What  is  “Tuning  USA”?  •  Founded  in  2009  by  Ins5tute  for  Evidence-­‐Based  Change  (IEBC)  and  funded  by  Lumina  Founda5on  

•  “Faculty  iden5fies  what  a  student  should  know  and  be  able  to  do  in  a  chosen  discipline  when  a  degree  has  been  earned  -­‐  an  associate,  bachelor’s  or  master’s.”  

•  Six  states  are  now  “tuning”  higher  educa5on  –  Indiana,  Minnesota,  Utah,  Texas,  Kentucky,  and  Montana  

•  Incorporates  Lumina’s  Degree  Qualifica5ons  Profile  (DQP)    – DQP  =  examines  ins5tu5onal  level  (specialized  knowledge)  –  Tuning  =  examines  disciplines  level  (discipline  specific  knowledge)  

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Purpose  of  “Tuning”  American  higher  educa1on?  

•  1)  To  beher  align  the  goals  and  purposes  of  a  college  degree  •  2)  To  facilitate  student  success  and  reten5on,  especially  among  students  from  underrepresented  groups    

•  3)  To  simplify  the  process  for  students  transferring  credits  between  ins5tu5ons  

•  4)  To  emphasize  lifelong  learning  and  undervalued  transfer  skills  (sor  skills)  

•  5)  To  increase  transparency  in  higher  educa5on  systems  among  different  countries  

•  6)  To  ensure  that  the  knowledge  and  applied  skills  associated  with  coursework  match  with  civic,  societal,  and  workforce  need.  

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FAQ  •  1)  Q:  Is  “tuning”  leading  to  standardiza5on?      A:  No.  “Tuning”  is  a  reference  point  for  

ins5tu5ons  to  design  their  own  degrees.  The  goal  is  to  not  unionize;  rather,  to  discuss  what  is  unique  with  the  program  (i.e.,  highlight  the  "dis5nctness”)  •  2)  Q:  How  did  the  DQP  start?    A:  To  respond  to  the  AACU  LEAP  ini5a5ve  

•  3)  Q:  So,  in  simple  language,  what  is  “tuning”  again?    A:  To  simply  create  a  degree  profile  for  each      major  

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Next  Steps  •  Conduct  qualita5ve  study  on  faculty  members  percep5on  of  “tuning”  higher  educa5on  – Compara5ve  Case  Study  between  Xi’an,  China  and  Aus5n,  Texas  

•  Examine  undergraduate  business  degree  programs  •  Pilot  Study:  Interviews  –   July  2014  in  Xi’an,  China    – August  2014  in  Texas,  USA  

•  Data  Collec5on:  January  2015  and  June  2015  

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