widows charter sri lanka

7/23/2019 Widows Charter Sri Lanka

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Amara Forum

From 2013 onwards Shanthi and the team at Viluthu

organised widows and women heads of households in

the North and East and Puttalam districts into advocacy

networks. The networks christened themselves as the

Amara Forum of Women Heads of Households. To date

there are more than 12,000 active members and thenetworks are growing throughout the country. As a

widow herself, Shanthi’s dream was to remove the stigma

associated with widowhood in Sri Lankan society and

enable widows and women heads of households to access

their rights and services and participate in the country’s

political processes. For this purpose she facilitatedthe production of “The Memorandum of Concerns and

Demands by Women Heads of Households”, an advocacy

document produced and used by the women themselves

to express their fears, aspirations and demands. This

enabled ownership of rights holders and made the

women an active part of the change they wished to see.As women heads of households consisted of widows,

women whose husbands had been forcefully abducted,

disappeared or maimed during the three decade long

In 2015 Shanthi wished to have a National Widows

Conference to propose for a “Widows’ Charter” in Sri

Lanka which will elevate the status of widows in the

country and provide the framework within which all



policies and priorities are framed by the government.

The “Widows Charter” proposed by the Amara Forum

will provide a blueprint document for the Parliament

to adopt. It consists of the concerns and demandsexpressed in the original “Memorandum” and propose

the adoption of articles which address those issues.

The adoption of such a document will have an immense

national process underway to address the problems

faced by widows and women heads of householdsthroughout the country.

Unfortunately, due to ill health from her cancer, Shanthi

passed away in August 2015. We are proud to host the

national conference titled “Empowering Women Headed

Households: A Building Block in the Reconciliation

Process” in her memory on 10 December 2015 and

release the National “Widows’ Charter” proposed by the

Amara Forum. We celebrate Shanthi Sachithanandam’s

who worked along with her and pay homage to their

commitment and dedication in realising this dream.



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WIDOWS’ CHARTER SRI LANKA

Proposed by

AMARA Forum

(For Women Heads of Households)

Facilitated by

VILUTHU

(Centre for Human Resource Development)

Recognising that Sri Lanka has endorsedinternational standards and has accepted byratication, international obligations under the

Convention on the Elimination of all Forms ofDiscrimination against Women,

Recalling Security Council Resolution 1325that reafrms the important role of women inthe prevention and resolution of conicts, peace

negotiations, peace-building, peacekeeping,humanitarian response and in post-conictreconstruction and stresses the importance oftheir equal participation and full involvementin all efforts for the maintenance and promotion

of peace and security, Noting that the fundamental rights chapterof the Constitution of Sri Lanka recognizes



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gender equality, prohibits discrimination onthe basis of sex and provides for afrmativeaction to remedy gender and inequality,

Recognising that the Women’s Charter of SriLanka calls upon the state to take all appropriatemeasures to ensure the full development andadvancement of women, for the purpose of

guaranteeing them the exercise and enjoymentof human rights and fundamental freedoms ona basis of equality with men,

Noting that widows especially are discriminatedagainst and marginalized socially and culturally,

vulnerable to abuse and violence, and arestereotyped as evil or bad luck which obstructsthem from fully participating in civil societyand political structures,

Recognising the impact of derogatory anddiscriminatory treatment of widows whichaffects the society as a whole because of theresultant poverty of widows depriving themand their children of their human rights toshelter, food and education,

Reafrming that widows are key social andeconomic actors and play an important role inthe prevention and resolution of conicts, peace



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negotiations, peace-building, peacekeeping,

post-conict reconstruction, and promoters of

peace and security,

Recognising the vast number of women who

are widows and women heads of households in

Sri Lanka and the urgent need to mainstream

widows’ perspective in all policy developments

and decisions and ensure that present andsuccessive governments use all measures

to assess their numbers and circumstances,

eliminate discrimination and poverty, and

acknowledge their valuable social capital,

We widows of Sri Lanka call for a National

Widows Charter based on our concerns and

demand put forth,

1. Safety and SecurityWe fear for our physical security and safety

due to militarization and the presence of the

military.

Physical insecurity restricts our freedom ofmovement and limits our ability to access

educational and employment opportunities and

services, such as health.



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The lack of secure and permanent housingexacerbates our physical insecurity.

Militarisation and the military presence exposeus to possible sexual violence, including sexualharassment, particularly in public spaces and public transport.

Those who have a duty to provide protection,such as the police, also play a role in theviolence perpetrated against us.

We call for:

Demilitarisation - the scaling down of military presence in our areas of the North and East andmilitary involvement in civilian affairs.

Those mandated to provide protection, suchas the police, to fulll their duties instead of

contributing to the insecurity of women.

We propose:

ARTICLE 1: Safety and Security

a. “Property-grabbing” and “chasing-off” orany other unlawful deprivation of widowsfrom their land or property, obtained

by way of transfer, gift or inheritance or



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leased to widows, are criminal offences punishable as a serious category of crime.

b. Anyone who attempts or manages todeprive a widow of any of her property, takecustody of her children without an order ofa judge or magistrate shall be guilty of themost serious category of crime.

c. Anyone who physically, mentally orsexually abuses a widow is guilty of themost serious category of crime.

d. Anyone who is involved in, or aides

and abets in sexual exploitation, forced prostitution and trafcking of women andgirls is guilty of an offence punishable asthe most serious category of crime.

e. It is no defence to this law that widowsconsented to be victims of the alleged crime.

f. All appropriate measures be taken by theState in the protection of widows andtheir dependants from physical and sexual

abuse, forced prostitution and trafcking.

g. Legal aid centres be established speciallyfor widows and their dependants on



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personal status, property and securityrelated matters.

h. Widows shelter be established providingfree counseling, and immediate medicalattention to widows and their dependantswho are victims of physical abuse, sexualabuse, forced prostitution and trafcking.

i. All appropriate and special measures betaken by the State in the protection ofwidows and their dependants who areinternally displaced.

j. Appointment of women police ofcers inall Police stations in order to facilitate andassist complaint and queries brought bywidows and their dependents.

k. All security inspections on person or

residences of widows shall be accompanied by female ofcers and any inspectioncarried contrary to this is unlawful.

l. The relevant authorities of the State to provide special protection of widow

witnesses.

m. The term “violence against women”includes any act of gender-based violence



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against widows that results or is likely to

result in physical, sexual or psychological

harm or suffering to her including threats

of such act, coercion or deprivation ofliberty.

n. The State to ensure that all civilian

administration to be carried out by civilian

ofcers and not military ofcers.

2. Livelihood and Social Security

Our livelihood opportunities are extremely

limited and seasonal, and even in those limitedspheres we are discriminated against (we are

paid only Rs.300 per a day, whereas men are

paid Rs.500 - Rs.1000 per day).

The lack of opportunities is exacerbated bythe limited skills we possess and our inability

to access training to enhance our ability to

increase our earning capacity.

As women headed households living in povertywithout a xed income we are not considered

credit worthy and hence are not able to borrow

from normal nancial institutions.



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Some government livelihood/self-employment

programmes impose age restrictions on

beneciaries, i.e. recipients have to be below

50 years, which discriminate against women

over 50 who are self-employed.

Fertilizer subsidy schemes and other agriculture

subsidies and assistance are provided only to paddy farmers and not to those who engage

in highland cultivation activities, such as

women.

The lack of roads and transport facilities alsohamper our economic activities.

The acquisition of large fertile lands by the

Military in many areas have also hampered our

access to livelihoods.

Due to limited livelihood opportunities we are

compelled to undertake unsafe and even illegal

income generation activities, such as producingillicit alcohol or migrate to the Middle East as

domestic workers, which have had an adverse

impact on our families.



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We call for:

Assistance projects delivered by the government

and non- governmental organizations to beformulated taking into account the local

context and the needs and skills of women

headed households.

Government livelihood support programmes

to have no age limit and be applicable to all

women headed households regardless of age.

Fertilizer and other subsidy schemes to be open

to women who engage highland cultivation.

Economic investments in our own villages

that utilize local resources and skills which

strengthen the local economy, and thereby the

local community.

Training for women in marketable skills with

commensurate provision of resources for

implementation.

Infrastructure development, such as roads,street lighting and public transport, not only in

the main towns and along main highways but

also in remote, interior areas.



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We propose:

ARTICLE 2: Livelihood and Social security.

a. Widows have the right to the sameemployment opportunities, skills training

and remuneration as other women and men.

b. Any dismissal of a woman from her

employment because she has becomea widow, must take leave from work

to complete funeral rites or is wearing

mourning clothes is unlawful and those

responsible for the dismissal will be guilty

of an offence, and any woman exposed tosuch dismissal has the right to not only be

reinstated but claim damages for the said

discrimination.

c. Any discrimination of widows in livelihood

support programmes of the State on the

basis of widowhood, age or number of

dependants is unlawful.

d. Assistance projects delivered by the

government and non - governmentalorganizations must be formulated taking

into account the local context and the needs

and skills of widows.



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e. Fertiliser and subsidy schemes be madeavailable for widows and those women areengaged in highland cultivation.

f. Mandatory for State to take all measuresin any economical or infrastructuralinvestment or development in villages andremote areas to prioritise the utilizationand development of local resources andskills strengthening local economy andcommunity.

g. State ensure and prioritises infrastructuredevelopment in remote interior areas.

h. State to take all measures to removemilitary and military presence from fertilecultivation lands of civilians.

3. Access to entitlements and benefits

Due to the loss of personal documentation, suchas property deeds, we are unable to access urgentassistance to rebuild houses and construct safe

and adequate sanitation facilities. Further, landownership is integral to increasing women’seconomic security, livelihood opportunitiesand income generation capacity.



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The criteria used to deter mine eligibility for

many assistance programmes often favour large

families resulting in women who live alone or

with one or two dependents being overlooked.

Numerous assistance programmes, such as

housing projects, place undue demands, such as

contribution of labour by the beneciary, which

forces women beneciaries to hire labour andthereby increases their indebtedness.

Due to our inability to pay for infrastructure,

which should by right be provided by the

state, such as columns and wires to transmitelectricity, women are unable to obtain

electricity connections, which in an additional

factor that increases their insecurity.

The lack of transparency in government decisionmaking processes to determine eligibility to

access benets discriminates against groups,

such as women headed households, that are

already marginalized.

The paltry social allowances provided by the

state are severely inadequate due to ination

and the rising cost of living.



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We call for:

Targeted state support to women to enablethem to replace lost personal documentation,such as land deeds.

The provision of adequate support by assistance programmes to enable widows to rebuild theirlives and earn a living wage.

Transparent and non-discriminatory decisionmaking in the provision of assistance withadequate information being provided to beneciaries on their entitlements and how toaccess them.

Implementation of a pension scheme forwidows that provides for a living allowance.

We propose:

ARTICLE 3: Access to entitlements and benets.

a. Widows have the right to pension andfamily benets and State to ensure any bureaucratic barriers to access these

benets are eliminated

b. State to take special measures necessary

in order to raise awareness of all nancial



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and other assistance for which widows are

eligible beneciaries and to assist them in

accessing the benets.

c. State to ensure special procedures are in

force in relevant government authorities to

assist and expedite recovery of lost personal

documents of widows such as property

deeds and identication documents.

d. State to enforce mandatory transparent

and accountable decision making process

in the all government agencies dealing

with assistance programmes provided towidows.

e. State to take all appropriate measures to

ensure that dependants of widows such as-

children, orphans, elderly, sick, wounded

and frail persons are identied and the

gaps in assistance are lled.

4. Education

Due to the inability to provide catch-up

education and extra-educational support,

children who have been unable to attend school,



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or those who attended school sporadically

due to the armed conict perform poorly in

school.

A large number of children drop out of school

also due to poverty.

Schools charge students regular and numerous‘donations’, such as building fees, which many

children of women headed households living

in poverty are unable to pay, thereby leading to

school drop-out or feelings of inadequacy and

loss of interest in school.

We call for:

A special education allowance for children

who live below the poverty line.

Special programmes that provide catch-up

education to children whose schooling was

disrupted by the armed conict.

Psychological counseling to enable children to

deal with the trauma of war.



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We propose:

ARTICLE 4: Education

a. The State to ensure special educationallowance schemes for the benet ofchildren or minor dependants of widowsliving below poverty line.

b. Children or dependants of widows to havespecial education scholarships.

c. State to provide support for child-care andelderly-care for dependants of widows whowork outside their homes.

d. Compulsory special educational catch-up programmes conducted in all governmentschools for children whose schooling wasdisrupted by the armed conict.

e. State to prioritise and ensure provisionof special psychological counseling to allchildren affected by the war.

f. In required circumstances, State to providenancial support to widows to balanceopportunity costs in sending their childrenor minor dependants to school.



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5. Nutrition and Health

The poor health status of many women heads

of households due to war related trauma, lackof access to appropriate health services because

of poverty, and illnesses and injuries resulting

from the war prevent us from working at our

full capacity.

Many children of women headed households

are underweight and malnourished.

Even when we are ill we do not seek medical

care as we have to spend long hours at the

hospital to access health care which will result

in being unable to work and therefore loss of a

day’s wage.

Those of us who are displaced are not registered

in the places where we reside for which reason

our health benets and services are restricted.

Many of us are unable to eat three meals a day.For instance, the PMA allowance of Rs.250.00

is spent mainly to buy meat or sh for the

children.



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We call for:

Better access to health care, particularlyreproductive health services. In the caseof the latter, we also request that our rightto be provided adequate information aboutreproductive/contraceptive options and theright to make an informed choice be recognizedand protected.

The displaced people also should be providedwith adequate health services in the placeswhere they reside.

We propose:ARTICLE 5: Nutrition and Health

a. Any restriction on widows to access healthservices because of the widows’ maritalstatus or poverty is unlawful.

b. Priority in hospitals given to treatingof patients who are widows and theirdependents living below poverty line.

c. Widows have the right to adequateinformation about reproductive/contraceptive options and the right to makeinformed choices.



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d. Any restriction on widows accessing

reproductive health services, family

planning services is unlawful.

e. Any forced sterilization treatment or

procedures conducted on widows is

unlawful and anyone who commits such

an act is guilty of an offence punishable as

aserious category of crime.

6. Socio-cultural issues

Women who have lost their husbands or whose

marriages have broken down face social

stigma and at times experience marginalization

at social and religious events. Sometimes our

clothing and mannerisms are also subject to

social criticism.

Women who wish to remarry are prevented

from doing so due to fear of social censure and

stigma. Women who do remarry are forced to

leave their children with their elderly parents,

who are often unable to provide adequate

care.



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We call for:

Programmes implemented to raise awareness

amongst the public that we too deserve to be treated equally and to be able to live withdignity. Specic awareness raising to be carriedout for men on gender relations to facilitateattitude changes.

Alimony/maintenance cases should beexpedited and an effective system should beestablished to enable monitoring and follow-up where the man does not make the paymentdetermined by the court so that the woman does

not have to spend scarce resources to travel tocourt, sometimes every month, to either receivethe often paltry payment or complain of non- payment.

We propose:

ARTICLE 6: Socio-cultural rights

a. Widows have the right to enjoy equalitywith all men and women, irrespective oftheir age and marital status.

b. Widows shall not be discriminated againstin word or deed, either in family or private

life, or in community and public life.



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c. Any restriction on widow’s mobility, evenwhere based on custom, is unlawful andanyone responsible for restraining a widow

if guilty of a criminal offence.

d. A widow has the right to choose herdomicile, diet, clothing and lifestyle.

e. A widow has the right to remarry and isfree to marry someone of her own choice.

f. Any coercion of a widow to remarrysomeone not of her choice is unlawful andthe person responsible for such coercion is

guilty of a criminal offence.

g. Polygamy and bigamy are unlawful andthe State to ensure active prosecution ofthose who commit them in order for the protection of a widow who has remarried.

h. All appropriate measures to be taken,through, public education and trainingof opinion leaders to change any kind ofnegative stereotyping of widows.

i. No widow-abuse or discrimination may be justied by citing custom, tradition orreligion.



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j. All appropriate measures be taken to

support widows to organize themselves

into self-help and empowerment groups.

k. Alimony/maintenance cases in courts

shall be expedited and the State to ensure

an effective system in place to enable

monitoring and follow-up of payment of

such alimony or maintenance ordered by

any court which does not inconvenience

the women.

7. Missing Persons and family members in detention

The missing, the disappeared and those in

detention are an issue of serious concern.

We do not have the capacity to search for our

missing and disappeared husbands, sons and

brothers.

Where those in detention are concerned, we

often do not have access to legal representation

and do not have any information on the legal

status or progress of their case.



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The compensation provided in cases of the

death of a husband is paltry.

We call for:

Information from the government about the

plight and whereabouts of our missing and

disappeared loved ones.

The release of and the expedition of the cases

of those in detention.

Legal aid for those in detention and provision

of adequate information to their familiesregarding the progress of their cases.

Issuance by the government of a certicate for

the "disappeared' which is accepted in lieu of a

death certicate by state and judicial processes

for all ofcial transactions, such as the issuance

and renewal of land permit holdings, transfer

of property, enrolling children in school,

obtaining compensations.

The enlistment of women police ofcers

to inquire into cases of the missing and the

disappeared since constant visits by male police



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ofcers to women headed households creates

space for possible violence/sexual harassment

in addition to community gossip, all of which

adversely impact women.

Provision by the government of information

on available compensation schemes and the

processes through which they can be accessed.Although the value of a life cannot be

measured, compensation should not be paltry

but one that reects both the value of the life

lost and the loss suffered by the family being

compensated.

Compensation should be provided to the

families of the disappeared too.

We propose:

ARTICLE 7: Missing persons and Family

members in detention.

a. Compulsory disclosure by the State

of the actual numbers, names, status

and whereabouts of the missing and

disappeared



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b. Cases dealing with political detainees and

those in detention under the PTA in courts

to be expedited and ensure the release of

those acquitted.

c. Legal aid to be provided for those in

detention and the provision of adequate

information to their families regarding the progress of their cases.

d. Issuance by the government of a certicate

for the "disappeared' which is accepted

in lieu of a death certicate by all stateand judicial processes for all ofcial

transactions, such as the issuance and

renewal of land permit holdings, transfer

of property, enrolling children in schools

and obtaining compensations.

e. Women police ofcers to be enlisted as part

of any investigation and search of person

and place dealing with the missing and thedisappeared in the event such families of

the disappeared and missing have female

and minor relatives.



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f. State to make provision for compensation

schemes for the families of the disappeared

and missing.

g. Provision by the State of information

on available compensation schemes for

families of the disappeared and missing

and the processes through which they can

be accessed.

h. Any compensation for families of the

disappeared and missing should reect

both the value of the life lost and the loss

suffered by the family.

Amara

Forum of Women Heads of Households



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ghypay; njhe; juTfSf;Fk; re; jh;g;gq;fis

cUthf;Ffpd; wJ.

vk;ikg; ghJfhf;f Ntz;ba flikfs; nfhz;l

fhty; JiwapdUk; vkf;nfjpuhd td;Kiw

mjpfhpg;gjw;fhd fhuzpfshf ,Uf;fpd; wdh;.

ehk; NfhUtjhtJ:

vkJ gpuNjrq;fspy; ,uhZtj;jpdhpd;

gpurd;dk; Fiwf;fg;gl Ntz;Lk;>

vk;ikg; ghJfhf;ff; flikg;gl;lth;fs;>cjhuzkhf fhty; Jiwapdh;> jkJ

flikfisr; rhptu Nkw;nfhs;sNtz;Lk;.

ehk; Kd;nkhoptjhtJ:

gpupT 1: ghJfhg;G

m. tpjitfspd; nrhj;Jf;fis mgfupj;J

mtu;fis tpul;Ljy; my;yJ cupj;J khw;wk;>



32

my;yJ ed;nfhil my;yJ guk;giur; nrhj;Jupj;J %ykhf my;yJ tpjitfSf;FFj;jiff;F toq;fg;gl; ;l my;yJ NtWrl;lG+u;tkw;w Kiwfs; vtw;wpD}lhfTk; tpjitfspd; nrhj;Jf;fis my;yJfhzpfisg; gwpj; jy; jz;lidf;FupaFw; wr; nray;fshtJld; Nkhrkhd Fw; wr; nray;fspd; tupirapy; jz;lidf;

FupaitfshFk;.

M. eP jpgjp my;yJ Nky; eP jpkd; w eP jpauruhy; gpwg;gpf;fg;gl;l Mizapd;wp tpjitnahUtupd; nrhj;J vjidAk; mgfupj;jy;

my;yJ mtuJ gps;isfis jdJguhkupg;gpw;F cl;gLj;Jjw;F Kw;gLk; my;yJ Kaw;rpf;Fk; vtUk; NkhrkhdFw; wr;nray;fspd; tupirapw; Fw; wthspahthu;.

,. tpjitnahUtiu cly;uP jpahf my;yJcsuP jpahf my;yJ ghypay; uP jpahfJ\;gpuNahfk; nra;Ak; vtUk; NkhrkhdFw; wr;nray;fspd; tupirapw; Fw; wthsp

ahthu;.

<. ghypaw; Ruz;lypy; <LgLjy;> mjw;F

cjTjy; my;J JizNghjy;> gyte; jkhf



33

tpgr;rhuj; jpy; <LgLj;Jjy; mj;Jld; ngz;fisAk; rpWkpfisAk; Ml;flj;Jjy; Mfpatw; wpy; <LgLk; vtUk; kpfNkhrkhdFw; wr;nray;fspd; tupirapw; Fw; wthspahthu;.

c. ciuf;fg;gl;l Fw;wr; nray;fSf;Fg; gypahtjw;F tpjitfs; kdnkhj;J cld;gl;ldu;

vd;gJ ,r;rl;lj; jpw;F vjpu;thjkhfhJ. C. cly; uP jpahd kw;Wk; ghypay; uP jpahd

J\;gpuNahfk;> gyte; jkhd tpgr;rhuk; kw;Wk; Ml;flj; jy; Nghd; wtw;wpypUe;J

tpjitfisAk; kw;Wk; mtu;fspw; jq;fpapUg;NghiuAk; ghJfhg;gjw;F cfe;jmidj;J toptiffSk; murpdhy; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl Ntz;Lk;.

v. tpjitfs; kw;Wk; mtu;fspw; jq;fpapUg; NghuJ jdpg;gl;l jFjpfs;> nrhj;Jf;fs; kw;Wk; ghJfhg;G njhlu;ghd tplaq;fSf;nfdtpNrlkhf rl;lTjtp ikaq;fs; epWtg; glNtz;Lk;.

V. cly; uP jpahd kw;Wk; ghypay; uP jpahdJ\;gpuNahfk;> gyte; jkhd tpgr;rhuk;

kw;Wk; Ml;flj;jy; Nghd;wtw; wpw;Fg;



35

Xs. murpdJ nghUj; jkhd mjpfhupfs;> tpjit

fSf;Fr; rhl;rpahf ,Ug;gtu;fSf;F tpNrl

ghJfhg;G toq;fNtz;Lk;.

f. tpjitfSf;F vjpuhf Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLk;

mr;RWj; jy;fs;> tw;GWj;jy;fs; kw;Wk;

mtu;fisr; RahjPdkhf ,aq;ftplhJ

jLj;jy; Mfpad cs;slq;fyhf> cly;> cs

kw;Wk; ghypay; uP jpapyhd ghjpg;Gf;fis

my;yJ Jd;gq;fis cz;lhf;Ffpd; w

my;yJ cz;lhf;f tpisfpd; w ghypay;

mbg;gilapyhd td;Kiwiaf;nfhz;l

vt;tpj eltbf;ifiaAk; “ngz;fSf;F

vjpuhd td;Kiw” vDk; gjkhdJ

Fwpg;gpLfpwJ.

fh. rptpy; epUthfkhdJ ,uhZt cj;jp

Nahfj; ju;fshy; my;yhJ nghJepUthfcj;jpNahfj;ju;fshy; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl

Ntz;baij murhdJ cWjpnra;J nfhs;s

Ntz;Lk;.

2. tho;thjhuKk;> r%fg; ghJfhg; Gk;. jw;NghJ vkJ tho;thjhuKaw;rpfs; kpff;

FWfpa tl;lj;jpw;Fs; cs;sitahfTk;> gUt

fhyj; jpw;Nfw;g ,Ug;gitahfTk; ,Uf;fpd; wd.



36

mjpYk; ghFghLfis vjph;Nehf;Ffpd;Nwhk;.$ypNtiyfSf;F ehk; Nghdhy; vq;fSf;Frpyrkaq;fspy; ehnshd;Wf;F &gh 300 jhd;

toq;fg;gLk;. mNj Neuj; jpy; Mz;fSf;F ehnshd;Wf;F &gh 500-1000 tiu toq;fg; gLfpd;wJ.

vkf;F ,Uf;Fk; tpidj; jpwd;fs; kl;Lg;

gLj;jg;gl;litahf ,Ug;gJk; vkJ gpur;rpidia,d;Dk; mjpfhpf;fpd;wJ. Gjpa njhopy;El;gk; cgNahfpf;fg;gLk; gapw;rpfs; vkf;Ff; fpl;lhjfhuzj;jpdhy;> vq;fs; ciof;Fk; Mw;wy; kl;Lg;gLj;jg;gLfpd; wJ.

FLk;gq;fSf;Fj; jiyik jhq;Fk; ngz;fshf,Ue;J> epue;ju tUkhdkpd;wp> tWikapy; thOk; vq;fSf;F rhjhuz epjp epWtdq;fspypUe;J fld; trjpfisg; ngWtJk; fbdkhf,Uf;fpd; wJ.

ghij trjpfs;> Nghf;Ftuj;J trjpfs;,y;yhikAk; vq;fs; njhopy; tha;g;Gf;fisg;ghjpf;fpd; wd.

gytplq;fspy; ,uhZtj; jpduhy; ghhpa mstpyhdfhzpfs; RtPfhpf;fg;gl;l fhuzj;jpdhy; vkJtho;thjhuq;fis Nkw;nfhs;Stjw;Fj; Njitahd tsq;fs; gwpf;fg;gLfpd;wd.



37

gy murhq;f tho;thjhu Kaw;rpfSf;fhd

my;yJ Ranjhopy;; tha;g;Gf;fSf;fhd cjtpfs;

50 tUl tanjy;iy Fwpj;J jug;gLfpd;wd. 50

taJf;F Nkyhd ngz;fs; mtw;wpy; gad; ngw

Kbahky; cs;sdh;.

tho;thjhu Kaw;rpfSf;fhd tha;g;Gf;fs;

Fiwe;j epiyapy;> rl;l tpNuhj kJghd cw;gj;jp eltbf;iffspYk;> kj; jpafpof;F ehLfSf;Fg;

gzpg;ngz;fshfr; nry;tJ Nghd;w ghJfhg;gw;w>

vkJ FLk;gq;fisg; ghjpf;fpd; w> njhopy;fspYk;

ehk; <Lgl eph;g;ge; jpf;fg; gLfpd;Nwhk;.

ehk; NfhUtjhtJ:

mur epWtdq;fspd; %yKk;> muR rhuhj

epWtdq;fspd; %yKk; jug;gLfpd;w cjtpj;

jpl;lq;fs; cs;@h; epiyikfisAk; gpd;dzp

fisAk; fUj;jpw; nfhs;tjhfTk;> ngz;fspd;

jpwd;fs; Njitfs; Nghd;wtw;iwf; ftdj;jpy;

nfhs;tjhfTk; ,Uf;fNtz;Lk;.

vkJ r%fj; jpid tYg;gLj;Jtjhf cs;@h; tsq;fisAk;> tpidj;jpwd;fisAk; gad;

gLj;Jk; tifapy; vkJ fpuhkq;fspy; KjyPLfs;

eilngwNtz;Lk;.



38

re;ijg;gLj;jf;$ba jpwd;fis ehk; ngWk; tifapy; gapw;rpfSk; mtw;iwr; nrk;ikahfnraw;gLj; jf;$ba tsq;fs; xJf;fg;gLjYk; nraw;gLj; jg;glNtz;Lk;.

gpujhd topfspy; kl;Lky;yhJ cs;splq;fspYk; ghij mgptpUj; jp> tP jp tpsf;Ffs; kw;Wk;Nghf;Ftuj;J trjpfs; mgptpUj;jp Nghd;w

cl;fl;Lkhd mgptpUj; jpapid Nkw;nfhs;sNtz;Lk;.

50 taJf;F mjpfkhd ngz;fSk; ,t;Tyfpy; tho Ntz;bath;fnsd;gjdhy; murhq;f

cjtpj;jpl;lq;fSf;F tanjy;iy Nghlf;$lhJ.

ehk; Kd;nkhoptjhtJ:

gpupT 2: tho;thjhuKk;> r%fg;ghJfhg;Gk;.

m. Vida Mz;fSf;Fk; ngz;fSf;Fk; cupaitNghd; w njhopy; tha;g;Gf;fs;>ty;yikapidf; fl;bnaOg;Gk; Mw;wy;>Nkk;ghl;Lg; gapw;rpfs;> kw;Wk; Ntjdq;fisg; ngw;Wf;nfhs;tjw;F tpjitfSf;Fk; cupik

Az;L.

M. tpjitahfptply;> my;yJ ,we; jtuJ

kuzr;rlq;fpw;fhf yPT ngw;wpUj; jy; my;yJ



39

Jf;fj;ijf; Fwpf;Fk; Milfis> Ntiy

Neuj; jpy; rl;l tpNuhjkhf mzpe;jpUj; jy;

Nghd;w fhuzq;fSf;fhf ngz;nzhUtu;

Ntiyapdpd;Wk; ePf;fg;gbd;> mj; jifa

NtiyePf;fj; jpw;Fg; nghWg;ghdtu;fs; Fw; wk;

,ioj;jtu;fshth; vd;gJld;> Ntiy

ePf;fg;gl;l vtUk; kPz;Lk; Ntiyapy;

,izj;Jf; nfhs;sg;gl Ntz;baJ khj; jpu

ky;y ghFghl;bdhy; ghjpf;fg;gl;ljw;fhd el;l

<l;bidf; NfhuTk; cupj;Jilatuhth;.

,. murpdhy; toq;fg;gLk; tho;thjhu cjtpj;

jpl;lq;fspy; tpjitepiy> taJ> kw;Wk; jq;fpapUg;NghuJ vz;zpf;if Mfpatw; wpd;

mbg;gilapy; tpjitfSf;Fg; ghFghL

fhl;lg;gLtJ rl;ltpNuhjkhFk;.

<. muR kw;Wk; muRrhuh epWtdq;fspdhy; toq;fg;gLk; cjtpj;jpl;lq;fshtd> cs;@u;

epiyikfs;> mj;Jld; tpjitfsJ

Njitfs; kw;Wk; jpwd;fisf; fUj;jpw;

nfhz;L tbtikf;fg;glNtz;Lk;.

c. fpuhkq;fspYk; njhiytplq;fspYk; Vw;gLj; jg;

glTs;s nghUshjhu kw;Wk; cs;fl;Lkhd

KjyPLfs; midj; jpw;Fk;> cs;@u;



40

nghUshjhuk; mj;Jld; r%fj;jpidg;

gyg;gLj;JKfkhf cs;@u; tsq;fisAk;

jpwd;fisAk; mgptpUj; jp nra;tijAk;

gad;gLj; jg;gLtijAk; Kd;Dupikg;gLj;j

Ntz;baJ murpd; flikahFk;.

C. neLe;njhiytpYs;s gFjpfspy; cl;fl;Lkhd

mgptpUj; jpapid Kd;Dupikg; gLj;jTk; cWjpnra;aTk; murhdJ flg;ghLilaJ

3. rYiffSk;> cjtpj;jpl; lq;fSk;.

epyThpikahdJ> vkJ tho;thjhuj;jpw;Fk;nghUshjhug; ghJfhg;gpw;Fk; tUkhdk; <l;L

jYf;Fk; mbg;gilahdJ. fhzp cWjpfs;

njhiye;j fhuzj; jpdhy; tPl;Lj; jpl;lq;fisg;

ngw;Wf; nfhs;sNth kyry$lq;fs; ePh;

trjpfisg; ngw;Wf;nfhs;sNth ,ayhjth;fshf

,Uf;fpd;Nwhk;.

tPl;Ltrjp Nghd;w cjtpj; jpl;lq;fs; nghpa

FLk;gq;fis Kd;Dhpikg;gLj; jp toq;fg; gLtjhy;> jdpj;J thOk; ngz;fSk; jq;fp

thOk; Xhpuz;L FLk;g cWg;gpdUld; thOk;

ngz;fSk; ,q;F xJf;fg;gLfpd;wdh;.



41

tPl;Lj; jpl;lq;fs; Nghd; w r%f cl;fl;Lkhdj;

jpl;lq;fs;> gadhspfspd; ciog;G hP jpahd

gq;fspg;gpid Ntz;Ltjdhy; ngz;fshfpa

ehq;fs; $yp itj;Nj mtw;iwr; nra;J Kbf;f

eph;g;ge; jpf;fg;gLfpd;Nwhk;. ,J vq;fsJ fld;

Rikia mjpfhpf;fpd;wJ.

murhq;fk; jw;NghJ toq;Fk; tptrha khdpa

cjtpfnsy;yhk;> cjhuzkhf cu khdpak;>

ney; tptrhapfSf;Nf toq;fg;gLfpd; wJ.

ehq;fs; ngz;fs; mNdfkhf Nkl;Lepyg;

gaph;r;nra;if nra;gth;fshf ,Ug;gjdhy;

,r;rYiffs; vq;fSf;Ff; fpl;Ltjpy;iy.

kpd;rhu ,izg;G Nghd; w trjpfs; murpdhy;

nra;J nfhLf;fg;glNtz;bajhFk;. mjw;F J}z;

NghlTk; tah; ,Of;fTk; gadhspfis

nra;tjw;F eph;g;ge; jpg;gjdhy;> mtw;iwr; nra;a,ayhjjd;ikapdhy; ehk; njhlh;e;Jk; ghJfhg;

gw; w #oypy; thoNtz;bajhf ,Uf;fpd;wJ.

cjtpj; jpl;lq;fs; ahUf;F toq;fg;glNtz;Lk;

vd mur epWtdq;fspdhy; vLf;fg;gLk; jPh;khdq;fs; ntspg;gilj; jd;ikaw;witahf

,Ug;gjhy;> vk;ikg; Nghd;w r%fj; jpd; gytPdkhd

FOf;fs; NkYk; Xuq;fl;lg;gLfpd;wd.



42

murpdhy; toq;fg;gLk; khjhe; j cjtpj; jpl;lq;fs; jw;Nghija tpiythrp cah;Tf;FnfhQ;rk;$l Vw; wjhf ,y;iy.

ehk; NfhUtjhtJ:

vkJ fhzp cWjpfs; Nghd; w njhiye;JNghdMtzq;fisg; ngWtjw;Fhpa Fwpj; j murcjtpfs; Kd;Dhpikg;gLj;jp toq;fg;gl

Ntz;Lk;.

FLk;gq;fSf;Fj; jiyik jhq;Fk; ngz;fs; jkJ tho;it kPz;Lk; fl;bnaOg;gTk; tho;f;iff;Fj; Njitahd tUkhdk; ngwT

khd cjtpj; jpl;lq;fs; toq;fg;gl Ntz;Lk;.

rKh; j; jp> tWik Kj;jpiu Nghd;w jpl;lq;fs; toq;fg;gLk;NghJ mj;jPh;khdq;fs; ntspg; gilj; jd;ikAlDk; gadhspfSf;F mjid

vg;gbg; ngw;Wf;nfhs;tJ vd;gJ gw; wpa KOtpguKk; njhpag;gLj;Jk; tpjj; jpYk; nraw;gLj; jg;glNtz;Lk;.

Nkl;L epyg; gaph;r;nra;ifahsh;fSf;Fk; tptrhakhdpa cjtpfs; toq;fg;glNtz;Lk;.

jdpj;J thOk; ngz;fSf;F tho;f;iff;fhdnryTfis <L nra;Ak; tifapyhd Xa;T+jpaj;

jpl;lk; toq;fg;glNtz;Lk;.



43

ehk; Kd;nkhoptjhtJ:

gpupT 3: rYiffSk;> cjtpj;jpl;lq;fSk;.

m. tpjitfSf;F Xa;T+jpak; kw;Wk; FLk;gq;fSf;fhd rYiffisg; ngWt

jw;fhd cupikAz;L. ,j;jifa rYiffisg;ngw;Wf;nfhs;tjw;Fj; jilahfTs;s mjpfhukdg;ghd;ikfs; fisag;gLtjidmurhdJ cWjpnra;J nfhs;sNtz;Lk;.

M. epjpAjtp kw;Wk; gpwTjtpfisg; ngWtjw;F

tpjitfs; jFjpAila gadhspfshth; vDk; tpopg;Gzu;tpid Vw;gLj;Jjw;F

mtrpakhd toptiffis murhdJVw;gLj;JtJld; ,j;jifa cjtpfisg;ngWtjw;F mtu;fSf;F topfhl;lNtz;Lk;.

,. tpjitfsJ njhiye;JNghd nrhj;Jupikg;

gj;jpuq;fs; kw;Wk; milahs cWjpg; gj; jpuq;fs; Nghd; w> jdpg;gl;l Mtzq;fistpjitfs; Jupjkhf kPsg;ngw;Wf;nfhs;tjw;Fg; nghUj;jkhd mur mjpfhupfs; cjtj; jf;fjhd tpNrl topKiwfis

murhdJ cWjpnra;J nfhs;sNtz;Lk;.

<. tpjitfSf;F toq;fg;gLk; cjtpj; jpl;lq;fSld; njhlu;Gs;s midj;J mur



44

epWtdq;fspYk; mur cj; juTldhd

ntspg;gilahdJk; nghWg;Gf;$wf;$baJkhd

jPu;khdkpaw;Wk; topKiwfis murhdJ

eilKiwg;gLj;j Ntz;Lk;.

c. rpWgps;isfs;> mehijfs;> KjpNahu;>

NehAw;Nwhu;> fhaKw;Nwhu;> kw;Wk; cly;

eypTw;Nwhu; Nghd;w tpjitfspw;

jq;fpapUg;Nghu; milasq;fhzg;gl;L

mtu;fSf;fhd cjtpfs; toq;fypYs;s

FiwghLffs; fisag;gLjiy cWjpg;

gLj;Jjw;F cfe; j midj;J toptif

fisAk; muR Nkw;nfhs;sNtz;Lk;.

C. tpjitfSf;Fk; Nkl;Lepy gapu;r;nra;ifapy;

<LgLk; ngz;fSf;Fk; cutiffSk; gpw

khdpaj; jpl;lq;fSk; toq;fg;glNtz;Lk;.

4. fy;tp

Nkyjpfkhd fy;tpr; nraw;ghl;L cjtpfs;

toq;Ftjw;F ,ayhikahYk;> Aj;jj; jpdhy;

fy;tp ghjpf;fg;gl;likahYk; vkJ gps;isfs; ghlrhiytpl;L ,iltpyFfpd;wik mjpfhpj;

Js;sJ. ghlrhiyf;Fr; nrd; whYk; mth;fsJ

milTfs; Fiwthff; fhzg;gLfpd; wd.



45

vkJ tWikepiyAk; gps;isfs; ghlrhiy,iltpyFtjw;fhd fhuzkhfpd; wJ.

ghlrhiyfs; fpukkhf fl;bl epjpf;fhfTk; NtWgy NjitfSf;fhfTk; gps;isfsplkpUe;J

epjp mwtpLfpd;wd. ,e;j mwtPL ngz;fs; jiyik jhq;Fk; FLk;gq;fspypUe;Jk; mwtplg;gLfpd; wd. ,tw;iwf; fl;l Kbahj

tplj; jpy; vkJ gps;isfs; Nrhh;Tw;W ghlrhiynry;tjw;Fj; jaf;fk; fhl;Lfpwhh;fs;.

ehk; NfhUtjhtJ:

ngz; jiyikf; FLk;gq;fspd; gps;isfspd;

fy;tpf;fhd cjtpj;njhif toq;fg;glNtz;Lk;.

Aj; jj; jpdhy; fy;tp ,ilepWj; jg;gl;l gps;isfSf;fhd tpNrl tFg;Gf;fs; elj; jg;glNtz;Lk;.

vkJ gps;isfSf;fhd cstpaw; Njitfs; Fwpj;J Mw;Wg;gLj; jy; jpl;lq;fs; mKw;gLj; jg;glNtz;Lk;.

ehk; Kd;nkhoptjhtJ:

gpupT 4: fy;tp

m. tWikf;Nfhl;L epiyapd; fPo; thOk;tpjitfspw; jq;fptho;Nthuhd gps;isfs;



46

kw;Wk; rpWguhaj; jpdu; gad;ngwj; jf;fjhdtpNrl fy;tpAjtpj;njhif toq;Fk;

jpl;lq;fis murhdJ cWjpnra;J nfhs;s

Ntz;Lk;.

M. tpjitfspd; gps;isfs; kw;Wk; mtu;fspw; jq;fpthOk; gps;isfSf;F tpNrl fy;tpg; Gyikg;guprpw; jpl;lq;fs; toq;fg;gl Ntz;Lk;.

,. tpjitfspw; jq;fptho;Nthu; jkJ trpg; gplq;fSf;F ntspNa njhopy; GupAk;NghJgps;isfs; kw;Wk; KjpNahu; guhkupg;GfSf;FmurhdJ cjtp toq;fNtz;Lk;.

<. Nghu; fhuzkhf ghlrhiy nry;tjpy; jlq;fy;fs; Vw;gl;Ls;s gps;isfs; kPz;Lk; fy;tpapy; ,izf;Fk; tpNrl fl;lhafy;tpj;jpl;lq;fs; rfy mur ghlrhiyfspYk;

elhj;jg;glNtz;Lk;.

c. Nghupdhw; ghjpg;Gf;Fs;shd gps;isfs; midtUf;Fk; tpNrl cstsj;JizMNyhridfs; toq;fg;gLjiy murhdJKd;Dupik toq;fp cWjpnra;J nfhs;s

Ntz;Lk;.

C. tpjitfspd; gps;isfs; kw;Wk; mtu;fspw; jq;fpthOk; rpWtaJg; gps;isfis



47

ghlrhiyfSf;F mDg;Gtjw;fhd tha;g;Gf;fs;

rhu; e; j nrytpdq;fisr; rupf;fl;Ltjw;fhd

epjpAjtpfs; NjitNaw;gLk; NghJ

tpjitfSf;F murpdhy; toq;fg;gl

Ntz;Lk;.

5. RfhjhuKk;> rj;JzTk;.

Aj; jj; jpdhy; Vw;gl;l csg;ghjpg;Gk;> tWik

apdhy; nghUj;jkhd RfhjhuNritfis

mZfKbahj jd;ikapdhYk;> Aj; jfhyj;jpy;

Njhd; wpa gyNeha;fs; ,d;Wk; njhlUk;

jd;ikapdhYk; vq;fsJ KO Mw; wiyAk; cgNahfpj;J ciof;f Kbahky; ,Uf;fpd;Nwhk;.

vq;fs; gps;isfs; Fiwtsh;r;rpAld; ,Ug;gjhf

ghlrhiyapy; mwptpf;fpd; whh;fs;.

vq;fSf;F cly; eyf;FiwT Vw;gl;lhYk;> ehk;

itj;jpa trjpfis ehLtjpy;iy. Vnddpy;

itj;jparhiyf;Fr; nry;tjhYk; mq;F gy

kzpNeuk; nrytpLtjhYk; vq;fsJ xUehs;

$ypapid ,of;fpd;Nwhk;.

vk;kpy; ,lg;ngah;Tf;Fs;shdth;fs; jhk;

,lk; ngah;e;J ,Uf;Fk; gpuNjrq;fspy; gjpT



48

jug;glhikahy; mq;Fs;s itj;jparhiyfspy;

kUj;Jt trjpfs; kl;Lg;gLj;jg;gl;L vkf;F

toq;fg;gLfpd;wd.

vkf;F tWik Kj; jpiu khjnkhd;Wf;F &gh

250 jug;gLfpd; wJ. ,ij itj;Jf;nfhz;L

%d;W Ntis rhg;gplKbahky; ,Uf;fpd;Nwhk;.

ehk; NfhUtjhtJ:

Rfhjhu Nritfs; vq;fis te; jilaNtz;Lk;.

Fwpg;ghf> kPSw;gj; jpf;fhd RfhjhuNritfspy;

vit vkJ NjitfSf;Fg; nghUj; jkhdnjd

ehk; jPh;khdpf;Fk; tifapy;> Njitahd jfty;fSld; ntspg;gilahd Kiwapy;

toq;fg;glNtz;Lk;.

,lg;ngah;Tf;Fs;shdth;fSf;Fk; rkkhd

Kiwapy; kUj;Jt trjpfs; toq;fg;gl

Ntz;Lk;.

ehk; Kd;nkhoptjhtJ:

gpupT 5: RfhjhuKk;> rj;JzTk;.

m. tpjitfs; Rfhjhu Nritfisg;

ngWtjw;F mtu;fsJ Vo;ik my;yJ



49

kztho;f;if epiy fhuzkhf jilfs;

tpjpf;fg;gLtJ rl;lj;Jf;F KuzhdjhFk;.

M. itj; jparhiyfspy;> tWikf;Nfhl;bd;fPo;

thOk; tpjitfSf;F kUj;Jt Nritfs;

toq;Ftjpy; Kd;Dupik toq;fg;

gLtJld; mtu;fSf;fhd rYif ml;ilfs;

jpl;lk; mwpKfg;gLj;jg;gl Ntz;Lk;.

,. kPSw;gj;jp kw;Wk; fUj;jil tpUg;Gj;

njupTfs; rhu; e; j Nghjpa jfty;fisg;

ngWtjw;fhd cupikAk; jfty;fspd;

mbg;gilapy; njupTfis Nkw;nfhs;Sk; cupikAk; tpjitfSf;F cz;L.

<. kPSw;gj;jpr; Rfhjhu Nritfs; kw;Wk;

FLk;gf;fl;Lg;ghLrhu; Nritfis tpjitfs;

ngWtjw;fhd fl;Lg;ghLfs; rl;lj;Jf;FKuzhditahFk;.

c. tpjitfs;kPJ tYf;fl;lhakhf Nkw;nfhs;sg;

gLk; ,dg;ngUf;fj;jilr; rpfpr;irfs;

vitAk; rl;lj;Jf;F KuzhditahFk;.mj; jifa rpfpr;iria Nkw;nfhs;Sk; vtUk;

jz;lidf;Fupa Nkhrkhd Fw; wr; nray;

fspd; tupirapw; Fw; wthspahthu;.



50

6. r%f fyhrhu tplaq;fs;

jkJ fztiu ,oe;j ngz;fSk;> fzthpl

kpUe;J gphpe;J thOk; ngz;fSk; r%fj; jpdhy; xJf;fg;gLfpd; w re; jh;g;gq;fs; fhzg;gLfpd; wd.

rpyrkaq;fspy; vkJ MilfSk;> elj;ijfSk;

$l tpkh;rpf;fg;gLfpd; wd.

fzthpdhy; iftplg;gl;l ngz;fspd; vz;zpf;if vkJ gpuNjrq;fspy; mjpfhpj;J

tUfpd;wd. ,t;thW iftpl;Lg; NghFk;

fzth;fsplkpUe;J jhghpg;Gg; gzk; kw;Wk;

gps;isfSila guhkhpg;Gf;fhd gzk;

Mfpatw;iw ngWtjw;F ntF ePz;l fhyk; ngUk; rpukg;gl Ntz;bAs;sJ. ,j; jifa

Mz;fis fz;L gpbf;fNth> mth;fs; jq;fs;

kidtpkhh;fSf;Fj; njhlh; e;J cjt Ntz;Lk;

vd eph;g;ge;jpf;fNth> rl;lj;jhYk; fhty;

JiwapduhYk; ,ayhjpUf;fpd; wJ.

kPz;Lk; FLk;g ge;jj; jpy; ,izatpUk;Gk;

ngz;fs; r%fj; jpd; mtr;nrhy; Fwpj;Jg; gag;gLk;

epiy ,Uf;fpd; wJ. kPz;Lk; jpUkzk; Kbf;Fk;

ngz;fSk; jkJ gps;isfisj; jkJ tNahjpgngw;Nwhh;fspd; ftdpg;gpy; tpl;Lr; nry;y

NeUtjhy; mg;gps;isfSf;fhd ftdpg;Gk;

Fiwfpd; wJ.



51

ehk; NfhUtjhtJ:

r%fj; jpy; jdpahfthOk; ngz;fspd; chpikfs;

njhlh;ghfTk; mth;fspd; rkj;Jtk;> Ranfsutk; njhlh;ghfTk;> tpopg;Gzh;T Vw;gLj; jg;glNtz;Lk;. Fwpg;ghf Mz;fs; kj; jpapy; ghy;epiycwTfisg; gw; wpa kdg;ghq;F khw; wq;fs; Vw;gLj; jg;glNtz;Lk;. ,jw;fhd tpNrl

epfo;r;rpj; jpl;lq;fs; mKy;;gLj; jg;glNtz;Lk;.

jhghpg;G tof;Ffspd; eilKiwfs; khw; wg;gl;Lngz;fs; tpiuthf eP jp ngWk; tifapy; toptiffs; nra;ag;gl Ntz;Lk;. xt;nthU

jlitAk; ngz;fs; ngUk; nryTfSf;Fk;rpukq;fSf;Fk; kj; jpapy; eP jpkd; wq;fSf;F nry;yNtz;ba eilKiwfis khw;w Ntz;Lk;.

ehk; Kd;nkhoptjhtJ:

gpupT 6: r%f> fyhr;rhu cupikfs;;.m. tpjitfsJ taJ kw;Wk; kztho;T

epiy vJthf ,Ug;gpDk;> midj;JMz;fs; kw;Wk; ngz;fSld; rkj;Jtj;ijmDgtpg;gjw;F tpjitfs; midtUk;

cupj;Jilatuhth;.

M. tpjitfSf;F mtu;fsJ FLk;gj;jpy; my;yJ gpuj; jpNaf tho;tpy; my;yJ r%fj; jpy;



52

my;yJ nghJ tho;tpy;> nrhy;ypYk; nraypYk; ghFghL fhl;lg;gLjy; MfhJ.

,. tpjitnahUtuJ elkhl;lj;jpy; Vw;gLj; jg;gLk; fl;Lg;ghlhdJ tof;fkhdJ. MapDk; rl;lj;Jf;F KuzhdjhFk;. mj; jifafl;Lg;ghl;bid Vw;gLj;Jtjw;Fg; nghWg;ghdvtUk; Fw;wr;nray;fspd; tupirapw;

Fw; wthspahthu;.

<. epue; ju ciwtplk;> czTg; gof;fk;> cilkw;Wk; tho;f;ifg; ghzpapidj; njupTnra;Ak ; cupik tpjitnahUtUf;F cz;L.

c. kWkzk; nra;Ak; cupikAk; mtu; njupTnra;Ak; vtiuAk; kzKbf;Fk; cupikAk; tpjitnahUtUf;F cz;L.

C. tpjitnahUtiu mtuhy; njupT nra;ag;glhj xUtiu kWkzk; GupAk;gbtw;GWj;Jjy; rl;lj;Jf;F KuzhdjhFk;.mj;jifa tw;GWj; jYf;Fg; nghWg;ghdvtUk; Fw; wr;nray;fspd; tupirapw;

Fw; wthspahthu;.

v. gyjhu kzq;fSk; ,Ujhu kzq;fSk;rl;lj;Jf;F KuzhditahFk;. kWkzk;



53

Gupe;Jnfhz;l tpjitnahUtiug; ghJfhf;Fk; Kfkhf> ,j; jifa rl;lj;Jf;F Kuzhdnraw;ghl;by; <LgLk; vtUk; rl;lj; jpd;

Kd;dhy; epWj; jg;gLtjid murhdJcWjpnra;a Ntz;Lk;.

V. tpjitfis vjpu;kiwahd tof;fj;Jf;Fj;

J}z;Lk; epiyapid khw;Wtjw;F nghJthd

fy;tpGfl;ly; kw;Wk; jiytu;fSf;F khw;Wf; fUj;Jg;gapw;rpaspj;jy; Mfpatw;wpD}lhfcfe;j toptiffs; midj;Jk; Nkw;nfhs;sg;glNtz;Lk;.

I. tpjitfs;kP jhd J\;gpuNahfk; vJTk; tof;fk;> ghuk;gupak;> my;yJ kjk; Mfpatw;wpidf; fhuzk;$wp epahag;gLj;jg; glyhfhJ.

x. tpjitfs; midtUk; Racjtpf; FOf;

fshfTk; tYg;ngw; w FOf;fshfTk; jk;ikcUthf;fpf; nfhs;tjw;Fupa cjtpfs; toq;Ftjw;fhd midj;J toptiffSk; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl Ntz;Lk;.

X. [Ptdhk;rk;, jhghpg;G tof;Ffs; eP jpkd;wpy; tpiuthfj; jPu;f;fg;glNtz;Lk;. eP jpkd; wpdhy; gpwg;gpf;fg;gl;l Mizg;gb mj; jifa

jhghpg;Grhu; epjpf; nfhLg;gdTfs; xOq;fhf



54

toq;fg;gLtijf; fz;fhzpj;J njhlu; eltbf;iffs; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLtjw;fhdrpwe;j xOq;FKiwffs; ,aw; wg;gl;bUj;jiy

murhdJ cWjpnra;J nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;.

7. fhzhkw;NghNdhu;> jLg; gpy; itf;fg; gl;Ls;Nshu;.

fhzhkw;NghNdhh; gw; wpAk;> flj;jg;gl;lth; gw; wpAk; ePz;lfhyk; jLg;Gf;fhtypy; itf;fg;gl;Ls;Nshh; gw; wpAk; ftiy nfhs;fpd;Nwhk;.

fhzhkw;Nghd vkJ kfd;khh;> kfs;khh;

rNfhjuh;fs; fztd;khh;fisj; Njbf;fz;Lgpbf;Fk; Mw; wy; vkf;F ,y;iy. mth;fspd; KbT njhpahjjdhy;> vkf;F chpa el;l <Ltoq;fg;glhJ> fhzp cWjpapy; ngah; khw;wk; nra;jy; Nghd;w mj; jpahtrpa njhopw;ghLfspy; <LglhJ> ehk; Kbtpd;wpf; fhj;J epw;fpd;Nwhk;.,jdhy; gy mur cjtpfisAk; ,oe; jJz;L.

jLg;gpy; ,Ug;gth;fSf;Fj; Njitahd rl;lMNyhrid ngWtjw;Nfh mth;fspd; tof;ifj; njhluNth vkf;F trjpfs; ,y;iy.

fzthpd; ,wg;Gf;F toq;fg;gLk; el;l<LxOq;fhf toq;fg;gLjy; ,y;iy vd;gJld; mJ NghJkhdjhf ,y;iy.



55

ehk; NfhUtjhtJ:

vkJ FLk;gj;ijr; Nrh; e; j fhzhkw; NghNdhiug;

gw; wpa jfty;fis muR vkf;Fj; juNtz;Lk;.

jLg;Gf; fhtypy; ,Ug;Nghh; kPJ Jupj

tprhuizfis elhj; jp mth;fis tpLjiy

nra;a Ntz;Lk;. mjw;fhd rl;l cjtpia toq;Ft

NjhL tof;Ffspd; Kd;Ndw;w tpguq;fs; FLk;gq;fSf;Fj; njhpag;ggLj;jg;gl Ntz;Lk;.

fhzhkw; NghNdhh; njhlh;ghf Gyd;

tprhuiz nra;tjw;F Mz; mYtyh;fs; vkJ

tPL Njb tUtJ ghypay; njhe; juTfSf;F,l;Lr; nry;Yfpd; wJ. ,J r%fj; jpd; gopr;

nrhy;Yf;Fk; vk;ik Mshf;Ffpd;wJ. jdpNa

thOk; ngz;fSld; njhlh;Gfisg; NgZtjw;F

ngz; fhty; cj; jpNahfj; jh;fs; epakpf;fg;

glNtz;Lk;.

vkf;F toq;fg;glNtz;ba el;l <Lfspd;

jd;ikAk;> mtw;iwg; ngw;Wf;nfhs;Sk;

KiwAk; vkf;Fj; njspthf mwptpf;fg;gl

Ntz;Lk;. ,oe;j capiu <L nra;a KbahtpbDk;> toq;fg;gLk; el;l<L XusthtJ

caphpog;gpdhy; FLk;gk; ,oe;jtw;wpd;

ngWkjpahf ,Uf;fNtz;Lk;.



56

fhzhkw;NghNdhiuf; Fwpj;J mth; fhzhkw;Nghdjd; rhl;rpakhf rhd;wpjo; toq;fg;glNtz;Lk;. ,r;rhd;wpjo; fhzp chpikahsiukhw;Wjy;> cjtpj; jpl;lq;fs; ngWjy;>gps;isfis ghlrhiyapy; Nrh; j; jy;> el;l<L ngWjy; Nghd;w rfy cj;jpNahfG+h;tnfhLf;fy; thq;fy;fSf;Fk; cgNahfpf;ff;$barhd;wpjohf ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;.

fhzhkw;NghNdhUf;Fk; el;l<L toq;fg;glNtz;Lk;.

ehk; Kd;nkhoptjhtJ:

gpupT 7: fhzhkw;NghNdhu; kw;Wk; jLg;gpy;

itf;fg;gl;Ls;s FLk;g cWg;gpdu;;fs;

m. fhzhkw;NghNdhu; kw;Wk; jLg;Gf;fhtypy;cs;NshuJ rupahd vz;zpf;if> ngau;fs;

kw;Wk; mtu;fs; vq;fpUf;fpwhu;fs; vd;gJgw;wpa tpguq;fis muR fl;lhakhf ntspaplNtz;Lk;

M. murpaw; fhuzq;fSf;fhf jLj;Jitf;fg;

gl;NlhuJ tof;FfSk; eP jpkd; wq;fspdhy; jLg;Gf;fhtypy; itf;fg;gl;Ls;NshuJtof;FfSk; Jupjkhf tprhupf;fg;gl;L Fw; wQ;

rhl;lg;gl;Nlhu; tpLjiy nra;ag;gl Ntz;Lk;.



57

,. jLg;gpy; ,Ug;gth;fSf;Fj; Njitahd rl;lMNyhridrhu; cjtpfs; toq;fg;glNtz;Lk;. mtu;fsJ tof;Ffspd; Kd;Ndw; wk;

rhu;ghd Nghjpa tpguq;fs; FLk;gq;fSf;Fj; njhpag;gLj; jg;glNtz;Lk;.

<. kuzr; rhd;wpjOf;Fg; gjpyhf rfy murkw;Wk; rl;l rk;ge;jkhd midtuhYk; Vw;Wf;

nfhs;sf;$bajhd> fhzhkw; Nghdjd;rhl;rpakhf> rhd;wpjo; xd;W murpdhy; toq;fg;glNtz;Lk;. ,r;rhd;wpjo; fhzpchpikahsiu khw;Wjy;> cjtpj; jpl;lq;fs; ngWjy;> gps;isfis ghlrhiyapy;

Nrh; j; jy;> el;l <L ngWjy; Nghd;w midj;Jcj; jpNahfG+h;t nfhLf;fy; thq;fy;fSf;Fk; cgNahfpf;fg;glf;$ba rhd;wpjohf ,Uf;fNtz;Lk;.

c. ngz;fisAk; kw;Wk; ,staJ cwtpdu; fisAk; nfhz;l fhzhkw; NghNdhuJFLk;gq;fspy; mtu;fs; njhlh;ghf Gyd; tprhuiz nra;tjw;F ngz; fhty;mYtyh;fs; tprhuizf;FOf;fspy; ,lk;ngwNtz;Lk;.

C. fhzhkw;NghNdhuJ FLk;gq;fSf;F el;l

<L toq;Fk; jpl;lq;fis muR epWtNtz;Lk;.



58

v. fhzhkw;NghNdhuJ FLk;gq;fSf;Ftoq;fg;gLtjw;nfd Vw;gLj; jg;gl;Ls;s el;l<L Fwpj; j jpl;lq;fs; rhu;ghd jfty;fis

murhdJ mf;FLk;gq;fSf;F toq;FtJld; mt;tpj el;l<Lfisg; ngWjtjw;FupatopKiwfisAk; njupag;gLj;j Ntz;Lk;.

V. fhzhkw;NghNdhuJ FLk;gq;fSf;F toq;fg;

gLk; vJtpj el;l<Lk; ,of;fg;gl;l capupdJk; mj;Jld; ,og;G fhuzkhf FLk;gj;jpdu; mile; j Jd;gj;jpd; ngWkjpiag; gpujpgypg;gjhfTk; ,Uf;fNtz;Lk;.

mkuhFLk;gj; jiyikg; ngz;fs; xd; wpak;.



59

wurd ldka;d .Dy uQ,slldka;djkaf.a tl;=j u`.ska fhdacs;

ú¨;=" udkj iïm;a ixj¾Okflakaøh u.ska myiqlï

i,ikq ,enQ

jekaoUqjka iòyd jQ cd;slm%{ma;sh" Y%S ,xldj

Y%S ,xldj" ia;%shg tfrysj mj;sk ishü

wdldrfha fjkia fldg ie,lSï iyuq,ska;=rka lr,Sfï m%{ma;shg iSfvda& tlÕ;djhm<fldg ms<sf.k we;s ksid;a"

tlai;a cd;Skaf.a 1325 wdrlaIl lñgq wd{d

mK;g iy;sl lrk wdldrhg .egqïksrdlrKfha§;a" iduh ms<sn| ixjdofha§;a"iduh f.dv ke.Su yd m%;sIaGdmkhlsÍfï§;a" udkj jd§ f,i m%;spdr oelaùfï§yd miq hqo m%foaYhka m%;sixialrKfha§;a"n, lr isákafka ia;%S mqreI fomd¾Yjfhau

iudk iyNd.S;ajh yd mQ¾K wka;¾.%yKhiduh yd iqrlaIs;Ndjh kv;a;= lsÍfï ydm%j¾Okh lsÍfï ishü W;aidyhkays§w;HjYH nj;a"



60

Y%S ,dxlsl ckrcfha jHjia:djg wkqjia;%SmqreI iudc Ndùh iudk;ajhms<sf.k we;s nj;a" ia;%S mqreI Ndjh wkqjlsisfjl=g;a fjkia fldg ie,lSu ;ykïnj;a" ia;%SmqreI iudcNdùh wiudk;djhÿr,Sug ia:djr mshjr .kakd nj;a iy"

Y%S ,xldfõ mj;sk ldka;d m%{ma;shg wkqj

ldka;djf.a mQ¾K ixj¾Okhg yd iqnisoaêhg wjYH ish¨u wjYH;d imqrd,SugwjYH ksishdldr úi÷ï yd ;SrK .kakdnjg iy;sl lrk nj;a"

úfYaIfhkau jekaoUqjka fjkia fldgie,lSïj,g Ndckh jk nj;a idudcShyd ixialD;sl jYfhka fldka lsÍug"wmfhdackhg yd m%pKav;ajhg ,la jknj;a Tjqka issú,a iudcfha yd foaYmd,kjHqyhka ;=< mßmQ¾K f,i iyNd.SùugndOd muqKqjk whym;a fyda wjdikdjka;;eke;a;ka f,ig i,lkq ,nk nj;a"

jdiia:dk" wdydr iy wOHdmkh i`oydjQ udkj whs;sjdislï jekaoUqjkag yd

Tjqkaf.a orejkag wysñlsÍug u.mdokjekaoUqjkaf.a oßø;dj fya;=fjka iuia;hlaf,i iudchgu n,mdk jekaoUqjkaiïnkaOfhka mj;sk kskaod iy.; yd



61

fjkia fldg ie,lSïj, n,mEula mj;sknjg ms<sf.k we;s ksid;a"

jekaoUqjka m%Odk idudcSh yd wd¾Óll%shdldÍlhska jk njg;a .egqï ksrdlrKfhaoS" idu idlÉPdj, oS" iduh f.dvke.Sfï oS"mYapd;a-hqO m%;sixialrKfha oS yd jeo.;ald¾hNdrhla bgq lrk njg;a" iduh yd

wdrlaIdj m%j¾Okh lrkakka njg;a h<siy;sl lrñka"

Y%S ,xldj ;=< ldka;djka úYd, msßilajekaoUqjka yd ldka;d .DyuQ,slhska

jk nj;a ish¨u m%;sm;a;s f.dvke.Sfïlghq;= yd ;SrK .ekSïj, oS jekaoUqjkaf.aoDIaáfldaKh taldrdYS lsÍfï yosiswjYH;djla mj;sk njg;a Tjqkaf.a ixLHdjyd jd;djrK we.hSug" fjkiafldgie,lSï yd oßø;dj uq,skqmqgd oeóug ydTjqkaf.a wñ, idudcSh m%d.aOkh ms<s.ekSumsKsi j¾;udk yd wkd.; rchka úiskayels ish¨u l%shdud¾. .kakd njg iy;sllrk njg ms<sf.k we;s ksid;a"

Y%S ,xldfõ jekaoUqjka jk wms" fuhskabosßm;a lrkq ,nk wmf.a .eg¿ yd b,a,Sïmokï lr .;a cd;sl jekaoUq m%{ma;shlailia lrk fuka b,a,d isáuq'



62

1' wdrlaIdj iy iqrlaIs;;dj

yuqodlrKh iy yuqodjka wìuqj wmg

wmf.a wdrlaIdj iy iqrlaIs;;dj ms<sn|NS;shla mj;S'

fufia mj;sk NS;sldj ksid wmg wmf.a/lsrlaId lghq;= iy fi!LH fiajdjka,nd.ekSug hEfï wmyiq;djkag uqyqK

§ug isÿj we;’

iqrlaIs;;djfha wvqmdvqlï iy iaÓrjdiia:dk fkdue;slu ksid wmf.a ldhslwkdrlaIs;Ndjh ;Sj% lrhs'

yuqodlrKh iy yuqod fmkSisàu iDcqjuwmj ,sx.sl ysxikhg f.dÿreúh yelswjodkula u;= lr fmkajhs"

wdrlaIdj iemhSu j.lSula f,i mejÍwe;s wh" tkï fmd,Sish jeks wdh;k

m%pKav;ajfhau N+ñld rÕ olajk wdh;knjg m;aù we;'

tksidu wms fufia lshd isáuq'

yuqodlrKh kj;ajkq’ yuqod fiakxal jyd

bj;a lr.kq'W;=re kef.kysr m<d;aj, isú, iudclghq;=j,§ yuqod ksfhdackh wvq l<hq;=hs'



63

wdrlaIdj iemhSug ne£ isák” fmd,sishia;%Skaf.a wkdrlaIs;Ndjhg lghq;= fkdlrish rdcldßhkays fhÈh hq;=h’

wmf.a fhdackdjka(

1jeks j.ka;sh( wdrlaIdj yd iqrlaIs;Ndjh

w' jekaoUqka msßkeóula" ;Hd.hla fyda

Wreufhka fyda noaolska hk ud¾.hlska w;alr .;a Tjqkaf.a bvï fydafoam< —w,a,d .ekSu˜ iy Tjqkaj—fkrmd oeóu˜ fyda fjk;a ´kEuwdldrhl kS;s úfrdaë wysñlsÍulanrm;, wmrdO ldKavhla f,i o`vqjïl< yels wmrdO jroj,a fõ'

wd' jekaoUqjlf.a foam< lsisjla wehgwysñlsÍug fyda úksYaphlrefjlaf.afyda ufyaia;%d;ajrfhlaf.a ksfhda.

hla fkdue;sj wef.a orefjlaf.aNdrldr;ajh ,nd .ekSug W;aidy lrkfyda lghq;= lrk ´kEu ;eke;af;laoeä nrm;, wmrdO ldKavhla i`oydjrolre fõ'

we' jekaoUqjla YdÍßlj" udkislj fyda,sx.slj wmfhdackhg ,la lrk kEu;eke;af;la oeä nrm;, wmrdOldKavhla i`oyd jrolre fõ'



64

wE' ldka;djka yd .eyeKq <uhska ,sx.sliQrdlEu" n,y;aldrfhka .KsldjD;a;sfha ksr;lrùu yd l=Ügkhg

iïnkaO" fyda wdOdr lrk fyda wkqn,fok ´kEu ;eke;af;la oeä nrm;,wmrdO ldKavhla f,i o`vqjï l<yels jrola iòyd jrolre fõ'

b' fpdaokd k`.d we;s wmrdO iòydúkaos;hka njg m;aùug jekaoUqjkaleue;a; m< lr we; hkak fuukS;sfha oS ú;a;s jdplhla fkdfõ'

B' jekaoUqjka yd Tjqkaf.a orejka

YdÍßl yd ,sx.sl wmfhdackfhka"n,y;aldrfhka .Ksld jD;a;sfha ksr;lrùfuka yd l=Ügkfhka wdrlaIdlsÍu iòyd rch úiska iqÿiq ishül%shdud¾. .; hq;=h'

W' jekaoUqjka yd Tjqkaf.a hefmkakkaiòydTjqkaf.a mqoa.,sl ;;a;ajh" foam<yd wdrlaIdj iïnkaO lreKq ms<snòjúfYaI kS;s wdOdr uOHia:dk msysgqúhhq;=h'

W!' YdÍßl wmfhdackg" ,sx.sl wmfhdackhg"n,y;aldrfhka .Ksld jD;a;sfhaksr;lrùug yd l=Ügkhg Ndckh



65

jQ jekaoUqjka yd Tjqkaf.a hefmkakkaiòyd fkdñf,a WmfoaYkh yd laIKslffjoH fiajd imhk jekaoUq /ljrK

uOHia:dk msysgqúh hq;=h'

t' wNHka;rj wj;eka jQ jekaoUqjka ydTjqkaf.a hefmkakka wdrlaId lsÍuiòyd rdcH úiska ish¨ fhda.H ydúfYaI l%shdud¾. .; hq;=h'

t' jekaoUqjka yd Tjqkaf.a hefmkakkaúiska lrkq ,nk meñKs,s yd m%YakúuiSïj,g myiqlï ie,iSu ydiydhùu msKsi ishü fmd,sia

ia:dkj, ldka;d fmd,sia ks,Odßkshkam;a l< hq;=h'

T' jekaoUqjka YÍrh fyda Tjqkaf.aksjdij, isÿ lrk ishü wdrlaIlfidaosis lsÍïj, oS ldka;d fmd,sia

ks,OdÍka legqj hd hq;= jk w;r fuukS;shg mgyeksj isÿ lrk ´kEufidaosis lsÍula kS;súfrdaë fõ'

´' rcfha wod< wêldÍka úiska jekaoUqidlaIslrejka yg úfYaI wdrlaIdjla

ie,ish hq;=h'

l' —ldka;djkag tfrys m%pKav;ajh˜ hkmohg jekaoUqjg tfrysYdÍßl" ,sx.sl



66

fyda udkisl ydksh fyda mSvkh we;slrk l%shdjka isÿ lsÍug lrk ;¾ckh"n,y;aldrh fyda ksoyi wysñlsÍu

we;=¿j YdÍßl" ,sx.sl fyda udkislydksh fyda mSvkh m%;sM,h jk fydam%;sM,h úh yels ia;%S-mqreINdjhmokï lr .;a m%pKav;ajfha ´kEul%shdjla we;=,;a fõ'

.' ish¨u isú,a mßmd,kh isú,a ks,OdÍkaúiska ñi yuqod ks,OdÍka úiska isÿfkdlrk njg rch j.n,d .; hq;=h'

2' Ôjfkdamdhka yd iudc iqrlaIs;;djhwmf.a Ôjfkdamdh wjia:d w;sYhskau iSñ;jk w;r iD;= wkqj j.d lghq;s flfrkneúkaoa iSudjka mj;S' tn÷ iSudiys;wjia:dj,§ mjd wmj fjkiafldg

ie,lSïj,g ,lafjhs' ^tkï msßñkagojilg re' 1000$- isg 500$- olajd f.joa§ia;%shlg f.jkq ,nkafka re'300$- la jekswvq uqo,ls'&

wmf.a l=i,;d j¾Okhka i|yd mqyqKqùï

wjia:do msßñkag jvd fnfyúka wvqh’tksidu wmf.a iSñ; l=i,;d j¾Okhlr.;a fkdyel’ iaÓr wdodhula fkdue;sÿmam;lfuka mSvd ú¢k ldka;d



67

.Dyuq,slhbka jk wmg uQ,H wdh;kj,ska Kh myiqlï o ,nd.; fkdyel'

wdKavqfjka l%shd;aul flfrk iuyriajhka /lshd jevigykaj, m%;s,dNSkagjhia iSudjla mkjd we;' Wod( m%;s,dNSkawjqreÿ 50 g wvq úhhq;=h’ th wjqreÿ 50gjeä iaõhka /lshd ,dNS ldka;djkag

flfrk fjkiafldg ie,lSuls'

fmdfydr iykdOdr jHdmD;= yd wfkl=;alDIsl¾u §ukd yd iyk iemfhkafkaoù f.dúhkag mu‚ Wiaìï j.d lrk

f.ú,shkag fuu iyk fkd,efnhs'

há;, myiqlï wvqlu" tkï m%jdyk yduka udj;a myiqlï wvqlu wmf.a iSñ;j.d lghq;=j,g ndOd muqKqjhs'

fndfyda m%foaYj," úYd, idrj;a j.dìïyuqodjka úiska w;am;a lrf.k isákneúka wmg wmf.a yqre mqreÿ j.dìï j,ghEu j<lajd we;'

fufia Ôjfkdamdhka iSud ùu ksid wmgiuyrúg kS;súfrdaë wdodhï Wmhk ud¾.j,g mjd wj;s¾K jkakg isÿù ;sfí'tkï kS;Súfrdaë f,i u;ameka fmÍu iy



68

ueofmrÈ.g .Dyfiaúldjka fia ixl%uKhùu ienúkau wmf.a mjq,aj,g iDcqjuwys;lr fia n,mdk ldrKhkah'


ck;d iydhl jHdmD;s l%shd;aul lrkrdcH wdhgyk j,g fukau rdcH fkdjkwdh;kj,go wms fuis n,lr lshd isáuq'

tkï m%foaYfha mj;akd ;;a;ajhkagwkqrEmSj ldka;d .DyuQ,slhskaf.a wjYH;dyd l=i,;d y÷kdf.k ta wkqj tujevigyka ie,iqï fldg l%shd;aul úhhq;=h'

rch u.ska l%shd;aul flfrk jevigykaj,§ ldka;d .DyuQ,slhska i|yd jhia iSudfkdmekúh hq;=h'

Wiaìï j.djkays fhfok ldka;djkag

fmdfydr iykdkdOdr yd wfkl=;amyiqlï yd Kh uqo,a ,nd Èh hq;=h'

m%dfoaYSh wd¾Ólh fukau m%dfoaYSh m%cdjf.aoixj¾Okh yd Yla;su;a lsÍu wrNhdfN!;sl ixj¾Okh yd wd¾Ól xaj¾Okh

isÿúh hq;=h'

ldka;djkaf.a fj<|fmd< l=i,;d i|ydmqyqKq ,nd Èh hq;af;a Tjqkaf.a wfkl=;a j.d



69

jevlghq;= j,oS flfrk ksIamdokhkagiaÓr fj<| fmd<lao ilid §ug ie,iqïilia lsÍfuks'

há;, myiqlï ixj¾Okh" tkï uxudj;ailia lsÍu" úÈ myka fh§u fukau fmdÿm%jdyk lghq;= ixj¾Okh lsÍu wêfõ.Sud¾. fomi muKla fkdj wNHka;rfha

we;s ÿIalr .ï kshï.ï olajd jHdma; l<hq;= fjhs’

wmf.a fhdackdjka(

2jeks j.ka;sh(Ôjfkdamdhka yd iudc

iqrlaIs;;djh

w' jekaoUqjkag wfkla ldka;djkagyd mqreIhkag fukau iudk /lshdwjia:djkag" ksmqK;d mqyqKqjg ydfõ;k ,eîug whs;sh ;sfí'

wd' ldka;djla jekaoUqjla ùu" wjux.Hjdß;% bgq lsÍu i`oyd /lshdfjkaksjdvq ,nd .; hq;=ùu fyda fYdalhokjk we`ÿï we`oSu fya;=fjka wehj

/lshdfjka bj;a lsÍu kS;s úfrdaëjk w;r tfia fiajfhka my lsÍugj.lsj hq;= ;eke;a;ka jrolgjrolrejka jk w;r tjeks fiajfhka



70

mylrkq ,eîulg Ndckh jk ´kEuldka;djlg kej; fiajfha msysgqjkq,eîug muKla fkdj tlS fjkia

fldg ie,lSu fjkqfjka jkaoshlaysñlïmEug whs;sh we;'

we' jekaoUqjlf.a jekaoUqNdjh" jhi fydahefmkakka ixLHdj u; wehj rcfha

cSjfkdamdh wkq.%y jevigykaj,skabj;a lsÍu kS;súfrdaë fõ'

b' jekaoUqjkag yd Wiaìï j.djkaysfhfok ldka;djkag fmdfydr ydwfkl=;a iykdkdOdr myiqlï,nd Èh

hq;=h'

B' .ïudkj, yd ÿIalr m%foaYj, isÿ lrkwd¾Ól fyda há;,myiqlï wdfhdackfyda ixj¾Ok lghq;=j, oS m%foaYSh

wd¾Ólh yd m%cdj Yla;su;a lsÍu iòydm%dfoaYSh iïm;a yd ksmqK;d Wmfhda.Slr .ekSug yd ixj¾Okhg m%uqL;djhoSu fjkqfjka ishü l%shdud¾. .ekSuiòyd rchg wksjd¾h lsÍu'

W' ÿIalr wNHka;r m%foaYj,há;,myiqlï ixj¾Okh lsÍurch u`.ska ;yjqre lsÍu yd ta iòydm%uqL;djh ,ndoSu'



71

3' ysñlï iy iqN idOk i|yd m%fõYùu

hqoaOh ksid fndfyduhlf.a fm!oa.,sla ,sms

f,aLK úkdYùu ksid" tkï ksjdi iyfoam, j, whs;sh lshefjk Tmamq hkdÈhbÈßm; l< fkdyel’ tksidu Tjqkag ksjdijydu kej;a f.dvke.Su i|yd;a" tajdgwdrlaIs; ikSmdrlaIl myiqlï m%udKj;a

f,i bÈlr .ekaug fkdyelsh’ tfukauldka;djkaf.a wd¾Ól iqrlaIs;;dj ÈhqKqlr .ekaug fyda wdodhï Wmhk ud¾.j,Odß;dj¾Okh lr .ekauo wr.,hlau ùwe;'

fndfyda jevigyka j,§ idudðlhska úYd,m%udKhla isák mjq,aj,g úfYaI ie,ls,a,,efnk kuqÿ fo;=ka fok ldka;djkamuKla isák mjq,aj,g ksis wjOdkhlafkd,efí'

úúO iydhl jevigyka" tkï ksjdijHdmD;s" w;ajev §ï wd§ bÈlsÍï lghq;=j,§iuyr .Dy uQ,sl ldka;djkag isÿjkafkal=,S f.jd jev lr.kakg hEu ksid Kh.e;sNdjh jeäùula isvqfjhs' th lnf,ka

,smg jeàuls'

;j;a ksoiqkla kï" há;,myiqlï ;ukaúiskau imhd .;hq;= nj md,lhka lshoa§



72

ldka;djka w;rux fjhs' úÿ,s lKq imhd.ekSug yd úÿ,s /yeka imhd.ekSugldka;dfjda fndfydaúg wiu;a fj;s'

fïjd iemhSu we;af;kau isÿúh hq;af;arch u.sks' fï ÿIalr;djka ksid úÿ,shimhd .kakg fkdyelsùu ldka;djkaf.amqoa., wdrlaIdjg úYd, ;¾ckhls' úÿ,shfkdue;slï Tjqkaf.a wkdrlaIs; nj ;Sj%

lrk ldrKhla nj kej; kej;;a lsjhq;=ke;'

rch úiska flfrk ;Skaÿ .ekSïj, lsisÿúksúoNdjhla fkdue;s iajNdjh ksidulKavdhï w;r fjkiafldg ie,lSï

isÿjk njg wys;lr yeÕSï we;sfjhs'tkï ldka;d .DyuQ,slhska tu.ska fiiqiudcfhka fldkaùula isÿfjhs'

by< hk Ôjk úhou yd mj;sk WoaOukhksid rcfhka msßkukq ,nk fidÉpï hemSï§ukdj Ôj;aùug lsisfia;a fkdiß,k njwjOdrKh l< hq;=hs'


ia;%Skau b,lal lr .;a úfYaI jevigyka

ldka;djkaf.a úkdYjQ fm!oa.,sl ,smsf,aLK" bvï Tmamq hkdÈh kej; ,nd.ekSug jevms<sfj,la l%shd;aul úhhq;=hs'



73

ldka;d .DyuQ,slhskag Tjqkaf.a Ôú;a h<sf.dvk.d .ekSu i|yd Tjqkag iß,kjegqmla ,nd fok Ôjfkdamdhka ilid

fok iydhl jevigyka l%shd;aul l<hq;=h'

fuu ia;%Ska i|yd rcfhka ,efnk ysñlïyd iy.kdOdr ms<sn|j;a" tajd ,nd .kakd

m%fõYhka ms<sn|j;a tfiau Tjqka ms<sn|jrch .kq ,nk ;Skaÿ yd ;SrK ms<sn|j;aúksúo Ndjhla ;sìh hq;=hs'

Ôjk §ukdj iu.u úfYaI úY%du jegqma§ukdjla o l%shd;aul lsÍfï jevms<sfj<laie,iqï fldg l%shd;aul l< hq;=hs'

wmf.a fhdackdjka(

3jeks j.ka;sh( ysñlï iy iqN idOki|yd m%fõYùu

w' jekaoUqjkag úY%du jegqma yd mjq,am%;s,dN ,eîug whs;shla ;sfnk w;rfuu m%;s,dN ,nd .ekSfï m%fõYhgndOd lrk ´kEu ks,OdÍjdoS ndOdjka

bj;a lsÍug rdcH j.n,d .; hq;=h' wd' jekaoUqjka ysñlï ,nk m%;s,dNSka

jk ish¨u uQ,H yd fjk;a iydhka



74

iïnkaOfhka oekqj;a lsÍug yd tum%;s,dN fj; m%fõYùug Tjqkagiydhùug iòyd rch úiska wjYHúfYaI mshjr .ekSu'

we' foam< Tmamq yd y`ÿkd .ekSfï f,aLKjeks jekaoUqjkaf.a ke;s jQ mqoa.,sl,smsf,aLK fidhd .ekSug iydhùu

iòyd yd tu lghq;= blauka lsÍuiòyd wdo< rdcH n,OdÍka úiskaúfYaI l%shdud¾. .kakd njg rchúiska j.n,d .; hq;=h'

wE' rch úiska jekaoUqjkag imhk wdOdrjevigyka iïnkaOfhka lghq;= lrkishü rdcH ksfhdacs;dh;k ;=<wksjd¾h" mdroDYH yd j.lSu ork;SrK .ekSfï l%shdj,shla n,d;aull< hq;=h'

b' orejka" wkd: orejka" jeäysá;eke;a;ka" frda.Ska" ;=jd, ,enQ;eke;a;ka yd fn,ySk ;eke;a;kajeks jekaoUqjkaf.a hefmkakka y`ÿkd

.ekSug yd Tjqkag iydhoSfï oS mj;skwvqmdvq msßuid we;s njg ;yjqre lsÍuiòyd rch úiska fhda.H ish¨ mshjr.; hq;=h'



75

4' wOHdmkh

ikakoaO wr.,h ksid wOHdmk lghq;=

u. yereKq orejkaf.a fukau wOHdmklghq;= lvd jegqKq orejkag u. yereKqwOHdmkh kej; ,nd .ekSfï wjYH;dju;=j we;'

ÿmam;a lu ksid;a fndfyda orejkaf.a

wVHdmkh lvd jeà we;’ tfiau <uqka mdie,aj,g we;=,a lrjd .ekSfï§ f.dvke.s,sixj¾Ok wruqo,a hkd§ jYfhka uqo,a,nd .ekSfï isß;a oeka mgka f.k we;’ldka;d .Dy uQ,slhd uy;a wiSre;djhlgm;a fõ' tjka lreKq ksid orejkao" ia;%Skao

wOHdmk i|yd olajk Wkkaÿj msÍyShñkamj;S'

tksid wms fufia lshd isáuq'

oßø;d f¾Ldfõ my<ska isák <uhskag

úfYaI wjOdkh fhduqlr wOHdmkh ,nd§ug úfYaI §ukdjlA ,nd Èh hq;=h'

hqoaOh ksid wOHdmkh lvd jegqKq orejkagu.yereKq mdvï kej; lshd§fï úfYaIjevigyka l%shd;aul l< hq;=h'

hqoaOfha wksis n,mEu ksid udkisljHdl+,;jkag f.dÿre jQ orejkag ufkdaWmfoaYk fiajd jevigyka mdie,auÜgfuka l%shd;aul úhhq;=h'



76

wmf.a fhdackdjka(

4jeks j.ka;sh( wOHdmkh

w' rch úiska oßø;d f¾Lfjka my< uÜgfïcSj;ajk jekaoUqjkaf.a orejkaf.a ydnd,jhialdr hefmkakkaf.a m%;s,dNhiòyd úfYaI wOHdmk oSukd fhdackdl%uiy;sl l< hq;=h'

wd' jekaoUqjkaf.a orejkag fydahefmkakkag úfYaI wOHdmk YsIH;aj,nd osh hq;=h'

we' rch úiska ish ksjdij,ska neyer /

lshd lrk jekaoUqjkaf.a hefmkakkaiòyd <ud-/ljrK yd jeäysá-/ljrKhg wdOdr lsÍu'

wE' hqO .egqu fya;=fjka mdie,a hdugndOd jQ <uhska iòyd ishü rcfha

mdie,aj, wksjd¾h úfYaI wOHdmkmdvq msßueiSfï jevigyka meje;aùu'

b' rch úiska hqoaOfhka n,mEug,la jQ ishü <uhska iòyd úfYaIufkdaúoHd;aul WmfoaYkh iemhSugm%uqL;dj oSu yd th ;yjqre lsÍu'

B' wjYH wjia:dj, oS" rch úiskajekaoUqjkag ish orejka fyda



77

nd,jhialdr hefmkakka mdie,aheùfï wdjiaÓl msßjeh ;=,kh lsÍui`oyd uQ,H wkq.%yh iemhSu'

5' fmdaIKh yd fi!LHh

fndfyda ldka;d .Dy uQ,slhska ;=<mj;skdhym;a fi!LH ;;a;ajh" ÿmam;aluksidu fi!LH myiqlï ,nd .ekSud we;sndOdjka" hqoaOfhka isÿjQ ;=jd, yd wndOfukau udkiql .eg¿ hkdÈh wmg Tjqkaiu. wmf.a uq¿ Odß;dj fhdojd Tjqkaiu. jevlsÍug ndOd muqKqjhs'

fun÷ .DyuQ,sl ldka;djkaf.a orejkanr wvq wh fukau ukao fmdaIKfhkafmf<kafkdao fj;s'

wikSm j,g fnfy;a .ekSug hdu wm

fndfydaúg fkdlrkafka ta i|yd uqojilau .;jk ksid;a tu.ska ojil jegqmwmg wysñ jk ksid;ah'wj;ekaù isák fndfydafofkl=g fi!LHm%;s,dN yd fiajdjka fkd,efnkafka Tjqka,shdmÈxÑ ù isákafka fjk;a m%foaY j,neúks'

wm fndfyda úg ojilg ;=kafõ,lalkafka ke;’ wmg ,efnk Ôjk §ukdj



78

jk remsh,a 250$- ka wm lrkafka orejkaguia fyda ud¿ ñ<g .ekSuhs'

tksid wms fufia lshd isáuq'wmg úfYaIjQ hym;a fi!LH m%fõYhkawjYHh’ jeäjYafhkau m%ckl fi!LHfiajdjka i|ydh’ m%ckl fi!LH fiau" Wm;amd,k l%u yd wdrlaIs; l%u fõo ms<sme§fï

whs;sh yd tu f;dr;=re oek.ekSfïwhs;sh wdrlaId lr §uo wjYHh'

wj;ekajQ whg Tjqka oekg mÈxÑj isákia:dkfha§ fi!LH myiqlï ,nd.ekSugbvlv ,n Èh hq;=h'

wmf.a fhdackdjka(

5jeks j.ka;sh(fmdaIKh yd fi!LHh

w' jekaoUqjkaf.a ffjjdysl ;;a;ajh

fyda oßø;dj fya;=fjka Tjqkag fi!LHfiajdjkag m%fõY ùug we;s ´kEundOdjla kS;súfrdaë fõ'

wd' oßø;d f¾Ldfjka my< uÜgïj, cSj;ajkjekaoUq frda.Skag m%;sldr lsÍfï oSTjqkag frdayf,a m%uqL;dj ,ndoSu'

we' jekaoUqjkag m%ckk$ Wm;amd,kúl,am ms<sn`oj m%udKj;a f;dr;=re



79

,nd .ekSug;a f;dr;=re,;a f;dard.ekSï isÿ lsÍug;a whs;shla we;'

wE' jekaoUqjkag m%ckk fi!LH fiajd"mjq,a ie,iqï fiajd fj; m%fõYùugwe;s ´kEu ndOdjl kS;súfrdaë fõ'

b' jekaoUqjka n,y;aldrfhka isÿ lrk

j`onjg m;a lsÍfï m%;sldr fydal%shdj,s kS;súfrdaë jk w;r tjeksl%shdjla isÿ lrk ´kEu ;eke;af;lanrm;, wmrdO ldKavhla f,i o`vqjïl< yels jrola i`oyd jrolre fõ'

6' iudc yd ixialD;sl .eg¿

újdyl mqreIhd ñh.sh fyda ldidoh levqKqfndfyda ldka;djka iudc wjudkhg ,lalsÍfï m%jK;djla wm ikaialD;sfha we;’fï fya;=fjka wehj iudc yd w.ñlisÿùïj,§ fldka lrkq ,nhs' fjklla;nd wmf.a we÷ï me<÷ïo úfõpkh lrkq,nkafka ks¾oh whqßks' kej; újdyùug leu;s whg tfia lsÍug ìfhka

miqniskafka kej; újdy jqjfyd;a orejkaúhm;a foudmshka <Õ ;nd fojeks mqreIhdiu. f.oßka msg jkakg n, flfrkksidh"



80


wmgo f.!rjdkaú;j Ôj;a ùug bvlv

;sìh hq;=h’ msßñkag fukau wfkl=;amqrjeishkag fukafu jekaoUqjkagoiudcfha tldldr ie,ls,a,la ;sìh hq;=hs'ta nj ;yjqre flfrk" ta whqßka iudcwdl,am fjkia flfrk oekqj;a lsÍfïjevigyka wm Ôj;ajk m%foaYfha l%shd;aul

l< hq;=hs'kv;a;= kvq j,g blauka úi÷ï ,nd Èhhq;=hs'

kv;a;= kvqj, pQÈ;hska jQ msßñka jkaÈ

uqo,a f.ùug Widúhg fkd tkafka kïia;%Ska úhoï lr f.k tys udislj hdhq;=ke;’ tkï th ,nd fkdfok njg meñ‚,slsÍug úhoï lr f.k hdhq;= ke;'

wmf.a fhdackdjka(

6jeks j.ka;sh( iudc yd ixialD;slwhs;sjdislï

w' jekaoUqjkag ish jhi yd ffjjdyl;;a;ajh fkdi,ld ish¨u mqreIhkayd ldka;djkag iudkj whs;sjdislïN=la;s úoSug whs;sh we;'

wd' jekaoUqjka mjq, ;=< oS fyda mqoa.,slcSú;fha oS fyda m%cdj ;=< oS yd fmdÿ



81

cSú;fha oS jpkfhka fyda l%shdfjkafjkia fldg ie,lSug Ndckh fkdl<hq;=h'

we' pdß;%hla u; isÿ lrkq ,enQj ojekaoUqjlf.a tyd fuyd hduiïnkaOfhka jk ´kEu iSud lsÍulakS;súfrdaë jk w;r jekaoUqjlgiSud meKùu iòyd j.lsj hq;= ´kEu;eke;af;la wmrdO jrolg jrolrefõ'

wE' jekaoUqjlg ish mosxÑh" wdydrfõ,"we`ÿï me<`ÿï yd cSjk rgdj f;dard

.ekSug whs;sh we;'b' jekaoUqjlg kej; újdyùug whs;sh

we;s w;r wef.a f;dard .ekSu u;lsishï ;eke;af;la iu`. újdy ùugksoyi ;sfí'

B' jekaoUqjlf.a f;dard .ekSula fkdjk;eke;af;la kej; újdy lr .ekSuiòyd wehg n,y;aldrh mEu kS;súfrdaëjk w;r tjeks n,y;aldrh mEu iòydj.lsj hq;= ´kEu ;eke;af;la wmrdO

jrolg jrolre fõ'

W' nyqNd¾hd fiajkh yd nyqmqreI fiajkhkS;súfrdaë jk w;r rch úiska kej;



82

újdy ù isák jekaoUqjla wdrlaId lsÍumsKsi tjeks jeros lrk ;eke;a;kagúreoaOj il%Shj kvq mejÍu iy;sl

l< hq;=h'

W!' jekaoUqjka iïnkaOfhka mj;sk kEuwdldrhl RKd;aul yxjvq.eiSïfjkia lsÍu iòyd uyck wOHdmkh

yd kdhlhskaf.a wdl,am fjkia lsÍfïmqyqKq yryd fhda.H ish¨ mshjr .;hq;=h'

t' pdß;%jdß;%" iïm%odh fyda wd.u Wmqgdolajñka jekaoUqjka wmfhdackhg ,la

lsÍu hqla;siy.; fkdl< hq;=h'

ta' jekaoUqjka w;r iajhx-Wmldr ydiún,.ekaùfï lKavdhï ixúOdkhlsÍug wkq.%yh oelaùu iòyd fhda.H

ish¨ mshjr .; hq;=h'

T' wêlrKj, we;s oslalido oSukd$kv;a;=kvq lghq;= blauka úiòsh hq;= jk w;rlssishï wêlrKhla u`.ska kshu l<tjeks oslalido oSukdjla fyda kv;a;=

f.ùu wëlaIKh lsÍug yd miqúmrïlghq;= lsÍug iu;a wêlrKfhkaneyerj l%shd;aul jk M,odhS l%uhlarch úiska ;yjqre l< hq;=h'



83

7' w;=reoyka jQ mjqf,a iduðlhska fydamqoa.,hska w;awvx.=fõ ;nd .ekSu

w;=reoyka jQ fyda w;awvx.=fõ ;ndf.kwe;s mqoa.,hska f.a .eg¿j,g fnfyúkawjOdkh fhduq l< hq;= fjhs'

wmg wmf.a w;=reoyka jQ mqoa.,hska" mq;=ka

yd ifydaorhska fidhd f.k hEfï Yla;shlake;'

fuu kvqj, kS;suh ;;a;ajhka ms<sn|jwmg lsisÿ f;dr;=rla fkd,efnk w;r wmsta ms<sn|j lsisï fohla fkdokafkuq' tfiau

kS;s u.ska lghq;= lsÍfï yelshdjlao wmgke;'

újdyl mqreIhdf.a urKh isÿù we;akïNd¾hdjg f.jkafka fidÉpï §ukdjls'


rch u.ska wmg w;=reoyka jQjka ms<sn|f;dr;=re fidhd Èh hq;=hs'

w;a wvx.=fõ isák wh kvq wid blau‚kaksoyia l< hq;=hs'

tu kvq weiSu i|yd kS;suh wdOdr fukaum%udKj;a f;dr;=re tu mjq,aj,g ,nd



84

§u yd tu kvqj, m%.;sh mjq,aj,g okajdisáh hq;=hs'

w;=reoyka jQjka fjkqfjka urK iy;slhn÷ ms<s.; yels rdcH ,shú,a,flumjq,aj,g ,nd Èh hq;=hs' rdcH yd kS;suhlghq;=j,§;a" Tmamq mejÍfïÈ yd <uqkamdie,aj, we;=,;a lsÍfïÈ fukau jkaÈ,nd .ekSfï§ j,x.= jk wdldrhg tu,shú,a, rdcH uqødj fhdod ilia l< hq;=fjhs'

w;=reoyka jQjka ms<sn|j fiùu j,gfmd,sishg meñ‚,s lrkakg hk .DyuQ,sl

ldka;djkag ta i|yd fmd,sia ldka;jlameñ‚,s igyka lr.kakd fjku meñ‚,sfïihla ;sìh hq;=h’ tu.ska wehg fmd,siaks,OdÍka yuqjkakg hkjd hhs lshñkaiudcfhka t,a,jk fpdaokd j,ska ñ§ug;a"fmd,sia ks,OdÍka w;ska ,ska.sl yskaikhg

fyda fjkiafldg ie,lSïj,g Ndck jkwjia:do j<lajd,sh yelsh'

jkaÈ f.ùfï jevigyka j,§ f;dr;=re,nd .ekSug bv lv ,nd Èh hq;=h’ flfiafyda w;=reoykajQ ;eke;a;df.a Ôú;fha

jákdlï fidÉÉï §ukdjlska yE,al< hq;= ke;’ tmuKla fkdj Ôj;ajkmjq,aj,o f.!rjho fidÉÉï §ukdjlska.erySug ,lajk nj wu;l l< hq;= ke;'



85

w;=reoyka jQ whf.a mjq,aj,go jkaÈ uqo,a,nd Èh hq;=h'

wmf.a fhdackdjka(7jeks j.ka;sh( w;=reoyka jQ ;eke;a;kaiy mjqf,a idudðlhska w;awvx.=fõ ;nd.ekSu

w' w;=reoyka jQ ;eke;a;kaf.a i;HixLHdj" kï" ;;a;ajhka yd Tjqkaisák ;eka rch úiska wksjd¾fhkaufy<sorõ lsÍu'

wd' foaYmd,k /òúhka yd ;%ia;jdohje<elaùfï mk; hgf;a ròjd f.k

isák ;eke;a;ka iïnkaOfhkawêlrKj, ;sfnk kvq lghq;= blaukal< hq;= jk w;r wêlrKfhka ksoyialrkq ,nk ;eke;a;ka uqodyeÍuiy;sl l< hq;=h'

we' ròjd f.k isáka ;eke;a;ka iòydkS;s wdOdr ,ndosh hq;= jk w;rTjqkaf.a kvq lghq;=j, m%.;sh ms<snòjm%udKj;a f;dr;=re Tjqkaf.a mjqf,aidudcslhska fj; ,nd osh hq;=h'

wE' bvï wjir n,m;% ksl=;a lsÍu yd w¨;alsÍu" foam< mejÍu" <uhska mdie,aj,gwe;=,;a lr .ekSu yd jkaos ,nd .ekSujeks ishü ks, .kqfokq iïnkaOfhka



ishü rdcH yd wêlrK l%shdj,sj,skaurK iy;slh fjkqjg ms<s.kakdiy;slhla rch úiska —w;=reoyka jQ

;eke;a;ka fjkqfjka ksl=;a lsÍu'

b' w;=reoyka jQ ;eke;a;kaf.a mjq,aj,ldka;d idudcslhska yd nd,jhialdr{d;Ska isák wjia:dj, oS w;=reoyka jQ;eke;a;kagiïnkaOhla we;s mqoa.,hska

fyda ia:dk ms<snò úu¾Ykfha fydafidaosis lsÍfï fldgila f,i ldka;dfmd,sia ks,OdÍka nòjd .ekSu'

B' rch úiska w;=reoyka jQ ;eke;a;kaf.amjq,a iòyd jkaos msßkeófï fhdackdl%u ilia lsÍu'

W' rch úiska w;=reoyka jQ ;eke;a;kaf.amjq,a iòyd ,nd .; yels jkaos ydTjqkag tu jkaos ,nd .; yels l%shdj,sms<snò f;dr;=re iemhSu'

W!' w;=reoyka jQ ;eke;a;kaf.a mjq,a iòyd,nd fok jkaosj,ska wysñ jQ cSú;fha

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