wide area monitoring with phasor measurement data
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Energy Sector© Siemens AG 2010
Wide Area Monitoring with Phasor Measurement Data
Dr. Markus WacheSiemens E D EA, Nuremberg, Germany
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Energy SectorEnergy AutomationPage 2 March 2010© Siemens AG 2010
Content
Content
Basics of PhasorMeasurementRealization of PMUsPower System StabilityStandard IEEE C37.118Structure of Wide AreaMonitoring System Application and referencesof WAMSummary
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SIGUARD Phasor Data Processor Why should we measure phasors?
Xs
U1 U2)sin(212 δ
XsUUP ⋅
=
This equation means that active power flow is proportional to the phase angle difference between U1 and U2.
Thus it is possible to measure power flow withoutcomplicated algorithms as state estimator, power flow etc.
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PMU Calculation of Total Vector Error
Both amplitude and phase angle errorhave to be considered forsynchrophasor accuracy.
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Influence of CT accuracy on TVE
TVE = Abs Value of VdiffCT accuracy is defined in IEC 60044-1
CT 0,5S:Angle error ϕ = max 0,5 degAmplitude error = max 0,5%Abs(Vdiff) = 0,010038
TVE = 1%
CT 10PAngle error ϕ = max 3 degAmplitude error = max 3%Abs(Vdiff) = 0,05234
TVE > 5%
Conclusion: To fulfill TVE requirements of standard IEEE C37.118, measurement current transducer should be used.
CT 5PAngle error ϕ = max 1 degAmplitude error = max. 1%Abs(Vdiff) = 0,02004
TVE = 2%
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SIGUARD Phasor Data Processor How to measure phasors
GPS Signal
IEEE C37.118
VdtdffI ,,,
Requirement time accuracy:
at 60Hz: 1ms means 21,7° !
required: < 10μs GPS-Sync. necessary
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Content
Content
Basics of PhasorMeasurementRealization of PMUsPower System StabilityStandard IEEE C37.118Structure of Wide AreaMonitoring System Application and referencesof WAMSummary
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Realization types of PMUs
Currently, three different realizations of PMUs are offered:
1) Standalone PMU Mainly based on protection relay technology
2) PMU functionality integrated in fault recorders
reasonable for transmission systems
3) PMU functionality integrated in protection devices
reasonable for distribution systems
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Content
Content
Basics of PhasorMeasurementRealization of PMUsPower System StabilityStandard IEEE C37.118Structure of Wide AreaMonitoring System Application and referencesof WAMSummary
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Why Phasor Measurement Units?
Inter - AreaOscillations
1V
2VLoss of
Synchronization
LineTrip
f
t
Cascadingoutages
P
V
Voltagecollapse
Reactivepower
shortage
Transmissioncorridor
congestion
HeavyLoad
Loss ofGeneration
Frequencydeviation
LocalOscillations
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Overview: Power System Security and Blackout Prevention
Monitoring
SiGuard®
Measuring
1-5sec20ms-200ms1-100ms
Signal-
Transmission Steps
IAP
Metered Valuesof
Transducers
Swit
chin
gSt
ate
Met. Values Results
State estimatorShort-Circuit
LoadflowContingency
.......
Rel
aySe
ttin
gs
Analysis, Location SIMEAS SAFIR
Metered Valuesof
Relays / Recoders
Fault RecordsFault Protocols
Evaluation locally IEEE C37.118, 2006
Metered Valuesof
PMUs
Met. ValuesWAMS
ResultsOperat. Instructions
WAPC
Phasor Data Processing
System
Expertsystem
ScalableAcc. to
no. Of PMUs
ResultsOperat. InstructionsOperator-Training
PredictingDSA – PSSTMNETOMAC PSA – PSSTMSINCAL
Expertsystem
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Content
Content
Basics of PhasorMeasurementRealization of PMUsPower System StabilityStandard IEEE C37.118Structure of Wide AreaMonitoring System Application and referencesof WAMSummary
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PMU The standard IEEE C37.118
At present, IEEE C37.118 is worldwide the only standard in electric energy systems for the measurement of synchrophasors.
Specifications for the measurement and assignment of synchrophasors:Time reference= UTC (Universal Time Coordinated)Angle reference = cos (0° if maximum at PPS-puls)Reporting rate = 10Hz or 25Hz for nominal frequenzy 50Hz Measuring error max. 1% TVE (Total Vector Error)Communication model (structure of telegramms)
No specification for:Speed of measuringMeasuring accuracy under transient conditionsHardware / software of meterAlgorithm of measuring
The fixed specifications make a simple processing of synchrophasors of different measuring systems possible, both in real time and offline.
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Future development of the standard
Dynamic requirements for measuring in PMUHarmonization with IEC61850
PMU The standard IEEE C37.118
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Content
Content
Basics of PhasorMeasurementRealization of PMUsPower System StabilityStandard IEEE C37.118Structure of Wide AreaMonitoring SystemApplication and referencesof WAMSummary
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Possible structure of Wide Area Monitoring System (1/2)
1) Decentralized StructureOne PDC in each substation
Central PDC at Control Center
PMU1 PMU2
PDC
Substation 1
PMU1
PDC
Substation 2
PMU1 PMU2
PDC
Substation n
….
PDC Control Center LevelSCADA
Pro:• Local PDC as data storage
in case of telecomm. FaultCon:• Recall of information after
telecomm.fault is not standardizedproprietary solutions only
• Only few PMUs per substation (mostly one is sufficient)
High amount of PDCs required
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Possible structure of Wide Area Monitoring System (2/2)
2) Centralized StructurePDC on control center level only
Regional control center may haveown PDC
PMU1 PMU2
PDC
Substation 1
PMU1
Substation 2
PMU1 PMU2
Substation n
….
PDC Main Control Center
Pro:• Better balance betwen number of
PDCs and number of PMUsLess Costs
• Flexible Concept: PDCs to be placed where Phasor information is needed
Con:• No storage for telecomm. fault
below „lowest“ PDC
Remark: Local fault recorder functionality may serve as independent archive.
Regional Control Center
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Scope ofSIGUARD
Phasor DataProcessing System
Interfaces of a Wide Area Phasor Measurement System
PMU PMU PMU PMU PMU
PDC
Phasor Data Concentrator (PDC), System Monitor (PMU Errors, Communications, PDC Operations)
Substation Measurements
Data Collection
DISPLAYPhase Angle,
Stability Analysis,Monitoring
CONTROLReal Time Controls
WACS
PROTECTIONProtection Schemes
WAPS
SCADAPhase Angle,
Voltage, Frequency,Alarms
State Estimation
PhasorData
Applications
IEEE C37.118
IEEE C37.118
IEEE C37.118
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Content
Content
Basics of PhasorMeasurementRealization of PMUsPower System StabilityStandard IEEE C37.118Structure of Wide AreaMonitoring System Application and referencesof WAMSummary
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Application of Wide Area Monitoring
Support analysis of critical system status by control center expertsDuring disturbance: Fast and precise measurement display
After disturbance: Use PMU measurements to understand the dynamicbehaviour of the system to be able to improve it; create report.
Load monitoring (stress) of lines based on angle differencesSynchrophasors give a clear picture without the need of using systemtopology data
Reference Phasor provides the view for the relevant differenceClear indication of system separation
Example disturbance Nov 4th 2006, Europe: System separation was notrecognised by all TSOs immediately
Optimal loading of transmission corridors with Voltage-Power-CurveGives an actual picture of load situation and reserves
Check results of state estimation with real measurements
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Future applications
Synchrophasors as base for Wide Area Control SystemControl of HVDC, FACTS as fast reaction to power swings based on synchrophasor measurement
Algorithms will have a strong project specific componentSynchrophasors as base for Wide Area Protection System
Direct transmission of phasors between protection devices
Could improve reaction of protection device
PDC will probably not be involved
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Reference: transpower stromübertragungs gmbh (TPS) (former E.ON Netz TSO), Germany
Description:7 SIMEAS-R PMUs on 400kV Level in all parts of TPS-grid in GermanyOne central SIGUARD PDP Monitoring system in BayreuthPMU-data sent via existing fast communication network fromtranspowerRunning in a test-configuration sinceMarch 2009Reporting rate 10/s, nominal frequency= 50 Hz
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Experiences: Several power swings could be observed in real time with damping and frequencyMonitoring of change of power flow, caused by wind power infeed,in real time without using any topology information. Changing phase angles between different parts of thegrid could be observed.
Reference: transpower stromübertragungs gmbh (TPS) (former E.ON Netz TSO), Germany
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Reference: transpower stromübertragungs gmbh (TPS) (former E.ON Netz TSO), Germany
Example: Generation loss in southern europe
FrequencyPMU NorthPMU South
VoltagePMU NorthPMU South
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Reference: transpower stromübertragungs gmbh (TPS) (former E.ON Netz TSO), Germany
Example: Strong Windpower in the North
Voltage PhasorPMU North1PMU North 2PMU South (reference)
Phase Angle reaches 60 Degree
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Application: ewz (city supplier of Zurich), switzerland
Description:18 SIMEAS-R PMUs on distribution and transmission level in greater Zurich areaOne central SIGUARD PDP Monitoring system in ewz officePMU-data sent via existing fast communication network from ewzRunning since May 2009Reporting rate 25/s, nominal frequency = 50 HzPDP server functionality to SAFIR (data aquisition tool)
Goals:Fast Fault location in distribution networkSynchrophasors used as additional information source for disturbance locationMonitoring of the complete distribution network, especially at the interfacesto transmission network
Experiences: PDP server functionality (sending out PMU data in IEEE C37.118 protocol) is implemented for the first time
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Content
Content
Basics of PhasorMeasurementRealization of PMUsPower System StabilityStandard IEEE C37.118Structure of Wide AreaMonitoring System Application and referencesof WAMSummary
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Wide Area Monitoring with Synchrophasors Summary
Increased network load, thus it is necessary to understand the mid term dynamics (100ms…10s) by online observation and offline disturbance analysis of
Voltage stability
Frequency stability
Power oscillations
Loadability
Phasor measurement is base technology for future smart grid features
System integrity protection schemes (SIPS)
Power oscillation damping devices (FACTS, fast valving)
Real time state estimator
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Wide Area Monitoring with Synchrophasors Summary
Using the complete capacity of transmission lines without loosing stabilityTransmission corridor supervision with „nose curve“ (U-P-curve)
Support for Blackout Prevention
Fast Analysis of Power SwingsReports after disturbances can be quickly prepared
Closes the gap between fast, local measurements (protection) and slow, large area measurements (control center)
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Thank you!
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Content
Content
Overview User InterfaceApplicationRoadmapOnline Demo
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SIGUARD Phasor Data ProcessorMonitoring of - Online view or - Historic view (selectable) Power System Status Curve
Geographical View (Google Earth based)
Time charts
Phasor diagrams
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SIGUARD Phasor Data Processor
Calculation with Formulas
Voltage stability curve
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SIGUARD Phasor Data Processor
Online limit editing
Measurement system health
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SIGUARD Phasor Data Processing System User Interface / Example Limits Editor
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Content
Content
Overview User InterfaceApplicationRoadmapOnline Demo
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SIGUARD Phasor Data Processing System Application
Phasor Data Concentrator: Collecting Phasor Measurement Data via IEEE C37.118 Protocol. PDP-Server: IEEE C37.118 Data Provider for other PDCsMonitoring- Online View or- View of history (selectable)- Phasor View or Time-based diagramCalculating and displaying of Status Value for the Power SystemIndication of measurement system healthGeographical View (Google Earth based)Charts View and Measurement List (CSV-Export, configurable), forreportingFormula Editor for specific analysisLimits Editor for online adaptation of limitsTransmission Corridor monitoring (Voltage-Power-Curve)
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Content
Content
Overview User InterfaceApplicationRoadmapOnline Demo
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Thank you!