who started the study of cells? what tools allow us to study cells? how are the polymers we studied...
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Who started the study of cells?What tools allow us to study cells?How are the polymers we studied used in cells?Which nutrient group carries out the majority of cell processes?
Robert Hooke, 1635-1703, English Chemist,
Mathematician, Physicist, and Inventor
•Matthais Schleiden (Plants)
Theodor Schwann (Animals)
Germany 1839: all organisms made of cells.
Rudolf Virchow (Germany 1858): all cells come from cells.
Anton van Leeuwenhoek, 1632-1723, Wine Assayer, Surveyor, Cloth Merchant, Minor Public Official, and Inventor 1st to see living things
Cells are the basic units of life.
Robert Hooke 1600s saw cells and named them cells because they looked like cells
(rooms) in a monastery.
Schleiden 1838 discovered all plants are madeof cells.
Schwann 1839 discovered all animals are made of cells
Anton van Leeuwenhoek cells basic units of life
Rudolf Virchow 1858 discovered all cells come from cells.
Modern Cell theory
a. Cells are basic unit of life.
b. All organisms are made of cells.
c. Cells come from cells.
Modern Cell theory
a. Cells are basic unit of life.
b. All organisms are made of cells.
c. Cells come from cells.
Light microscopes use 2 lenses to form a clear image. Due to diffraction of light wavesthey can only magnify objects about 1000times(1millionth of a meter).
Electron Transmission Microscopes focus a beam of electrons allowing DNA or viruses to be visualized. Some can visualize structures 1 billionth of a meter in size.
Organelles in a grain of pollen from tobacco plant
appears flat
Electron Scanning Microscopes scan the surface of a specimen giving 3 dimensionalimages of the surface.
Drawing of prokaryote eukaryote
How can you tell a prokaryote from anEukaryotic cell?
One micron is 1/1000 of a millimeter
characteristic prokaryote eukaryote
size 1um=1millionth of a meter
.1um-10um10um-100um
Nucleusno Yes
Specialized organelles surrounded by membranes
no Yes
Cell membraneYes Yes
Cytoplasmyes Yes
Number of cells 1 1 or more
DNAIs this cellProkaryotic orEukaryotic?
Eukaryotic
Eukaryotic
EukaryoticProkaryotic
Prokaryotic
Prokaryotic
ProkaryoticProkaryotic
Artist rendition of A virus Electron scan of an
HIV virusViruses are Prokaryotic.
Plant Cell
Nuclearenvelope
Ribosome(attached)
Ribosome(free)
Smooth endoplasmicreticulum
Nucleus
Rough endoplasmic reticulum
Nucleolus
Golgi apparatus
Mitochondrian
Cell wall
CellMembrane
Chloroplast
Vacuole
Section 7-2
Figure 7-5 Plant and Animal Cells
Go to Section:
Animal Cell
Are these prokaryotic or eukaryotic?
Organelle: specialized internal structures in the cytoplasm of cells that carry out specific functions. (Division of labor) Like tiny organs.
Organelle: specialized internal structures in the cytoplasm of cells that carry out specific functions. (Division of labor) Like tiny organs.
Cells have many organelles.
How can you tell a mitochondria from a chloroplast?
Where is a cell membrane in comparison to a cell wall?
What is different about smooth & rough ER?
Plants and animals have a lot of organelles in common.
Animal cellBoth plant and animal cellsAnimal cells Plant cells
Venn Diagram
Cytoplasm: fluid and organelles located between the Cell membrane and the nucleus.
Organelle: specialized internal structures in the cytoplasm of cells that carry out specific functions. (Division of labor) Like tiny organs.
Cell Organization
Once you get in …Cells have 2 main zones1. In the cytoplasm2. In the nucleus
Cell Part_Cytoplasm___ Actual DrawingStructureMostly water (cytosol) & organellesFunctionSite of chemical reactionsLocationBetween cell membrane and nucleus_____________________________________The cytoplasm is like a Analogy Drawing _____________Because it_______________________________________________________________
Cell Part___Nucleus___ Actual DrawingStructure membrane boundSac/DNA & mRNA &tRNAFunction regulate cell processesStore genetic info, start proteinsynthesisLocation In cytoplasm_____________________________________The ___________is like a Analogy Drawing Because it____________________________________________________________________________
nucleus
Why are we made of trillions of cells Instead of 1 large cell?
Why are we made of trillions of cells Instead of 1 large cell?We are made of many types of cells. each type specializes to perform specificfunctions. This makes us more efficient andable to survive being so large.
As cells get larger their volume increasesand they can’t get food in and waste out effectively.
Cell size is limited by 2 factors:1. When a cell gets too big the DNA
gets overworked & fails this is called DNA overload.
2. Cells that are too large can not get food in and waste out and the cell dies.
Cells don’t’ have intestines …how do the dispose of waste?
Organelles that clean up, store, and support,and move cells.
Lysosome Structure- membrane bound sac filled with enzymesFunction-Break down Lipids carbohydrates and Proteins.Location- in the cytoplasmA lysosome is like a ____because _________________________________
Cell Part___Large Vacuole Actual DrawingStructure
Membrane bound sac Function
Store water, sugar, and saltLocation
In cytoplasm in plants_____________________________________
The vacuole is like a Analogy Drawing
Bottle of Gatorade because
it stores sugar salt and water
Cell Part___Large Vacuole Actual DrawingStructure
Membrane bound sac Function
Store water, sugar, and saltLocation
In cytoplasm in plants_____________________________________
The vacuole is like a Analogy Drawing
Bottle of Gatorade because
it stores sugar salt and water
How do unicellular organisms move?
microtubules – centrioles, ciliaStructure – proteinsFunction – flexible framework that supports cell and aid in cell division Location- in cytoplasmor protruding from cellAnalogy-
9-2 pattern
What do you have to gothrough to get into a cells cytoplasm?
That depends on what type of cell it is…plant or animal
What is the difference?
Cell Part__Cell WallCellulose (structural carbohydrate)FunctionSupport & protectLocationOutside cell membrane
____________________________________The __cell wall ___is like a Analogy Drawing _________Because it__________________________________________________________________
Several plant cells Plant cell walls aremade of carbohydrates
Cell Part_Cell Membrane_StructureMostly phospholipids plus someProtein channels & carbs.FunctionRegulate what goes in and outLocationOutside of cytoplasm_____________________________________The Cell membrane is like a Analogy Drawing __________Because it__________________________________________________________________
-= -- = Analogy: windowScreen lets air in ei oat But not the Sags. lit t 11ttIl' .aaXfre 0-cellmembrane
Simple picture of a Cell membrane
Small section of a cell membrane
What are organelles that convert light and C H O into a monosaccharide called?
(sugar = chemical energy)
Cell Part___chloroplast Structure: membrane bound organellewith green granum (look like stack of pancakes) called thylakoids.
Function: use light energy, water & CO2to make sugar + O2
Location: in the cytoplasm of Plants and some photosynthetic organisms _____________________________________The chloroplast is like a Analogy Drawing solar collector because it converts light energy into another form of energy
Cell Part___mitochondria StructureMembrane bound sacwith folded membranes (cristae)FunctionRelease energy from glucose (sugar)LocationIn Cytoplasm of plant and animal cells_____________________________________The mitochondria is like a Analogy Drawing _power plant Because it releases energy from fuel
Photosynthesis
Notes from next page
Draw & Label : 1. One Elodea plant cell2. Cell Wall3. Cell Membrane4. Chloroplasts
Can you figure out where a large vacuole filled with water is?
Draw and label:1. one human cheek cell2. Cell Membrane 3. Nucleus
Is there a cell wall on an animal cell?
Organelles start protein synthesisand build proteins.
Endoplasmic Reticulum
Structure- folded membrane forming tunnelsFunction- modify polypeptide chainsLocation- in the cytoplasm out side of the nucleusAnalogy-
Rough ERSmooth ER
RibosomesStructure-made of Ribosomal RNAFunction-Assemble amino acids intoPolypeptide chainsLocation-In the cytoplasm and on the roughEndoplasmic reticulumPicture-Analogy-
the polka dot.
Golgi ApparatusStructure- stack of flattened membranes Function-modifies sortsand packages protein &other materials for storage or release out of cell.Location- in cytoplasmAnalogy-