Why is Lactobacillus Acidophilus Why is Lactobacillus Acidophilus so Important for chicken’s so Important for chicken’s

Health?Health?

ByByAkrum Hamdy*, G. Tellez** and B. M. Akrum Hamdy*, G. Tellez** and B. M.

Hargis**Hargis**

*Department of Animal Production, Faculty of Agriculture, Minia University, *Department of Animal Production, Faculty of Agriculture, Minia University, Egypt.Egypt.**Department of Poultry Science, Center of Excellence for Poultry Science, **Department of Poultry Science, Center of Excellence for Poultry Science, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, Arkansas 72701University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, Arkansas 72701

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IntroductionIntroduction

Why Chicken?Why Chicken?The chicken is a unique The chicken is a unique

experimental animal in which to experimental animal in which to examine the phenomenon of examine the phenomenon of implantation. Its crop implantation. Its crop characteristically contains a micro characteristically contains a micro flora in which the lactobacilli flora in which the lactobacilli predominate over coli forms and predominate over coli forms and streptococci.streptococci.

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The Chicken IndustryThe Chicken IndustryChicken is an excellent source of Chicken is an excellent source of

protein with approximately 90% of protein with approximately 90% of all adults eating chicken regularly. all adults eating chicken regularly. Relative to other protein sources, Relative to other protein sources, chicken is readily available, chicken is readily available, versatile and good value. versatile and good value.

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Broiler production in major Broiler production in major countries is estimated to total countries is estimated to total 74,237,000 metric tons in 2009, 74,237,000 metric tons in 2009, 3.5% more than the 71,733,000 3.5% more than the 71,733,000 tons expected this year, according tons expected this year, according to data from U.N. Food and to data from U.N. Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO).Agriculture Organization (FAO).

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Global egg production doubled Global egg production doubled between 1990 and 2005. By then, between 1990 and 2005. By then, some 64 million tons of eggs were some 64 million tons of eggs were produced worldwide. Today there produced worldwide. Today there are approximately 4.93 billion egg are approximately 4.93 billion egg laying hens in the world, each laying hens in the world, each capable of producing up to 300 eggs capable of producing up to 300 eggs per year. By 2015, world egg per year. By 2015, world egg production is expected to reach 72 production is expected to reach 72 million tons, according to the U.N. million tons, according to the U.N. Food and Agriculture Organization Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) (FAO)

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There generally exist two kinds of There generally exist two kinds of microbial flora in the digestive microbial flora in the digestive tract. The tract. The first first consists of consists of indigenous, beneficial micro-indigenous, beneficial micro-organisms which have achieved a organisms which have achieved a close relationship with the host close relationship with the host through a long period of evolution. through a long period of evolution. The The otherother consists of potentially consists of potentially pathogenic micro-organisms.pathogenic micro-organisms.

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Yet in evolutionary terms, the gut, as an Yet in evolutionary terms, the gut, as an endodermal organ, predates any endodermal organ, predates any mesodermal organ, and it has reached a mesodermal organ, and it has reached a level of complexity and sophistication level of complexity and sophistication that is only starting to be appreciated.that is only starting to be appreciated.

The Gut: Inside OutThe Gut: Inside Out

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The size of the population—up to 100 trillion.

Bacteria living in the gut achieve the highest cell densities recorded for any ecosystem.

And is 10 times greater than the total number of chicken’s somatic and germ cells.

The Gut Microflora

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The Intestinal MicrofloraIs an essential ‘‘organ’’ in

providing nourishment, regulating epithelial development, and instructing innate immunity

Yet, surprisingly, basic features remain poorly described.

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Development of Bacterial Development of Bacterial Colonies in chicken Colonies in chicken

Intestine:Intestine: The results of a recent studies indicated The results of a recent studies indicated

that in that in youngyoung chicks the major species chicks the major species present in the small intestines and ceca present in the small intestines and ceca was was LactobacilliLactobacilli, with a , with a Bifid bacteriaBifid bacteria population becoming more dominant in population becoming more dominant in the ceca at the ceca at older older ageage. Clostridium was . Clostridium was detected in some segments of the small detected in some segments of the small intestine in young chicks. In older intestine in young chicks. In older chickens, Salmonella, Campylobacter, and chickens, Salmonella, Campylobacter, and E. coli species were found in the ceca.E. coli species were found in the ceca.

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Bacteria numbers can double in 20 Bacteria numbers can double in 20 minutes!minutes!

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Total bacterial population in the Total bacterial population in the intestineintestine

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ProbioticProbioticIs defined as a live microbial food Is defined as a live microbial food

supplement which benefits the host supplement which benefits the host by improving its intestinal by improving its intestinal microbial microbial balancebalance..

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Beneficial Bacteria of Probiotics Beneficial Bacteria of Probiotics may improve metabolism by may improve metabolism by

increasing:increasing:Absorptive capacity [6]Absorptive capacity [6]Protein and energy Protein and energy

metabolism [5, 8]metabolism [5, 8]Fiber digestion [8]Fiber digestion [8]Energy conversion [9]Energy conversion [9]Gut maturation [10]Gut maturation [10]Immunostimulation Immunostimulation

[5.11][5.11]

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Ca + Acetate

Ca + Propionato

Ca+ absorbation affecting the Intestinal pH.

BUTIRATE

Low pH

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Improving the disease Improving the disease resistance of animals resistance of animals grown without grown without antibiotics will not only antibiotics will not only benefit the animals’ benefit the animals’ health, welfare, and health, welfare, and production efficiency production efficiency but is also a key but is also a key strategy in the effort to strategy in the effort to improve the improve the microbiological safety of microbiological safety of poultry products [9,10]. poultry products [9,10].

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LactobacilliLactobacilli Tremendous Biolo Tremendous Biologic gic ActivityActivity(LTBA)(LTBA)

Energy source for enterocites [2,3]Energy source for enterocites [2,3]Increasing blood flow [31]Increasing blood flow [31]Regulating intestinal motility [1,2, 3]Regulating intestinal motility [1,2, 3]Increasing epithelial cell prolipheration Increasing epithelial cell prolipheration

[4][4]Decreasing pH [5]Decreasing pH [5]Mucin Production [6,9,11]Mucin Production [6,9,11]

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Probiotics

Prebiotics

Synbiotics

Beneficial Bacteria

Short Chain Fatty Acids

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Role of Microorganisms in Role of Microorganisms in Poultry ProductionPoultry Production

In poultry, intestinal villi, In poultry, intestinal villi, which play a crucial role which play a crucial role in digestion and in digestion and absorption of nutrients, absorption of nutrients, are underdeveloped at are underdeveloped at hatch [6] but maximum hatch [6] but maximum absorption capacity is absorption capacity is attained by 10 days of attained by 10 days of age [10,11]. age [10,11].

SI:BW Ratio on Age

0.0000.0100.0200.0300.0400.0500.0600.0700.080

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90

Age, days

SI:BW ra

tio

Ratio SI:BW Chickens

Ratio SI:BW Turkeys

Ratio SI:BW Pekin Ducks

Ratio SI:BW Mallard Ducks

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In the immediate post hatch In the immediate post hatch periodperiod

Birds must undergo the Birds must undergo the transition from energy transition from energy supplied by the supplied by the endogenous nutrients of endogenous nutrients of the yolk to exogenous the yolk to exogenous carbohydrate-rich feed. carbohydrate-rich feed.

During that critical time During that critical time dramatic changes occur dramatic changes occur both in the intestinal size both in the intestinal size and morphology [6]. and morphology [6].

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Probiotics for Hour-Old Chicks:Probiotics for Hour-Old Chicks: Newly hatched chicks have sterile gut Newly hatched chicks have sterile gut

and it will take few hours to few days and it will take few hours to few days to initialize and establish the optimal to initialize and establish the optimal gut flora required. gut flora required.

Immediately after hatch the chicks are Immediately after hatch the chicks are to be transported to poultry farms to be transported to poultry farms which are located at different far away which are located at different far away places from the hatchery. places from the hatchery.

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Reports from various researchers, it is Reports from various researchers, it is found that Streptococcus and found that Streptococcus and Enterococcus will only take about 24 Enterococcus will only take about 24 hours for their multiplication, which are hours for their multiplication, which are undesirable. undesirable.

But, for Lactobacilli and Bacillus, it will But, for Lactobacilli and Bacillus, it will take 24-48 hours for the initiation of take 24-48 hours for the initiation of development and will take 21 days for development and will take 21 days for the complete establishment in the gut, the complete establishment in the gut, half of the life cycle in case of broilers. half of the life cycle in case of broilers.

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Metabolic MachinesMetabolic MachinesThe microflora can The microflora can

metabolize proteins and metabolize proteins and protein degradation protein degradation productsproducts

Sulfur-containing compoundsSulfur-containing compounds

Endogenous and exogenous Endogenous and exogenous glycoproteinsglycoproteins

The most abundant source of The most abundant source of carbon on earthcarbon on earth

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Probiotics for Adult Birds:Probiotics for Adult Birds:

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Bielke Bielke et al., et al., 20042004 Poultry Sci.Poultry Sci. 82: 1378-1382. 82: 1378-1382.

Published studies Published studies indicated that after indicated that after screening more screening more than 8 million than 8 million enteric organisms enteric organisms for competition for competition in in vitrovitro, 36 organisms , 36 organisms were identified that were identified that had the ability to had the ability to exclude exclude SalmonellaSalmonella in neonatal poultry. in neonatal poultry.

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ConclusionsConclusionsThe interest in The interest in

digestive physiology digestive physiology and the role of and the role of microorganisms has microorganisms has generated data generated data whereby human and whereby human and animal well being animal well being can be enhanced can be enhanced and the risk of and the risk of disease reduced.disease reduced.

04/24/23 27Thank youThank you

. .

Much research has Much research has been completed in been completed in efforts to understand efforts to understand and apply the and apply the natural benefits of natural benefits of LAB, but there is LAB, but there is much still to do.much still to do.

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ReferencesReferences

1.1. 1- Bischoff, K.M. Antimicrobial use in food animals and the search for potential 1- Bischoff, K.M. Antimicrobial use in food animals and the search for potential alternatives (oral presentation). American Society of Animal Science/American Dairy alternatives (oral presentation). American Society of Animal Science/American Dairy Science Association National Meeting. Phoenix, AZ. 2003. Science Association National Meeting. Phoenix, AZ. 2003.

2.2. 2- Bischoff, K.M. Persistence of antimicrobial resistance in enteric bacteria of food 2- Bischoff, K.M. Persistence of antimicrobial resistance in enteric bacteria of food animals (oral presentation). FSIS Meat and Poultry Inspection Seminar for International animals (oral presentation). FSIS Meat and Poultry Inspection Seminar for International Government Officials. College Station, TX. 2003. Government Officials. College Station, TX. 2003.

3.3. 3- Bischoff, K.M. Antimicrobial resistance in enteric bacteria of food animals (oral 3- Bischoff, K.M. Antimicrobial resistance in enteric bacteria of food animals (oral presentation). FSIS Meat and Poultry Inspection Seminar for International Government presentation). FSIS Meat and Poultry Inspection Seminar for International Government Officials. College Station, TX. 2003.Officials. College Station, TX. 2003.

4.4. 4- 4- CREEMER, L.C., BEIER, R.C., KIEHL, D.E. FACILE SYNTHESIS OF TILMICOSIN AND TYLOSIN CREEMER, L.C., BEIER, R.C., KIEHL, D.E. FACILE SYNTHESIS OF TILMICOSIN AND TYLOSIN RELATED HAPTENS FOR USE AS PROTEIN CONJUGATES. JOURNAL OF ANTIBIOTICS. 2003. RELATED HAPTENS FOR USE AS PROTEIN CONJUGATES. JOURNAL OF ANTIBIOTICS. 2003. v. 56(5). p. 481-487.v. 56(5). p. 481-487.

5.5. 5- 5- EdringtonEdrington, T.S., Callaway, T.R., Bischoff, K.M., Genovese, K.J., Elder, R.O., Anderson, R.C., , T.S., Callaway, T.R., Bischoff, K.M., Genovese, K.J., Elder, R.O., Anderson, R.C., NisbetNisbet, D.J. Effect of feeding the ionospheres , D.J. Effect of feeding the ionospheres monensinmonensin and and laidlomycinlaidlomycin propionate and the antimicrobial propionate and the antimicrobial bambermycinbambermycin to sheep experimentally infected with E. coli 0157:H7 and salmonella to sheep experimentally infected with E. coli 0157:H7 and salmonella typhimuriumtyphimurium. Journal of Animal Science. 2003. v. 81. p. 553-560.. Journal of Animal Science. 2003. v. 81. p. 553-560.

6.6. 6- 6- EdringtonEdrington, T.S., Callaway, T.R., , T.S., Callaway, T.R., VareyVarey, P.D., Jung, Y.S., Bischoff, K.M., Elder, R.O., Anderson, R.C., , P.D., Jung, Y.S., Bischoff, K.M., Elder, R.O., Anderson, R.C., KutterKutter, E., , E., BrabbinBrabbin, A.D., , A.D., NisbetNisbet, D.J. Effects of the antibiotic , D.J. Effects of the antibiotic ionophoresionophores monensinmonensin, , lasalocidlasalocid, , laidlomycinlaidlomycin propionate and propionate and bambermycinbambermycin on salmonella and E. coli 0157:H7 in vitro. Journal of Applied Microbiology. 2003. v. 94. p on salmonella and E. coli 0157:H7 in vitro. Journal of Applied Microbiology. 2003. v. 94. p. 207-217.. 207-217.

7.7. 7- Poole, T.L. Microbial ecology and antimicrobial resistance (oral presentation). FSIS 7- Poole, T.L. Microbial ecology and antimicrobial resistance (oral presentation). FSIS Meat and Poultry Inspection Seminar for International Government Officials. College Meat and Poultry Inspection Seminar for International Government Officials. College Station, TX. 2003. Station, TX. 2003.

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8- 8- Poole, T.L., Genovese, K.J., Poole, T.L., Genovese, K.J., KnapeKnape, K.D., Callaway, T.R., Bischoff, K.M., , K.D., Callaway, T.R., Bischoff, K.M., NisbetNisbet, D.J. 2003. Effect of sub therapeutic concentrations of , D.J. 2003. Effect of sub therapeutic concentrations of tylosintylosin on the inhibitory stringency of a mixed anaerobe continuous-flow culture of on the inhibitory stringency of a mixed anaerobe continuous-flow culture of chicken micro flora against Escherichia coli O157:H7. Journal of Applied Mic chicken micro flora against Escherichia coli O157:H7. Journal of Applied Microbiology. 94:73-79.robiology. 94:73-79.

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