Who Should Control Education: The Common

School Era

Who Should Control Education: The Common

School Era

Colonial EraColonial Era

Demographics Attitude toward children Education (grammar schooling) Education (college)

Demographics Attitude toward children Education (grammar schooling) Education (college)

Drawing of Harvard College, circa 1767

Drawing of Harvard College, circa 1767

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Revolutionary EraRevolutionary Era

Ideology Faith in reason Natural law (deism) Nationalism

Ideology Faith in reason Natural law (deism) Nationalism

Revolutionary Era EducationRevolutionary Era Education

Jeffersonian ideals Meritocracy Plan for popular education-4 tiers His legacy

Jeffersonian ideals Meritocracy Plan for popular education-4 tiers His legacy

Common School EraCommon School Era

Demographics Ideology

Demographics Ideology

One Room School House (KS)One Room School House (KS)

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One Room School House (MD)

One Room School House (MD)

Common School MovementCommon School Movement

School structure Teaching Overarching goals: moral training,

discipline, patriotism, mutual understanding, formal equality, and cultural assimilation

(development of high schools)

School structure Teaching Overarching goals: moral training,

discipline, patriotism, mutual understanding, formal equality, and cultural assimilation

(development of high schools)

Questions for DiscussionQuestions for Discussion By which secondary source-Kaestle or Bowles

and Gintis-are you persuaded? What do you think of the arguments for

localism or centralization? Where do you stand?

What do you think about the notion of the “common school?” What would it look like?

Where do you stand: are children property of the state or of their parents? (Kaestle 158-159)

What is the hidden curriculum and how is it transmitted to students in today’s schools?

By which secondary source-Kaestle or Bowles and Gintis-are you persuaded?

What do you think of the arguments for localism or centralization? Where do you stand?

What do you think about the notion of the “common school?” What would it look like?

Where do you stand: are children property of the state or of their parents? (Kaestle 158-159)

What is the hidden curriculum and how is it transmitted to students in today’s schools?

The Progressive Era I:Pedagogical Progressivism

The Progressive Era I:Pedagogical Progressivism

Characterization of the EraCharacterization of the Era

Urbanization Immigration Ideology Education

Urbanization Immigration Ideology Education

General Characterization of Progressive Education

General Characterization of Progressive Education

Built on the “new” psychology Traditional classical curriculum should

be replaced with a varied curriculum Learning should be based on activities

not rote memorization Primary aim of schooling is to help solve

society’s problems

Built on the “new” psychology Traditional classical curriculum should

be replaced with a varied curriculum Learning should be based on activities

not rote memorization Primary aim of schooling is to help solve

society’s problems

New Educational GoalsNew Educational Goals

Social stability Employable skills Equal educational opportunity Meritocracy

Social stability Employable skills Equal educational opportunity Meritocracy

George Counts (1889-1974)George Counts (1889-1974)

Influenced by Dewey Envisioned a ‘political’ role for

teachers Accused of being a communist Critical of Progressive Education

Influenced by Dewey Envisioned a ‘political’ role for

teachers Accused of being a communist Critical of Progressive Education

John Dewey (1859-1952)John Dewey (1859-1952) The ‘father’ of

pedagogical progressivism

Disagreed with Counts; believed that schools should produce reformers not reform society directly

The ‘father’ of pedagogical progressivism

Disagreed with Counts; believed that schools should produce reformers not reform society directly

Dewey’s ideasDewey’s ideas

Schools kill curiosity and social interaction

Schools should be laboratories for democracy

Education THROUGH the vocations not FOR the vocations

Schools kill curiosity and social interaction

Schools should be laboratories for democracy

Education THROUGH the vocations not FOR the vocations

Questions for DiscussionQuestions for Discussion What do you think the role of the school

should be in society? Should they lead or follow?

What of the role of the teacher? What do you think of the concept of

indoctrination (a la Counts)? Do you have a prescription for achieving

the “good” society?

What do you think the role of the school should be in society? Should they lead or follow?

What of the role of the teacher? What do you think of the concept of

indoctrination (a la Counts)? Do you have a prescription for achieving

the “good” society?

The Progressive Era II: Administrative Progressivism/

Social Efficiency

The Progressive Era II: Administrative Progressivism/

Social Efficiency

Alfred BinetAlfred Binet

Paper and pencil test Series of short tasks

according to child’s age

Related to everyday problems

Didn’t rely on learned skills like math or reading

Paper and pencil test Series of short tasks

according to child’s age

Related to everyday problems

Didn’t rely on learned skills like math or reading

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Binet’s cautionsBinet’s cautions

Scores are a practical device; they do not buttress any theory of intellect

Scale is a rough empirical guide for identifying learning disabled kids NOT for ranking normal children

Low scores shall not be used to mark children as innately incapable

Scores are a practical device; they do not buttress any theory of intellect

Scale is a rough empirical guide for identifying learning disabled kids NOT for ranking normal children

Low scores shall not be used to mark children as innately incapable

Enter Lewis TermanEnter Lewis Terman Adopts Binet’s

test but alters it to sort, classify, and test all American school children

Intelligence Quotient born in 1916

Adopts Binet’s test but alters it to sort, classify, and test all American school children

Intelligence Quotient born in 1916

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Impact of the IQImpact of the IQ

What began as a way to identify individual children with special needs became a means for ordering groups

Said to test inherent/innate ability Immigration policy took cues from

results

What began as a way to identify individual children with special needs became a means for ordering groups

Said to test inherent/innate ability Immigration policy took cues from

results

Progressive Education (review)

Progressive Education (review)

Replace classical curriculum with a varied curriculum based on kids’ interests

Learning should be based on activities not rote memorization

Schools should help solve society’s problems

Seeking social stability, employable skills, and equal educational opportunity

Replace classical curriculum with a varied curriculum based on kids’ interests

Learning should be based on activities not rote memorization

Schools should help solve society’s problems

Seeking social stability, employable skills, and equal educational opportunity

Consequences for Course TakingConsequences for Course TakingSubject 1900 1949 General Science --- 20.8 Physics 19 5.4 Algebra 56.3 26.8 General Math --- 13.1 Latin 50.6 7.8 US/English History 38.2 22.8 Home Economics --- 24.2 Industrial Arts --- 26.6 Physical Education --- 69.4

Subject 1900 1949 General Science --- 20.8 Physics 19 5.4 Algebra 56.3 26.8 General Math --- 13.1 Latin 50.6 7.8 US/English History 38.2 22.8 Home Economics --- 24.2 Industrial Arts --- 26.6 Physical Education --- 69.4

Questions for DiscussionQuestions for Discussion

Should we have a core curriculum? What should it be?

What are the merits of a differentiated curriculum?

How much differentiation is too much?

Should we have a core curriculum? What should it be?

What are the merits of a differentiated curriculum?

How much differentiation is too much?

Language Issues:Does an American Have to

Speak English?

Language Issues:Does an American Have to

Speak English?Ingles

Englisch英語

Ingleseإنجليزي

InglesEnglisch

英語Ingleseإنجليزي

1930s Court Cases1930s Court Cases Salvatieera v. Independent School

District (TX), 1930 Court Oks separation on the basis of English

language handicaps Alvarez v. Lemon Grove School District

(CA), 1931 classifying Mexicans as Indian School board: separate education best for

learning language and assimilation (and gender fears)

San Diego court: school board can’t separate ALL kids

Salvatieera v. Independent School District (TX), 1930 Court Oks separation on the basis of English

language handicaps Alvarez v. Lemon Grove School District

(CA), 1931 classifying Mexicans as Indian School board: separate education best for

learning language and assimilation (and gender fears)

San Diego court: school board can’t separate ALL kids

1940s Court Cases1940s Court Cases Mendez v.

Westminster (CA), 1947 School board says MA

kids happier in separate classrooms/schools

Federal District court disagrees (they were separated for wrong reasons: race)

Delgado v. Bastrop (TX), 1948 Parents continued

Salvatierra fight

Mendez v. Westminster (CA), 1947 School board says MA

kids happier in separate classrooms/schools

Federal District court disagrees (they were separated for wrong reasons: race)

Delgado v. Bastrop (TX), 1948 Parents continued

Salvatierra fight

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1970s Court Cases1970s Court Cases Cisneros v. Corpus Christi District (TX),

1970 Mexican Americans classified as such

(brown not white) Lau v. Nichols, 1974

Question: equal or equitable treatment required by schools?

(critical mass necessary) Made language a civil rights issue

Cisneros v. Corpus Christi District (TX), 1970 Mexican Americans classified as such

(brown not white) Lau v. Nichols, 1974

Question: equal or equitable treatment required by schools?

(critical mass necessary) Made language a civil rights issue

Questions for DiscussionQuestions for Discussion How do we reconcile American-ness

with diversity? (umum and pluribus) How do we reconcile ethnicity with

American-ness? What do you make of the relationship

between language and citizenship? Is it the school’s role to teach/help

maintain culture?

How do we reconcile American-ness with diversity? (umum and pluribus)

How do we reconcile ethnicity with American-ness?

What do you make of the relationship between language and citizenship?

Is it the school’s role to teach/help maintain culture?

Religion and Education

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Colonial/Revolutionary/Common School Eras and

Religion

Colonial/Revolutionary/Common School Eras and

Religion Protestants outnumbered other

immigrants Jefferson’s Bill for Religious

Freedom Demographic changes with

increases in Irish Catholic immigration

Protestants outnumbered other immigrants

Jefferson’s Bill for Religious Freedom

Demographic changes with increases in Irish Catholic immigration

Religion in TextbooksReligion in Textbooks

Catholicism Catholics need the

pope while Protestants rely on bible as guide

A danger to the state Sample texts

Catholicism Catholics need the

pope while Protestants rely on bible as guide

A danger to the state Sample texts

Judaism A religion or a race? Associated with

greed (contrast with Franklin)

College admissions becomes HUGE issue

Judaism A religion or a race? Associated with

greed (contrast with Franklin)

College admissions becomes HUGE issue

Court casesCourt cases

State v. John Scopes (Monkey Trial) (TN), 1925 Evolution v. creationism Science in the classroom Inherit the Wind, 1960

Pierce v. Society of Sisters (OR), 1925 Compulsory education=public education Anti-Catholic intentions

State v. John Scopes (Monkey Trial) (TN), 1925 Evolution v. creationism Science in the classroom Inherit the Wind, 1960

Pierce v. Society of Sisters (OR), 1925 Compulsory education=public education Anti-Catholic intentions

Questions for DiscussionQuestions for Discussion

How does religion fit in today’s public schools? What do you think of the use of school

property for religious purposes? How should science classes be handled

(evolution/creationism/ punctuated equilibrium)?

How does religion fit in today’s public schools? What do you think of the use of school

property for religious purposes? How should science classes be handled

(evolution/creationism/ punctuated equilibrium)?

Education for LiberationEducation for Liberation

Paulo FreirePaulo Freire

Worked with rural poor adults

Professor, government employee, and community worker

Wanted to extend literacy and democracy

Worked with rural poor adults

Professor, government employee, and community worker

Wanted to extend literacy and democracy

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Highlander Folk School, Miles Horton

Highlander Folk School, Miles Horton

Founded as adult education center; aim was to build a progressive labor movement

Changed focus in 1953 to Civil Rights Movement and voting rights

Founded as adult education center; aim was to build a progressive labor movement

Changed focus in 1953 to Civil Rights Movement and voting rights

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Early Desegregation Decisions

Early Desegregation Decisions

Gaines v. Canada (MO), 1938 Sipuel v. Board of Regents (OK),

1948 McLaurin v. Board of Regents (OK),

1950 Sweatt v. Painter (TX), 1950

Gaines v. Canada (MO), 1938 Sipuel v. Board of Regents (OK),

1948 McLaurin v. Board of Regents (OK),

1950 Sweatt v. Painter (TX), 1950

The Brown Decision, 1954The Brown Decision, 1954

Briggs v. Elliott (SC), 1950 Belton v. Gebhart; Bulah v.

Gebhart (DE), 1951 Brown v. Board (KS), 1951 Davis v. Prince Edward County SB

(VA), 1951 Bowling v. Sharpe (DC), 1952

Briggs v. Elliott (SC), 1950 Belton v. Gebhart; Bulah v.

Gebhart (DE), 1951 Brown v. Board (KS), 1951 Davis v. Prince Edward County SB

(VA), 1951 Bowling v. Sharpe (DC), 1952

Brief Mississippi HistoryBrief Mississippi History

Black statistics White reaction to

Brown decision (SNCC and sit-ins) Summer 1964:

Freedom Summer

Black statistics White reaction to

Brown decision (SNCC and sit-ins) Summer 1964:

Freedom Summer

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Questions for DiscussionQuestions for Discussion

What do you make of Freire and SNCC in light of previous authors with regard to the purpose of education?

Would working within the system or outside the system be best?

Does this influence your opinion on who is “qualified” to teach?

What do you make of Freire and SNCC in light of previous authors with regard to the purpose of education?

Would working within the system or outside the system be best?

Does this influence your opinion on who is “qualified” to teach?

Who Should Control Education Revisited: The 1960s and 1970s

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What is Black PowerWhat is Black Power

The launching of a movement (1966)

Carmichael and Hamilton, Black Power: The Politics of Liberation in America

The launching of a movement (1966)

Carmichael and Hamilton, Black Power: The Politics of Liberation in America

Black Access to Higher EdBlack Access to Higher Ed

Civil Rights Act of 1964 Higher Education Act of 1965 Campus-based affirmative action Numbers in colleges

Civil Rights Act of 1964 Higher Education Act of 1965 Campus-based affirmative action Numbers in colleges

Curricular ChangesCurricular Changes

Black Studies Community control Multicultural/Afro-centric Education

Black Studies Community control Multicultural/Afro-centric Education

Questions for DiscussionQuestions for Discussion

How much control should a community have? Hiring teachers? Curriculum? Educational policy?

What is a ‘qualified’ teacher?

How much control should a community have? Hiring teachers? Curriculum? Educational policy?

What is a ‘qualified’ teacher?

Contemporary Debates over the Curriculum in a

Multicultural Society

Contemporary Debates over the Curriculum in a

Multicultural Society

Questions for DiscussionQuestions for Discussion

Where do hyphenated Americans (a la Sekhon) fit in today’s discussion?

When is it acceptable to use race as an identifying characteristic and when is it not?

Where do hyphenated Americans (a la Sekhon) fit in today’s discussion?

When is it acceptable to use race as an identifying characteristic and when is it not?

Textbooks and Culture Wars:

How Should We Teach History?

Textbooks and Culture Wars:

How Should We Teach History?

Questions for DiscussionQuestions for Discussion

What are the consequences of the way we shape/interpret history?

Is there a certain age at which student should be exposed to history as interpretation?

How should we teach patriotism in schools? And how should patriotism be defined?

What are the consequences of the way we shape/interpret history?

Is there a certain age at which student should be exposed to history as interpretation?

How should we teach patriotism in schools? And how should patriotism be defined?