wiley edition 13 ch26

Package Title: Testbank

Course Title: pap14e

Chapter Number: 26

Question type: Multiple Choice

1) Which is not a major function of the kidney?

a) regulation of blood ionic composition

b) regulation of blood cell size

c) regulation of blood volume

d) regulation of blood pressure

e) regulation of blood pH

Answer: b

Difficulty: Easy

Study Objective 1: SO 26.1 List the functions of the kidneys.

Section Reference 1: Sec 26.1 Overview of Kidney Functions

2) This is the formation of a new glucose molecule.

a) glycolysis

b) gluconeogenesis

c) glucosamine

d) glucose

e) calcitriol

Answer: b

Difficulty: Medium



3) Which of the following is a waste product normally excreted by the kidneys?

a) urea

b) glucose

c) insulin

d) cholesterol

e) carbon dioxide

Answer: a

Difficulty: Easy



4) This is smooth dense irregular connective tissue that is continuous with the outer coat of the

ureter.

a) adipose capsule

b) renal capsule

c) renal hilus

d) renal cortex

e) renal medulla

Answer: b

Difficulty: Medium

Study Objective 1: SO 26.2 Describe the anatomy of the kidneys

Study Objective 2: SO 26.2.1 Describe the external and internal gross anatomical features of the

kidneys.

Section Reference 1: Sec 26.2 Anatomy and Histology of the Kidneys

5) The portion of the kidney that extends between the renal pyramids is called the

a) renal columns

b) renal medulla

c) renal pelvis

d) calyces

e) renal papilla

Answer: a

Difficulty: Medium



kidneys.


6) Which is the correct order of blood flow through the kidneys?

a) renal artery > segmental artery > interlobular artery > peritubular capillaries > afferent

arterioles

b) interlobar arteries > arcuate arteries > glomerular capillaries > arcuate veins

c) arcuate veins > arcuate arteries > glomerular capillaries > renal vein

d) renal vein > segmental arteries > interlobar arteries > efferent arterioles

e) interlobar veins > afferent arterioles > efferent arterioles > glomerular capillaries

Answer: b

Difficulty: Hard


Study Objective 2: SO 26.2.2 Trace the path of blood flow through the kidneys.


7) Which is the correct order of filtrate flow?

a) glomerular capsule, proximal convoluted tubule (PCT), nephron loop, distal convoluted tubule

(DCT), collecting duct

b) nephron loop, glomerular capsule, PCT, DCT, collecting duct

c) ascending limb of loop, PCT, DCT, collecting duct

d) collecting duct, DCT, PCT, collecting duct, glomerular capsule

e) PCT, glomerular capsule, DCT, collecting duct, nephron loop

Answer: a

Difficulty: Medium


Study Objective 2: SO 26.2.3 Describe the structure of renal corpuscles and renal tubules.


8) Which structure of the nephron reabsorbs the most substances?

a) glomerular capsule

b) nephron loop

c) ascending limb

d) collecting duct

e) proximal convoluted tubule

Answer: e

Difficulty: Medium

Study Objective 1: SO 26.5 Describe tubular reabsorption and secretion.

Study Objective 2: SO 26.5.2 Describe how specific segments of the renal tubule and collecting

duct reabsorb water and solutes.

Section Reference 1: Sec 26.5 Tubular Reabsorption and Tubular Secretion.

9) This is the structure of the nephron that filters blood.

a) glomerular capsule

b) nephron loop

c) ascending limb

d) collecting duct

e) renal tubule

Answer: a

Difficulty: Medium




10) This term means the return of substances into the blood stream from the filtrate.

a) reabsorption

b) filtration

c) secretion

d) excretion

e) none of these choices

Answer: a

Difficulty: Medium





11) This is a nephron process that results in a substance in blood entering the already formed

filtrate.

a) reabsorption

b) filtration

c) secretion

d) excretion

e) none of these choices

Answer: c

Difficulty: Medium





12) This layer of filtration membrane is composed of collagen fibers and proteoglycans in a

glycoprotein matrix.

a) glomerular endothelial cells

b) basal lamina

c) pedicels

d) filtration slits

e) slit membrane

Answer: b

Difficulty: Medium

Study Objective 1: SO 26.4 Describe glomerular filtration.

Study Objective 2: SO 26.4.1 Describe the filtration membrane.

Section Reference 1: Sec 26.4 Glomerular Filtration

13) This occurs when stretching triggers contraction of smooth muscle walls in afferent

arterioles.

a) glomerular filtration rate

b) tubulomerular feedback

c) myogenic mechanism

d) renal autoregulation

e) capsular hydrostatic pressure

Answer: c

Difficulty: Medium




14) This occurs when a substance passes from the fluid in the tubular lumen through the apical

membrane, across the cytosol, and then into the interstitial fluid.

a) paracellular reabsoprtion

b) transcellular reabsoprtion

c) apical reasborption

d) basolateral reabsorption

e) active transport

Answer: b

Difficulty: Medium


Study Objective 2: SO26.5.1 Describe the routes and mechanisms of tubular reabsorption and

secretion.


15) The proximal convoluted tubules reabsorb which percentage of filtered water?

a) 25%

b) 50%

c) 65%

d) 80%

e) 99%

Answer: c

Difficulty: Medium


Study Objective 2: SO 26.5.1 Describe the routes and mechanisms of tubular reabsorption and

secretion.


16) Which of the following is NOT a way angiotensin II affects the kidneys?

a) It increases GFR

b) It can decrease GFR

c) It enhances reabsorption of certain ions

d) It stimulates the release of aldosterone

e) None of these choices

Answer: a

Difficulty: Medium





17) Urea recycling can cause a buildup of urea in the

a) renal capsule

b) nephron loop

c) ascending tubule

d) renal medulla

e) renal pelvis

Answer: d

Difficulty: Medium

Study Objective 1: SO 26.6 Describe how the renal tubule and collecting ducts produce dilute

and concentrated urine.

Section Reference 1: Sec 26.6 Production of Dilute and Concentrated Urine

18) Increased secretion of hydrogen ions would result in a(n) ______________ of blood

____________?

a) increase, pressure

b) decrease, volume

c) increase, sodium levels

d) decrease, pH

e) increase, urea

Answer: d

Difficulty: Medium





19) Increased secretion of aldosterone would result in a(n) ______________ of blood

____________?

a) increase, potassium

b) decrease, volume

c) increase, calcium levels

d) decrease, pH

e) increase, sodium

Answer: e

Difficulty: Medium





20) An analysis of the physical, chemical, and microscopic properties of urine is called

a) urinalysis

b) filtration study

c) concentration study

d) diuretic

e) osmolarity

Answer: a

Difficulty: Easy

Study Objective 1: SO 26.7 Understand urinalysis and renal plasma clearance.

Study Objective 2: SO 26.7.1 Define urinalysis and describe its importance.

Section Reference 1: Sec 26.7 Evaluation of Kidney Function

21) Water accounts for which percentage of the total volume of urine?

a) 25%

b) 50%

c) 75%

d) 80%

e) 95%

Answer: e

Difficulty: Easy




22) This is a test to measure kidney function.

a) Plasma creatinine

b) Renal study

c) Kidney assay

d) Dialysis

e) Hilus study

Answer: a

Difficulty: Medium


Study Objective 2: SO26.7.1 Define urinalysis and describe its importance.


23) This transports urine from the kidney to the bladder.

a) Urethra

b) Ureter

c) Descending nephron loop

d) Renal hilus

e) None of these choices

Answer: b

Difficulty: Easy

Study Objective 1: SO 26.8 Describe the anatomy, histology, and physiology of the ureters,

urinary bladder, and urethra.

Section Reference 1: Sec 26.8 Urine Transportation, Storage, and Elimination

24) This layer of the ureter is composed of connective tissue, collagen and elastic fibers.

a) Mucosa

b) Transitional epithelium

c) Lamina propria

d) Adventitia

e) Lamina elastica

Answer: c

Difficulty: Medium




25) This lies in the anterior corner of the trigone of the bladder.

a) Urethral sphincter

b) Adventitia bundle

c) Ureter

d) Internal urethral orifice

e) Muscularis bundle

Answer: d

Difficulty: Medium




26) This is composed of dense irregular tissue that runs continuous with the ureter.

a) A

b) B

c) C

Answer: c

Difficulty: Medium



kidneys.


27) This layers main function is to protect the kidney from trauma and hold it in place within the abdominal cavity.

a) A

b) B

c) C

Answer: b

Difficulty: Medium



kidneys.


28) This layer runs deep to the peritoneum on the anterior surface of the kidneys.

a) A

b) B

c) C

Answer: a

Difficulty: Medium



kidneys.


29) This can be divided into the cortical zone and the juxtamedullary zone.

a) A

b) D

c) E

d) F

e) G

Answer: a

Difficulty: Medium



kidneys.


30) Each kidney can have anywhere from 8 to 18 of these.

a) I

b) J

c) K

d) L

e) H

Answer: c

Difficulty: Medium



kidneys.


31) This structure is the apex of a renal pyramid.

a) E

b) D

c) G

d) K

e) L

Answer: a

Difficulty: Medium



kidneys.


32) Urine formed by the nephrons first drains into these.

a) H

b) I

c) J

d) K

e) L

Answer: d

Difficulty: Medium



kidneys.


33) What two structures comprise the renal corpuscle?

a) A and B

b) C and D

c) E and F

d) K and L

e) N and O

Answer: a

Difficulty: Medium




34) Where is the distal convoluted tubule?

a) D

b) E

c) J

d) K

e) L

Answer: a

Difficulty: Medium




35) Where is the arcuate vein?

a) E

b) F

c) G

d) H

e) I

Answer: d

Difficulty: Medium




36) Where is the ascending limb of the nephron loop?

a) C

b) D

c) J

d) K

e) L

Answer: e

Difficulty: Medium




37) Where is the corticomedullary junction?

a) G

b) J

c) M

d) N

e) O

Answer: b

Difficulty: Medium




38) Where is the papillary duct?

a) C

b) F

c) H

d) N

e) O

Answer: d

Difficulty: Medium




39) What does line M point to?

a) Arcuate artery

b) Arcuate vein

c) Collecting duct

d) Descending loop

e) Efferent arteriole

Answer: c

Difficulty: Medium


Study Objective 2: SO26.2.3 Describe the structure of renal corpuscles and renal tubules.


40) What is line C pointing to?

a) Distal convoluted tubule

b) Interlobular artery

c) Efferent arteriole

d) Arcuate artery

e) Corticomedullary junction

Answer: c

Difficulty: Medium




41) What is line A pointing to?

a) Fenestration

b) Pedicel

c) Filtration slit

d) Basal lamina

e) Lumen of the glomerulus

Answer: a

Difficulty: Medium




42) What is line B pointing to?

a) Fenestration

b) Pedicel

c) Filtration slit

d) Basal lamina


Answer: b

Difficulty: Medium




43) What is line C pointing to?

a) Fenestration

b) Pedicel

c) Filtration slit

d) Basal lamina


Answer: c

Difficulty: Medium




44) What is line D pointing to?

a) Fenestration

b) Pedicel

c) Filtration slit

d) Basal lamina


Answer: d

Difficulty: Medium




Question type: Essay

45) Describe the flow of blood through the kidneys.

Difficulty: Medium


Study Objective 2: SO 26.2.2 Trace the path of blood flow through the kidneys.


Solution: Kidneys receive 20 to 25% of the resting cardiac output via the renal arteries. The renal

arteries branch to form segmental arteries, which branch to form interlobar arteries (through

renal columns) to arcuate arteries (over bases of pyramids) to interlobular arteries. The

interlobular arteries branch to form afferent arterioles to each nephron. Afferent arterioles branch

to form glomerular capillaries where filtration occurs. Glomerular capillaries merge to form

efferent arterioles, which then branch to form peritubular capillaries. Juxtamedullary nephrons

also have vasa recta capillaries around them. Peritubular capillaries merge to form peritubular

veins and with the vasa recta to form interlobular veins to arcuate veins to interlobar veins.

Blood exits the kidney via renal veins.

46) Trace the flow of a water molecule through the nephrons from the afferent arteriole to the

minor calyx.

Difficulty: Medium





Solution: The water would flow from the afferent arteriole into the glomerulus, where it would

be filtered into the Bowmans capsule. From the Bowmans capsule, it would enter the proximal convoluted tubule (PCT). Most of its companion water molecules would be reabsorbed into the

blood from the PCT. The next part of the trip would take the water molecule through the

descending of the nephron loop, where more of its companion water molecules would be

reabsorbed. From there, the water molecule would climb the ascending nephron loop and move

into the distal convoluted tubule (DCT). Toward the end of the DCT and most of the collecting

duct, there are principal cells that respond to ADH and can reabsorb more water molecules. If not

reabsorbed in the DCT or the collecting duct, the water molecule would move into the papillary

duct that drains into the minor calyx.

47) Describe the structural features of the renal corpuscle that enhance its blood filtering

capacity.

Difficulty: Medium




Solution: Endothelial cells of the glomerular capillaries are fenestrated. Their basement

membranes are part of the filtering mechanism. Podocytes with filtration slits between pedicels

wrap the glomerular capillaries. The large surface area also contributes to filtering ability, as

does the high glomerular hydrostatic pressure created by the arrangement of the afferent and

efferent arterioles, in which the diameter of the efferent arteriole is smaller than that of the

afferent arteriole.

48) Describe in detail how the renin angiotensin negative feedback loop helps regulate blood

pressure and glomerular filtration rate in response to dehydration.

Difficulty: Medium





Solution: Dehydration causes a decrease in blood volume and pressure, which then decreases

glomerular filtration rate (GFR). The juxtaglomerular( JG) cells of the juxtaglomerular apparatus

sense decreased stretch and macula densa cells sense decreased water. The JG cells secrete renin,

which converts angiotensinogen in blood to angiotensin I. The latter is converted to angiotensin

II by angiotensin converting enzymes in the lungs. Angiotensin II causes constriction of efferent

arterioles, increased thirst, greater ADH secretion from the posterior pituitary, and increased

secretion of aldosterone from the adrenal cortex. Blood volume is increased, which increases

venous return, stroke volume, cardiac output, and blood pressure. GFR is also increased.

49) Discuss the importance of countercurrent flow to the functioning of the nephron.

Difficulty: Medium

Study Objective 1: SO 26.6 Describe how the renal tubule and collecting ducts produce dilute

and concentrated urine.

Section Reference 1: Sec 26.6 Production of Dilute and Concentrated Urine

Solution: Countercurrent flow refers to the flow of fluid in opposite directions in parallel tubing

(tubules and blood vessels). The arrangement allows gradients to develop between tubular fluid,

blood, and interstitial fluid. Gradients allow for reabsorption of large amounts of water and ions

from the tubular fluid.


50) Fluid flowing from point N in the figure will go to which structure next?

a) G

b) H

c) C

d) B

e) K

Answer: a

Difficulty: Medium




51) Fluid flowing from point G in the figure will go to which structure next?

a) N

b) H

c) I

d) M

e) K

Answer: c

Difficulty: Medium




52) Fluid flowing from point H in the figure will go to which structure next?

a) L

b) B

c) I

d) G

e) N

Answer: b

Difficulty: Medium




53) Fluid flowing from point B in the figure will go to which of the following structures?

a) J

b) M

c) I

d) G

e) H

Answer: a

Difficulty: Medium




54) Which vessel in the diagram is the afferent arteriole?

a) C

b) D

c) E

d) F

e) L

Answer: a

Difficulty: Medium




55) Which vessel in the diagram is the interlobular vein?

a) C

b) D

c) E

d) F

e) L

Answer: c

Difficulty: Medium




56) Which vessel(s) in the diagram are the vasa recta?

a) C

b) D

c) E

d) M

e) L

Answer: e

Difficulty: Medium




57) Which vessel in the diagram is the interlobular artery?

a) D

b) E

c) F

d) L

Answer: a

Difficulty: Medium




58) Which vessel in the diagram is the arcuate artery?

a) C

b) D

c) E

d) F

e) L

Answer: d

Difficulty: Medium




59) Which vessel(s) in the diagram are the peritubular capillaries?

a) C

b) D

c) E

d) M

e) L

Answer: d

Difficulty: Medium




60) An increase in permeability of the filtration membrane due to disease, injury, or irritation of

kidney cells by substances such as bacterial toxins, ether, or heavy metals indicates which

condition?

a) albuminuria

b) lucosuria

c) robilinogenuria

d) ketonuria

e) bilirubinuria

Answer: a

Difficulty: Hard




61) Anorexia, starvation, or a diet too low in carbohydrates indicates which condition?

a) albuminuria

b) glucosuria

c) urobilinogenuria

d) ketonuria

e) bilirubinuria

Answer: d

Difficulty: Hard




62) Stress, causing excessive amounts of epinephrine secretion which stimulates glycogen

breakdown, indicates which condition? This condition can also indicate diabetes mellitus.

a) albuminuria

b) glucosuria

c) urobilinogenuria

d) hematuria

e) bilirubinuria

Answer: b

Difficulty: Hard




63) Excessive urine concentration of a normal breakdown product of hemoglobin, caused by

pernicious anemia, infectious hepatitis, jaundice or cirrhosis, indicates which condition?

a) albuminuria

b) glucosuria

c) urobilinogenuria

d) hematuria

e) bilirubinuria

Answer: c

Difficulty: Hard




64) This substance gives bile its major pigmentation:

a) ketone bodies

b) erythrocytes

c) casts

d) bilirubin

e) glucose

Answer: d

Difficulty: Hard




65) These are tiny masses of material, hardened in the lumen of the urinary tubule and are

flushed out when filtrate builds up behind them:

a) ketone bodies

b) erythrocytes

c) casts

d) microbes

e) urobilinogen

Answer: c

Difficulty: Hard




66) Candida albicans and E. coli are which type of abnormal constituent of urine:

a) ketone bodies

b) erythrocytes

c) casts

d) microbes

e) urobilinogen

Answer: d

Difficulty: Medium




67) Which is the normal pH range of urine in humans?

a) 8.1 10.6 b) 4.6 8.0 c) 1.0 3.0 d) 3.1 4.0 e) 10.0 12.0

Answer: b

Difficulty: Easy




68) What is the normal volume of urine produced in humans?

a) 1L / hr

b) 2L / day

c) 2L / hr

d) 3L / week

e) 10L / 24 hours

Answer: b

Difficulty: Medium


Study Objective 2: SO26.7.1 Define urinalysis and describe its importance.


69) What is the normal specific gravity range of urine in humans?

a) 2.350 3.700 b) 0.002 1.000 c) 4.6 8.0 d) 1.001 1.035 e) 1.04 2.60

Answer: d

Difficulty: Medium




Question type: True/False

70) Parasympathetic division of ANS regulates kidney functions.

Answer: False

Difficulty: Medium






71) This hormone is released when the blood volume increases.

a) Parathyroid Hormone

b) Renin

c) ADH

d) Atrial Natriuretic Peptide

e) Aldosterone

Answer: d

Difficulty: Medium





72) Consumption of salty food will cause an increase in this hormone.

a) Aldosterone

b) Renin

c) ANH

d) Angiotensin-II

e) ADH

Answer: e

Difficulty: Hard





73) Absence of angiotensin converting enzyme will lead to

a) decreased blood pressure

b) increased blood pressure

c) will not have any effect on blood pressure

d) All of these choices are correct.

e) None of these choices is correct.

Answer: a

Difficulty: Hard





74. In males, both the urinary system and the _________ use the urethra.

a) integument

b) reproductive system

c) respiratory system

d) digestive system

Answer: b

Difficulty: Easy

Study Objective 1: SO 26.12: Describe how the urinary system contributes to homeostasis

Section Reference 1: Sec Focus on Homeostasis: The Urinary System

75. The kidneys release _________ to raise blood pressure.

Answer: renin

Difficulty: Medium

Study Objective 1: SO 26.12: Describe how the urinary system contributes to homeostasis.


76. The kidneys convert some of the bilirubin from hemoglobin breakdown to ________, a yellow pigment.

Answer: urobilin

Difficulty: Medium

Study Objective 1: SO 26.12: Describe how the urinary system contributes to homeostasis.


77. Shock wave lithotripsy is often used to treat which condition?

a) renal calculi

b) urinary tract infections

c) glomerulonephritis

d) polycystic kidney disease

e) urinary bladder cancer

Answer: a

Difficulty: Medium

Study Objective 1: SO 26.13: Describe the disorders that affect the urinary system.

Section Reference 1: Sec Disorders: Homeostatic Imbalances that Affect the Urinary System

78. Excessive calcium ingestion and low water intake can lead to which condition?

a) renal calculi

b) urinary tract infections

c) glomerulonephritis

d) polycystic kidney disease

e) urinary bladder cancer

Answer: A

Difficulty: Medium

Study Objective 1: SO 26.13: Describe the disorders that affect the urinary system


79. Inflammation of the kidneys is called

a) cystitis

b) nephrotic syndrome

c) pyelonephritis

d) urethritis

Answer: c

Difficulty: Medium

Study Objective 1: SO 26.13: Describe the disorders that affect the urinary system.


wiley edition 13 ch26

Documents

kidneys study objective

b difficulty

medium study objective

easy study objective

renal tubules

renal pyramids

hard study objective

section reference