What Was the Renaissance & How did the people, places, and things impact the

world?

What Was the Renaissance & How did the people, places, and things impact the

world?

• The term “Renaissance” means rebirth. In the case of the European Renaissance this was the rebirth of ideas and culture connected with ancient Greece and Rome.

• It was a change of culture that was previously guided by religious and traditional values to one that embedded itself in a philosophy that guided the political, social, cultural, and economic way that people viewed the world.

• The philosophy that guided the “Renaissance Way” was humanism.

• Humanism focused on the human experience as opposed to life after death guided through religious experience.

• Humanism focused on education and worldly subjects.

• Humanists believed that education should stimulate the individual’s creative powers.

• In contrast to medieval thinking people believed that the wisdom that came from God was essential in guiding man’s understanding.

• Humanists reflected humanist concerns. Many of the artists & writers were influenced by Roman culture.

• Artists - “Look for the humanist influence”– Michaelangelo – genius

• Sculpture – Pieta, David, mural of the Sistine Chapel in Rome.

– Raphael – blended the the Christian and classical styles. He is best known for his tender portrayals of the madonna, the mother of Jesus.

• Socially people began looking for their place in society. “How-to” books were written to aide the ambitious person.

• Writers - “Look for the humanist influence”– Cas

• Writers - “Look for the humanist influence”

– Baldassare Castiglione wrote “The Book of the Courtier.”

• The book described the manners, skills, learning, and virtues that a member of the court should have.

• The ideal courtier was well-educated, well mannered aristocrat who mastered many fields from poetry to music to sports.

• What can you see from this writing that relates to today?

• Writers - “Look for the humanist influence”

– Niccolo Machiavelli

The Prince – a book on how to gain and maintain power. “The End Justifies The Means.”

In government results were more important than keeping promises.

• What questions about ethics come to your mind?

• Can you see this thinking in our political world and other parts of society? Elaborate.

• Writers - “Look for the humanist influence”

– Erasmus -• Produced a Greek edition of the New Testament.• Called for the Bible to be translated into the

common vernacular of the people.• He called for the reform of the church because of

the corruption that was in it.• He believed in “free will” rather than the

predestination of the protestant movement.

– Petrarch – argued that no conflict existed between secular achievements and a person’s relationship with God.

• He believed God gave people intelligence and talents and should be used to the fullest aspect of life.

• His writings influenced other writers.

• The Printing Revolution• Johann Gutenburg printed the first complete

edition of the Bible using the first printing press and printing ink of the west.

• More people learned to read. Boks were cheaper.

• The Protestant Reformation – a movement against certain abuses and practices in the Catholic Church.– The church was more political than spiritual.– The popes sometimes competed for more

political power than kings and princes.– Popes drove large shiny cadilacs.– The popes charged large fees for services

such as marriage, and baptisms.– The popes sold indulgences

• The Protestant Reformation –– Martin Luther – “The just shall live by faith.”

• 95 Thesis was an argument against the use of indulgences.

– Ulrich Zwingli – argued against transconstantiation.

– John Calvin- The doctrine of predestination • “For those He foreknew He also predestined to be

conformed to the image of His son, so that He would be the firstborn among many brethren.” Those He predestined he also called, and those He called, He also justified; and those He justified He also glorified.” Romans 8:29-30

• The Protestant Reformation –– Martin Luther – “The just shall live by faith.”

95 Thesis was an argument against the use of indulgences.

He rejected the Catholic Church’s position that good deeds were necessary for salvation.

The Bible is the sole source of religious truth.

• The “priesthood of all believers.” “But you are a chosen race, a royal priesthood, a people for His own possession, so that you may proclaim the praises of the One who called you out of darkness into His marvelous light.”

• The Protestant Reformation –– Ulrich Zwingli – argued against

transconstantiation.– John Calvin- The doctrine of predestination

• “For those He foreknew He also predestined to be conformed to the image of His son, so that He would be the firstborn among many brethren.” Those He predestined he also called, and those He called, He also justified; and those He justified He also glorified.” Romans 8:29-30

• The English Reformation –

• King Henry VIII -

• John Wycliff – called for reform of the church.

• King Henry VIII – wanted to break away from the Catholic Church for political reasons.– He wanted a son to be his heir to the throne.– The catholic church refused to grant him a

royal divorce.– He took over the English church and

appointed a new arch bishop who annulled his first marriage.

– He had a son but that son died at 10 years old.

– His half-sister Mary became queen and she had many protestants burned at the stake. “Bloody Mary!”

– Mary died and her sister Elizabeth became queen.

– She tried to compromise between the Protestants and the Catholics.

• The Council of Trent – 18 bishops who tried to affirm the Catholic Church’s view and to do away with abuse.

THE ENLIGHTENMENT

• The Enlightenment was a time given to scientific & human reasoning. – They believed that if people used reasoning to find

laws that governed the physical world that they could use reason to discover “Natural Laws.”

– Through reason every political, social, and economic problem could be solved.

• The Greek philosopher Ptolemy taught that the earth was the center of the universe.

• This teaching was in agreement with the teachings of the church.

• Nicolaus Copernicus – proposed that the sun was the center of the earth. – The earth was only one of several planets

that revolved around the sun.– He also reasoned that if Ptoloemy’s

reasoning about the planest was wrong then the whole system of human knowledge might be called into question.

• Tycho Brahe – provided evidence that supported Copernicus’ theory.– He created an astronomical observatory.

• Johannes Kepler – used Brahe’s data to calculate the orbits of the planets around the sun.– Discovered that the planets did not move in

a circle but in an oval shaped orbit called an ellispe.

• Galileo Galilei – invented an astronomical telescope. – He observed four moons of Jupiter.– He proved Copernicus’ theory of a sun

centered universe.

• Use of Scientific Methods –– Hypothesis

• Steps – 1. state the problem. 2. Gather information on the problem. 3. form a hypothesis. 4. experiment to test hypothesis. 5. Record and analyze data. 6. state a conclusion. 7. repeat the steps.

• Sir Isaac Newton – – Discovered the law of gravity.– He argued that nature follows uniform laws.– He argued that all motion can be measurd

mathematically.

AGE OF EXPLORATION

• Crusades – inspired or whetted appetites for spices and other goods.

• Improved Technology –– Cartographers – map makers created more

accurate maps and sea charts.– Astrolabe – an instrument developed by the

ancient Greeks to determine latitude and longitude.

– Caravel – a ship that combined square & triangular sails. This enabled ships to sail into the wind.

• Crusades – inspired or whetted appetites for spices and other goods.

• Improved Technology –– Cartographers – map makers created more

accurate maps and sea charts.– Astrolabe – an instrument developed by the

ancient Greeks to determine latitude and longitude.

– Caravel – a ship that combined square & triangular sails. This enabled ships to sail into the wind.

• Explorers – – Henry the Navigator– he gathered scientists,

cartographers, and other experts to redesign ships, prepare maps, and train captains and crews for long voyages.

– Vasco De Gama – through his expeditions he helped Portugal to establish a control of key trading routes.

– Christopher Columbus – • Believed that the earth was a sphere.• He believed that he could reach Asia by sailing

west.• He reached the Caribbean Island