willis re summary of natural cat events 2015 re summary...willis re summary of natural cat events...

Willis Re Summary of Natural Cat Events 2015

eVENT™ Natural Catastrophe Update Economic impact and insured losses due to natural disasters 2015 Volume 4 Issue 3

Natural catastrophes in 2015

Table of Contents

Major natural catastrophes in 2015 ...................................................................................................... 1 Other natural catastrophe events by peril and location ................................................................... 17

Abbreviations .................................................................................................................................... 23 Sources ............................................................................................................................................ 23

Figure 1. Major natural catastrophes 2015 (Source of map: Willis SpatialKey application)

Willis Re Natural Catastrophe Events 2015

Windstorm Elon+Felix, Jan

Chemical Explosion Tianjin, Aug

Windstorm Niklas+Mike, Mar

Windstorm Australia, Apr

Earthquake Nepal, Apr

Thunderstorm USA, Early May

Tropical Cyclone Goni, Aug

Earthquake Chile, Sep

Thunderstorm USA, Late May

Hailstorm Sydney, Apr

Tornado USA, Apr

Windstorm Eva, Dec

Windstorm USA, Feb

Windstorm Desmond, Dec

Thunderstorm USA, Dec

Tropical Cyclone Marcia, Feb

Wildfire California, Sep

Tropical Cyclone Patricia, Oct

Thunderstorm USA Jun

Tropical Cyclone Soudelor, Aug

Natural catastrophes in 2015

Contact us

For further information, please contact: John E. Alarcon, PhD MSc Thomas Kiessling, MSc Executive Director, Head of MR&E Senior Catastrophe Risk Analyst

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Event™ Natural Catastrophes in 2015

Natural catastrophes in 2015 1

Major natural catastrophes in 2015 This report summarizes the economic and insured losses from the most relevant natural catastrophe events occurring during 2015. The loss values presented include those reported by Willis Re, catastrophe model vendors, reinsurance companies and third party organizations.

Our Willis Re insured loss estimates from major Natural Catastrophes in 2015 of about USD 23.0 Bn are the lowest since the peak market losses of USD 120.0 Bn observed in 2011. The 2015 year losses continue the trend in reductions following the USD 60.0 Bn, 35.0 Bn and 33.0 Bn insured losses from 2012, 2013 and 2014 correspondedly. Even though the Chemical explosion in Tianjin China was a man-made event, it is relevant to add its early Willis Re estimates of about USD 2.0 Bn to the total insured losses from major catastrophes in 2015 to reach about USB 25.0 Bn from major events.

In the US the largest insured loss came from the Midwest and Northeast winterstorms between the 16 and the 22 February with about USD 1.3 Bn. Europe had its largest market losses late during the year with the combined effects of Windstorms Desmond and Eva in December with about GBP 1.5 Bn, while the largest loss causing event in Australia was a windstorm between the 20 and 24 April that resulted in insured losses of AUD 950 million. In Asia the largest event was the man-made explosion at the Tianjin port which losses are still not completely collected but that may be around USD 2.0 Bn. Finally, the event with higher impact in Latin America was the Coquimbos Earthquake in Chile on September 16 with loss estimates around USD 700 million.

The aforementioned events and others with lower insured losses are described in detail in the first part of this report, listed in chronological order, while a summary of a number of events is provided in various tables at the end of the document, organized by peril / region affected.



WS Elon-Felix January 8 – 11, 2015

Europe, especially DK, DE, NO, SE, UK Insured losses (in M EUR)

329 (PERILS)

Fatalities: 4

The two pressure systems Elon and Felix (also known as Dagmar-Egon in Denmark and Sweden and Nina in Norway) occurred within 24 hours of each other following a similar track

The countries worse affected were Denmark, Germany, Norway, Sweden and the UK.There was a minor impact in Poland, Czech Republic and Slovakia

The strongest winds affected Scotland with the maximum wind gust of 181 km/hr (113 mph) recorded at Stornoway Airport, Isle of Lewis; Germany observed winds of up to 160 km/h (99mph) over northern regions

There were 4 fatalities in Brandenburg, Germany Reported damages to schools, farmlands and many

residential constructions Power outages (116,000 in the UK), rail and

roadway disruption, evacuation, tree fall

TC Marcia February 15 – 26, 2015

Australia, Queensland Category 4 (SSHS), Category 5 (Aus. sc.) Category 4 (SSHS), Category 5 (Aus. sc.) at landfall Insured losses (in M AUD) 545 (ICA) >200 (CoreLogic)

Fatalities: 0

After a quiet season, Lam and Marcia were the first 2 landfalling tropical cyclones in Australia one after the other in a single day

Marcia made landfall around 60 miles north of Rockhampton as a Category 5 on the Australian scale, with 10 minute-sustained windspeeds estimated at 203 km/h (127 mph)

It weakened as it approached land, but again regained strength approaching 230 km/h (143 mph) in just a few hours bringing rainfall accumulations of 5.5 in causing significant exposure damage, power outages, travel disruption, and an impact on the economy

No fatalities or serious injuries reported Wind-driven rains and floods were the main loss

contributors Destruction of homes, uplifted roofs, damaged

cladding and battens, uprooted trees 39,610 claims (ICA) > 50,000 without power, many flights cancelled, rail

disruption, evacuations in certain areas Industries impacted were tourism, mining and

agriculture

Figure 2. Windstorm Elon/Felix, maximum wind gusts in km/h between January 8 and 11

Figure 3. Track of Tropical Cyclone Marcia (Source: NASA, NOAA)

Figure 4. Tropical Cyclones Lam (left) and Marcia (right) on 19 February 2015 (Source: Earth Observatory)



WS USA February 16 – 22, 2015

Midwest and northeast of USA Insured losses (in B USD)

1.35 (PCS) 2.1 (Munich Re, Swiss Re) Economic losses (in B USD)

2.8 (Munich Re) 2.7 (Swiss Re)

Fatalities: 0

A winter storm brought arctic air to the Midwest and Great Lakes of United States in mid-February

The winter storm caused temperatures of -25°C in Michigan (coldest morning since 1921) and -12°C in Cincinnati together with snow and ice (> 1 ft snow in parts of Ohio), but also heavy precipitation and flooding in Kentucky

State of emergency was declared in Tennessee, with the town of Monterey being the worst impacted

Roofs collapsed, frozen and ruptured pipes resulted in water damages, trees fallen on automobiles, many road accidents

44,000 people without power, widespread transport disruption, flights delayed or cancelled, businesses closed

WS Niklas-Mike March 29 – 31, 2015

Europe, especially Germany, UK, Denmark Insured losses (in M EUR)

Total: 800-1,000 (Willis Re) 826 (PERILS) 750-1,500 (RMS) 1,000-1,900 (AIR) 915 (Swiss Re)

Germany: 750-900 (Willis Re) 750 (GDV)

Austria: < 50 (Willis Re)

Switzerland and rest: 50 (Willis Re) Economic losses (in M EUR)

1,280 (Swiss Re) Fatalities: 11

Winterstorm Mike formed on March 28 and Niklas on March 29 near West of Iceland, Niklas being more intense than Mike

Niklas struck the UK with gusts of up to 128 km/h (80 mph) before moving over Denmark and Germany; southern The winds associated with Niklas followed a somewhat unusual track across Germany, moving in a north-south direction rather than the most usual west-to-east; Niklas belongs to the strongest March storms over the last three decades (DWD)

Flooding due to heavy rainfall caused further damages

11 fatalities, mostly in Germany Severe building damage, facades damaged

due to winds and fallen trees, automobiles damaged,

Railway and roadway disruption, 322 flights cancelled, 60 delayed on major airports; power outages (> 25,000)

Severe damages observed in Austria and Switzerland as well; Netherlands, Belgium and the Czech Republic suffered minor damage only; France, Ireland, Luxembourg and Poland also affectedGermany was hit worst

Figure 5. Total snow depth in inches in the Midwest and the northeast of the USA on 22 February (Source: CoCoRaHS)

Figure 6. Windstorm Mike/Niklas, maximum wind gusts in km/h between March 29 and April 1 (Source: PERILS)



TO USA April 7 – 10, 2015

Midwest and South of USA Category 4 on the EF (Enhanced Fujita) Scale Insured losses (in M USD) 780 (PCS) 1,200 (Swiss Re)

Economic losses (in M USD)

1,600 (Swiss Re)

Fatalities: 2

Severe thunderstorms hit the USA from the north of Texas over Oklahoma and Kansas up to Ohio with hail, high winds and tornadoes causing widespread damage

Hailstones with diameters of up to 10 cm, wind speeds of up to 80 mph (129 km/h)

A category 4 tornado (on the Enhanced Fujita (EF) Scale) hit Northern Illinois

2 fatalities, many injured Fairdale, IL, devastated, severe damage also in

Wilson and McCreary, TN Damages to roofs, windows and siding as well as

cars; downed trees

WS Australia April 20 – 24, 2015

Australia – New South Wales Insured losses (in M AUD) 949.6 (ICA) Fatalities: 6

On the 20th April an East Coast low formed off the coast of Sydney, New South Wales (NSW).

In the next 36 hours, the low pressure system brought flooding rains and damaging winds to the NSW coast between Sydney and the Hunter region.

Rainfall in excess of 300mm within 24 hours was recorded in some areas of the Hunter catchment.

6 fatalities reported in Hunter. > 200,000 households experienced power outages,

tens of thousands had restricted access to water. 135,283 claims (ICA).

Figure 7. Tornado activity in the Midwest and South of USA between April 5 and 11 (Source: US Tornadoes)

Figure 8. Radar image at 12.30am Tuesday, 21 April as the low impacted the coast near Newcastle (Source: Extreme Storm)



HL Sydney April 25, 2015

Sydney, Australia Insured losses (in M AUD)

417.1 (ICA) Fatalities: 0

The storm lasted only a little over one hour, but was ferocious in its impact with hailstones measuring 1-2cm accompanied by strong winds bringing destruction and damage to Sydney.

16,311 strikes of lightning and heavy rainfall (31mm) followed the hail.

5 warehouses collapsed, many buildings damaged. 16,998 claims (ICA). Trees uprooted, power supply cut off briefly, trains

briefly suspended after the hail.

EQ Nepal April 25, 2015

Nepal, near Lamjung Magnitude 7.8

Max. Intensity: IX – violent (MMI) Insured losses (in M USD) 210 (Munich Re) 160 (Swiss Re)

Economic losses (in B USD)

Total: 2.8 (KAC via Insurance

Journal) 4.8 (Munich Re) 6 (Swiss Re) Between 1 and 100 (with

63% probability, USGS)

Nepal: • 2 (KAC via Insurance

Journal)

India: 0.8 (KAC via Insurance

Journal)

Fatalities: >7,900

One of the largest earthquakes observed in Nepal for almost 80 years.

Moment magnitude (Mw) 7.8 earthquake struck 34 km east-southeast of Lamjung, Nepal, 77 km northwest of Kathmandu, the capital of Nepal, on April 25, 2015 on 11:56 local time (USGS) impacting Nepal, Northern India, Bangladesh, Tibet and Bhutan.

The earthquake occurred at 15 km depth due to thrust faulting in the Main Himalaya thrust fault zone between the India and the Eurasia plates which converge at a rate of 45 mm/y (USGS); shallow thrust fault mechanisms generally create the strongest earthquakes.

Many aftershocks followed the earthquake, the strongest ones with Mw 6.6 on the same and Mw 6.7 on the next day.

Landslides, avalanches and liquefaction caused by the earthquake.

> 7,900 fatalities of which >7,800 in Nepal, >70 in India; > 16,400 injured in Nepal; numbers expected to rise (Earthquake report); USGS Pager initially estimated the number of fatalities > 10,000 with 52% probability.

8 m people in need of humanitarian assistance (OCHA), 450,000 people displaced.

Maximum intensity empirically measured was IX (violent) on the Modified Mercalli Intensity scale (MMI) causing widespread severe damages (USGS).

> 329,000 buildings damaged (NEOC); typical reported damage includes collapsed houses, cracked walls, broken windows.

Roads blocked due to landslides, debris, fallen telephone poles and large cracks.

Widespread power and communication outages, severe transport disruption, Kathmandu airport closed for one day.

Research indicates that large magnitude earthquakes are likely to be expected to the West and South of this event in the next decades.

Figure 10. The April 25 Nepal Earthquake (Source: USGS)

Figure 9. Hail over Sydney on April 25 at 16.24 local time (Purple and red indicates strong hail, source: BoM, Weatherzone)



TS U.S. May 6 – 13, 2015

Midwest, U.S.: CO, IA, KS, NE, OK, SD, TX Category 3 on the EF (Enhanced Fujita) Scale Insured losses (in M USD)

750-800 (PCS) Fatalities: 2

A Supercell formed on May 6 and triggered 150 tornadoes, large hails and heavy rain in Central plains until May 13.

Texas had 11 confirmed tornadoes that damaged structures and knocked down trees. A tornado in Van Zandt County with 140 mph wind speed hit on May 10, caused significant damage and killed 2 people. 3.0 inches diameter hail was reported in Cisco, Texas, and flash floods were reported in the State.

Oklahoma received first ever flash flood emergency warning and was battered by at least 7 tornadoes. 35 homes in total were damaged or destroyed. Oklahoma city witnessed the 3rd highest rainfall (7.10 inches) in a calendar day all time.

Colorado was hit by 13 tornadoes; one of which knocked down trees and damaged buildings.

Kansas had 35 tornadoes travelling across the state.

In Delmont town, South Dakota, 25 out of 84 damaged structures were completely destroyed.

2 critical and 10 other injuries were reported at a mobile home and RV park in southeast Oklahoma City.

TS U.S. May 23 – 28, 2015

Southern U.S.: AR, CO, GA, KS, LA, OH, OK, SC, TX Insured losses (in B USD)

1.01-1.07 (PCS) 1.3 (Swiss Re)


2 (Swiss Re) Fatalities: 21

A Severe thunderstorm hit southern US states from May 23 till 28 making the month of May the wettest on record.

Severe flash flooding battered Oklahoma and Texas. Louisiana, Arkansas, eastern Kansas and western Missouri were also flooded.

The worst impacted County was Hays in Central Texas with 1200 buildings damaged.

> 4000 homes across US and mainly in Texas were damaged or destroyed; > 100,000 residents and businesses faced power cut and many trees fell down across states

4.3 inches of rainfall in Houston blocked roads, interstate highway 45 and also damaged 1,400 homes and about 2,500 cars. This amount of water almost double the previous all-time record set in 1946.

The number of reported tornadoes at stood 12 in Kansas, Oklahoma and Texas. A block of flats was destroyed by a tornado in Houston city, Texas.

21 fatalities confirmed and 11 people missing across the states.

Figure 12. Rainfall from May 6 to May 13 (Source: NWS)

Figure 11. Thunderstorm Report from on May 9 (Source: SPC, NOAA)

Figure 13. Thunderstorm Report on May 25 (Source: SPC, NOAA)

http://newsok.com/tornadoes-tear-across-western-and-central-oklahoma/article/5416829



TS U.S. June 21 – 25, 2015

Midwest, High Plains CO, CT, DE, IL, IA, MD, MI, NJ, NY, ND, PA, SD, VA, WI Insured losses (in M USD)

650-700 (PCS) Fatalities: >1

The Midwest and High Plains were battered by strong winds, heavy rain and tornadoes from June 21 until June 25. A Severe convective storm travelled from Missouri to Michigan and towards Mid-Atlantic later.

Out of 16 reported tornadoes 9 hit Northern Illinois alone.

17,000 consumers were affected by power cut in Iowa, 25,000 in Wisconsin and 58,000 in Connecticut. 200,000 in New Jersey, 165,000 in Pennsylvania, 14,000 in Delaware and more than 40,000 in Virginia.

In Illinois, an EF-2 tornado uprooted roofs and severely damaged homes and garages in Edgington. An EF-3 tornado severely damaged Coal city while Braidwood was the worst affected followed by Lee county EF-2 Tornado.

Torrential rainfall and flash flooding caused widespread damage across counties in Illinois, where soil was already saturated with water.

4 tornadoes were confirmed in Michigan, strongest to be an EF-2 category. An EF-1 tornado in Manchester damaged roofs and outer parts of homes. Portland tornado, EF-1 category, in Ionia county damaged 70 homes, 2 buildings and 3 churches. 5 trapped people were rescued from a collapsed building here.

New Salem in North Dakota received 4 inches of rain

Hails of 1.75 inches diameter were reported in parts of New York and Maryland.

Figure 15. Hails received in the affected Area (Source: Verisk Climate)

Figure 14. Thunderstorm Report on June 22 (Source: SPC, NOAA)



TC Soudelor July 30 – August 11, 2015

China, Northern Marina Islands, Philippines Category 5 (SSHS), Category 2, 3 and 1 at landfalls Economic losses (M USD):

18.9 (Crop in Taiwan, RMS)

>22.2 (in Taiwan of which 18.5 crops and 3.7 schools, AIR)

617 (Crop in China, RMS) 180 (Relief Web) High impact (GDACS) Fatalities: 34

Soudelor formed near Northern Marina islands as a tropical storm on July 30 and intensified to category 1 on SSHS on August 2.

It made first landfall over Saipan as a category 2 storm with maximum sustained wind speeds of 165 km/h.

Soudelor re-entered waters and intensified to category 5 hurricane, but weakened to category 2 after entering Philippine sea. It made second landfall over Taiwan’s Hualien county as a category 3 storm on SSHS on August 7.

It moved through Taiwan and made third landfall in Fujian province of southeast China as category 1

52.5 inches of rain in Yilan county, 25 inces of rain in 24 hours in Wencheng county in China making it the heaviest rain in 100 year in the region

26 fatalities in southeast China, 8 fatalities and > 437 injuries in Taiwan.

700,000 people displaced, many people evacuated, 4.85 million people without power in Taiwan, > 2 million in Fujian.

384 homes damaged in Saipan, > 3,200 houses collapsed and 110,000 damaged in Fujian; automobiles, sewage and water systems and 812 school buildings damaged.

Saipan airport closed, many roads blocked with huge infrastructure damage; 316 flights, ferry, train and bus services were cancelled in Saipan, 530 flights and 200 trains cancelled in Fujian.

101,000 hectares cropland in china was affected. > 12,000 fallen trees. Flying debris, storm surge, landslides and

mudslides reported.

Figure 16. Soudelor’s Satellite image on August 7 (Source: Earth Observatory)

Figure 17. The track of Typhoon Soudelor (Sources: NASA, JMA)



Chemical Explosion August 12, 2015

Tianjin, Northeast China Insured losses (in B USD):

1-1.5 (Credit Suisse, Fitch, August 2015)

1.8 (Willis, November 2015)

>2 (Swiss Re, January 2016)

3 (RMS, January 2016) Fatalities: >118

Two ear-shattering explosions in 30 seconds interval at 23:30 local time on August 12 shook port city Tianjin in northeast China.

The catastrophic explosions which were felt several 100 kilometers away and occurred in a warehouse storing dangerous and chemical goods. A small fire ignited in Rui Hai international logistics caused a small explosion first and subsequently twin blasts.

A large mushroom cloud was seen from ground of Hebei province 100 km away and also from space.

Detonating of 24 t of TNT equals the combined force of the twin explosions as per China’s National Earthquake Network Centre.

Around 1,000 firefighters worked tirelessly throughout the night to control the fire.

> 118 fatalities and several injuries reported, 17 firefighters died.

6,300 residents became homeless. Buildings collapsed in Binhai district, office blocks

and 17,000 residential apartments in 2 km radius burnt to ashes, windows blown out, > 8,000 newly manufactured cars destroyed; numerous containers in a depot outside the blast damaged.

Rail services disrupted, roof of Donghai road station collapsed.

Sodium cyanide, a harmful chemical was found in the nearby drains after the explosion.

Marine cargo, property, business interruptions and contingency business interruptions would drive the insured losses.

Figure 18. Photo of the damage induced by the blast (Source: NY times)

Figure 19. Reproduction of the blast in SpatialKey, the red rectangle represents the site of explosions (Source: Willis SpatialKey Application)



TC Goni August 13 – 25, 2015

Japan, Philippines, Taiwan, China, Korea, Russia Category 4 (SSHS), Category 3 at landfall (Japan) Insured losses (B JPY):

141 (GIAJ, ~1.17 B USD*) 150-200 (Willis Re, ~1.25-

1.65 B USD*) Economic losses (in B JPY):

Medium impact (GDACS) Fatalities: 72

Japan: Typhoon Goni stands for the top 6 costliest wind

related losses in the history for the Japanese market.

It made landfall on Monday, August 24 on the south coast of Kumamoto Prefecture, Kyushu Islands, Japan at 4 am (local time) as a category 3 storm on the Saffir Simpson scale; however, shortly after it weakened to a category 1 storm as it tracked northeast across Kyushu.

Goni resulted in record rainfall across Kyushu province (134.5mm/h),Fukuoka and Saga (120mm/h) causing severe flooding.

1,360 buildings destroyed. >21,400 power outages in Okinawa, Japan,

>470,000 in Kyushu, Japan. The storm resulted in landslides and mudslides

across the northern provinces. Train lines suspended in Kyushu, flights cancelled

across Southern Japan.

Other affected regions: Strong winds and heavy rainfall in North Korea

(250mm), Lanyu in Taiwan (252.5mm), northern Philippines (250mm) and Guam (355-457mm), severe flooding.

72 fatalities (40 in North Korea, 32 in Philippines), >133 people injured.

>3,500 people evacuated in Taiwan, 1,500 from Wulai, China; 1,000 people displaced across Philippines.

5,742 houses damaged in Philippines, 1,070 houses and 99 public buildings in North Korea.

Fallen trees, automobiles damaged, 8 bridges and 69 roads damaged in Philippines.

Many flights cancelled in Hong Kong, Taiwan and Philippines.

* Exchange rate 1 USD = 120 JPY as of December 31, 2015

Figure 21. Goni’s Satellite image (left) on August 24 approaching Japan (Source: Earth Observatory)

Figure 20. The track of Typhoon Goni (Sources: NASA, NOAA)



WF California September 12 – 22, 2015

San Francisco, Northern California

Insured losses (in B USD):

1 (Swiss Re) 1 (CDI: 0.7 by Valley fire,

0.3 by Butte fire) Economic losses (in B USD):

1.6 (Swiss Re) Fatalities: 6

The Valley fire is the firth-costliest wildfire event in California in terms of insured losses.

The Wildland Valley fire ignited at around 1pm (local time) on September 12, 100 miles north of San Francisco in Lake County, Northern California.

The fire spread rapidly from 50 acres on Saturday to 50,000 acres by Sunday.

Hot and windy conditions led to rapid spread. 6 fatalities. >23,000 residents evacuated. The fires destroyed 1,958 buildings in Lake, Napa

and Sonoma counties and damaged 818 structures in Amador and Calaveras.

Worst affected was Middleton where atleast 400 homes and businesses were affected.

5,000 residences faced power outages. More than 75,781 acres were burnt down. Main reason for the destructive wildfire was the

prevailing drought which was the most severe on record for California.

Figure 22. Valley fire in SpatialKey (Source: SpatialKey, data from GeoMAC)

Figure 23. Satellite image of burnt land as of September 20 (Source: Earth Observatory)



EQ Chile September 16, 2015

Offshore Coquimbo, Chile Magnitude 8.3

Insured losses (in M USD) 600-900 (AIR) Economic losses (in M USD)

Between 100 and 10,000 (with 84% probability, USGS)

Fatalities: 15

Chile had not experienced such a strong earthquake since 2010.

Coquimbo – 230km of capital Santiago of Chile was struck by a shallow earthquake, 8.3 on Richter scale on Wednesday, September 16, 2015 at 07:54 local time which lasted for about 3 minutes and was felt as far as Buenos Aires in Argentina.

The earthquake occured at a depth of 25km because of its location above the Nazca and south American plates along which the thrust faulting is the fastest collision occurring along any subduction zone in the world.

135 aftershocks of up to Mw 7.0, most of them with Mw 6.0.

A tsunami of 5.2 m observed in Coquimbo was triggered which damaged many parts of Coquimbo, Tongoy, Los Vilos, Illapel and Concon although no other severe damge. Ligua and Ovalle observed shaking. Lanslides occurred in Canela and Salamanca communities.

15 fatalities, predominantly in the Coquimbo region.

1m people were evacuated; 9,000 people without access to drinking water.

This was measured VIII on MMI which is severe as it caused widespread severe damage.

179 homes destroyed in worst hit Illapel, many buildings damaged; most houses in this region are vulnerable adobe constructions. Reinforced residential structures and industrial steel constructions could stand well.

Disaster zone was declared in Choapa province. Railways, roads, ports were closed. Bridges

collapsed.There were reports of 131 boats missing. Businesses were interrupted; Santiago’s airport was evacuated and schools were closed.

30,000 people faced power cut,entire Illapel was in dark and 90% of Coquimbo was powerless.

Figure 24. USGS ShakeMap (Source: USGS)



TC Patricia October 20 – 24, 2015

East Pacific Category 5 (SSHS) Insured losses (in M USD)

< 200 (AIR) < 500 (KAC via Artemis)


500 (Munich Re) Fatalities: 6

Patricia was the most powerful tropical cyclone measured in the Western Hemisphere with max sustained winds of 200 mph (325 km/h) and lowest pressure of 879 mb.

Patricia formed in the eastern pacific on October 20 and attained storm status 190 miles south of Oaxaca state, Mexico.

On Friday, October 23 at 18:15 local time Patricia made landfall near Cuixmala, Western Jalisco with maximum sustained wind speed of 165 mph as a category 5 hurricane.

After interacting with mountainous terrain the storm weakened to category 3 and on October 24, within 24 hours, to a tropical storm southwest of Monterrey – setting another record.

Remnants of Patricia combined with a storm system in the Gulf of Mexico brought heavy rainfall into Texas and southwestern Louisiana.

Up to 11.4 in rainfall was received near the coast; a storm surge of 3-4 m observed in La Manzanilla.

Most of Mexico was spared as storm did not directly hit populous parts as the Sierra Madre Occidental Mountains shielded the area. Only a less populated region of Jalisco coastline stretch was affected.

6 fatalities reported, several injured, >240,000 people displaced, many evacuated, 235,000 faced powercuts.

Mexican authorities declared emergencies in 3 coastal states of Jalisco, Nayarit, and Colima.

3,000 to 5,000 homes damaged in Jalisco. Dozens of small homes flattened in the fishing village of Chamela; 250 houses hit by floods.

Around 350 trees uprooted in Colima and landslides blocked the Colima-Manzanillo highway areas; 8,650 acres of land affected.

In Mexico commercial properties are noticeably insured in contrast to residential properties.

Figure 25. Track map of Hurricane Patricia (Source: NASA and NOAA)

Figure 26. Hurricane Patricia Satellite image (Source: Earth Observatory, date 23/10/2015)



WS Desmond December 3 – 8, 2015

Northern Europe, especially UK, IE Insured losses (in M GBP)

175 – 225 (RMS) 500 (Munich Re) 717 (Perils)

Economic losses (in M GBP)

1,000 (Munich Re)

Insured losses for Desmond and Eva COMBINED (in M GBP)

700 – 1,000 (PWC) 1,500 (Willis Re) Economic losses for Desmond and Eva COMBINED (in M GBP)

900 – 1,300 (PWC) Fatalities: 3

Desmond affected Southern and Northern Iceland, Northern England, wales, Southern Scotland, Denmark, Germany and Norway on December 4 and 5.

An atmospheric river consisting of intense moisture from the tropics to the mid latitudes which extended from Caribbean to Sweden caused heavy rainfalls.

24 hours of continuous rainfall due to Desmond caused flooding in the above areas.

The worst affected was Cumbria County in North West England. Lake district in this county faced 350 mm rainfall in a day with peak winds of a velocity of up to 100 mps.

Norway and Sweden had issued red alerts for flooding and rainfall.

3 fatalities reported in London, Cumbria and Ireland.

200 homes were flooded in Northwest England; bridges were washed away in Braithwaite, Keswick and Eden district; 14 bridges damaged.

60,000 homes were without power in Lancshire and Cumbria, >12,000 power outages in Ireland; 40 schools were closed in Cumbria county; many flights were cancelled in Belfast and Dublin.

Enough money was not invested into flood defenses before the event.

Figure 27. Maximum wind speeds of storm Desmond on 5/12/2015 (Source: SpatialKey, Meteo France)

Figure 28. Rainfall from storm Desmond on 5/12/2015 (Source: Climate Central, ECMWF)



TS U.S. December 23 – 28, 2015

Midwest and South, U.S.: AL, AR, GA, IL, IN, MS, TN Category 4 on the EF (Enhanced Fujita) Scale

Insured losses (in M USD)

Total: 671.1 (PCS)

1st event: 134.9 (PCS)

2nd event: 536.2 (PCS)

Fatalities: 49

Thunderstorms with tornadoes in northern Mississippi and Tennessee caused the 1st active weather outbreak on December 23 until December 25 which was followed by the 2nd one on December 26 in Texas which lasted till December 28 with wind speeds as high as 170 mph.

The total no of states affected for US severe weather between December 23 – 24 are :-Alabama, Arkansas, Georgia, Illinois, Indiana, Mississippi, Tennessee, and States affected from the storm between December 26 -28 are:- Georgia, Illinois, Indiana, Missouri, Oklahoma, Texas

The very 1st tornado of December was seen in Michigan. A total of 28 tornadoes were confirmed, the strongest 10 being in Texas and 6 in Tennessee. Mississippi and Texas were struck by a violent EF-4 tornado (EF = Enhanced Fujita scale). Wayne county witnessed an EF-3 tornado. DeKalb, Perry, Smith, Madison counties also experienced EF-1 or EF-2 tornado.

Tornadoes, straight-line winds, flooding and baseball sized hail were observed.

Missouri, Oklahoma and Kansas suffered very heavy rains. There was 254mm of rainfall in 30 hours.

>49 fatalities. Emergency was declared by the governors of

Mississippi, Tennessee Missouri, Alabama, Texas, Oklahoma, and New Mexico.

1,750 homes destroyed; 400 in Mississippi by a single EF-4 tornado and 1,300 damaged by an EF-3 and EF-4 tornado in Texas; large hailstones damaged many automobiles and roofs and shattered windows.

Winds knocked down trees; 52,000 people were without power and around 1,500 flights were cancelled in Texas.

Heavy rains in Alabama, Georgia, North Carolina and Mississippi caused mudslides which led to multiple road closures and closing down of 2 public railway stations in Atlanta.

Figure 29. 14-day rainfall prior to Dec 30 for continental US showing high rainfall totals (Source: NOAA)

Figure 30. Thunderstorm Report on December 23 (Source: SPC, NOAA)

Figure 31. Thunderstorm Report on December 27 (Source: SPC, NOAA)



WS Eva December 22 – 27, 2015

Ireland, UK, Western Scandinavia Insured losses (in M GBP)

250-300 (RMS)

Economic losses (in M GBP)

>730 (Munich Re)

Insured losses for Desmond and Eva COMBINED (in M GBP)

700-1,000 (PWC) 1,500 (Willis Re) Economic losses for Desmond and Eva COMBINED (in M GBP)

900-1,300 (PWC)

Fatalities: 0

Eva was the 5th named and 2nd major windstorm of 2015. It tracked from Ireland to UK to western Scandinavia.

Winds above 130 km/hr were recorded in on December 23 and 24. Belmullet in the Mayo County of Ireland experienced the fastest winds.

Heavy rainfall in Northern England, Scotland and Wales.

As the affected are was recently hit by windstorm Desmond, the ground was still saturated and flooded easily.

Northwest Wales recorded maximum rainfall of 210.6mm over 48 hours (Dec. 25 – 27) in Capel Curig, Gwynedd, 100mm recorded in Stonyhurst, Lancshire.

Leeds, York and Greater Manchester were the worst hit cities wherein 5,000 buildings were flooded and more than 37,000 houses lost power in West Yorkshire.

Heavy rainfall caused damage to river banks and flooded Mytholmroyd town which was under 6 ft of waters near rail station. Calderdale borough reportd around 2,000 homes and 200 business affected by floods.

Major evacuations were made in mainly residential areas of salford, Littleborough, hebden bridge, whalley and Ribchester.

Figure 32. Storm Eva’s Track (Source: NASA, NOAA)

Figure 33. Rainfall Totals in 48 hours (Source: Met Office)



Other natural catastrophe events by peril and location

Windstorm Name Date Location Losses (M USD) Fatalities Elon-Felix Jan 8-11 Europe (DK, DE, NO, SE, UK) Insured: 360 (Perils) Unknown Rachel Jan 14 UK Insured: <200 (Perils) Unknown Turkey Storm Feb 1-3 Istanbul, Turkey Unknown Unknown U.S. Feb 1-4 USA Insured: 50 – 150 (PCS) Unknown U.S. Feb 7-11 USA, Northeast Insured: 200 – 250 (PCS) Unknown U.S. Feb 14-15 USA, Northeast Insured: 300 – 350 (PCS) Unknown U.S. Feb 16-17 USA, Southeast Insured: 50 – 100 (PCS) Unknown

U.S. Feb 16-22 USA Insured: 1,350 (PCS), 2,100 (Munich Re, Swiss Re), Economic: 2,800 (Munich Re), 2,700 (Swiss Re) Unknown

U.S. Mar 3-5 USA Insured: 100 – 150 (PCS) Unknown

Mike-Niklas Mar 29-31 Europe (DE, UK, DK) Insured: 880 – 1,100 (Willis Re), 900 (PERILS), 830 – 1,650 (RMS), 1,100 – 2,100 (AIR), 1,000 (Swiss Re) Economic: 1,400 (Swiss Re)

Unknown

Sichuan Apr 6 Sichuan, China Unknown Unknown Australia Apr 20-24 Australia (NSW) Insured: 700 (ICA) 6 Patna Apr 23 Bihar, India Unknown Unknown Northern Germany May 5-6 Germany Unknown Unknown

Zeljko Jul 23-30 Netherlands Unknown Unknown Abigail Nov 7 - 15 UK Unknown Unknown Barney Nov 18 UK Unknown Unknown USA Nov 26 Kansas, Oklahoma - USA 80-90 (PCS) 14

Desmond Dec 3-Dec 12 Northern Europe Insured: 260 – 330 (RMS), 800 (Munich Re) Economic 1,500 (Munich Re) 3

Eva Dec 22-Dec 27 UK, Ireland Insured: 370 – 150 (RMS) Economic >1,100 (Munich Re) Unknown

Frank Dec 29 Europe and Middle East Unknown Unknown

Blizzard Name Date Location Losses (M USD) Fatalities U.S. Jan 26-28 Northeast, USA Insured: 0-50 (PCS), not significant (AIR) Unknown



Severe Thunderstorm (Tornado/Hail/Straight wind) Name Date Location Losses (M USD) Fatalities Illawarra Feb 24 NSW, Australia Insured: 6 (ICA) Unknown U.S. Mar 25-26 USA Insured: 300 – 350 (PCS) Unknown U.S. Mar 31-Apr 1 Southern USA Insured: 100 – 150 (PCS) Unknown U.S. Apr 2-3 USA Insured: 150 – 200 (PCS) Unknown

U.S. Apr 7-10 USA Insured: 780 (PCS), 1,200 (Swiss Re) Economic: 1,600 (Swiss Re) Unknown

Southern Brazil Apr 20 South America Unknown Unknown Sydney Apr 25 Sydney, NSW, Australia Insured: 300 (ICA) 0 Midwest May 3-4 Midwest, U.S. Insured: 200-300 (PCS) Unknown Germany May 5 North Germany Unknown Unknown U.S. May 6-13 U.S. Insured: 750-800 (PCS) Unknown Germany May 13 South Germany Economic: 45-68 (AIR) Unknown U.S. May 15-17 U.S. Insured: 100-130 (PCS) Unknown

U.S. May 23-28 U.S. Insured: 1,010-1,070 (PCS), 1,300 (Swiss Re) Economic: 2,000 (Swiss Re) Unknown

SE Queensland May 27 SE Queensland, Australia Insured: 255 (ICA) Unknown U.S. May 28-30 U.S. Insured: 100-150 (PCS) Unknown U.S. Jun 3-8 Colorado, Illinois; U.S. Insured: 340-400 (PCS) Unknown Illinois Jun 10-11 Illinois, U.S. Insured: 50-70 (PCS) Unknown U.S. Jun 21-25 U.S. Insured: 650-700 (PCS) Unknown U.S. Jun 29-30 Minnesota, Pennsylvania Insured: 200-250 (PCS) Unknown U.S. Jul 12-14 South, Midwest; U.S. Insured: 270-300 (PCS) Unknown Midwest Jul 17-20 Midwest, U.S. Insured: 25-75 (PCS) Unknown U.S. Aug 2-4 U.S. Insured: 300-360 (PCS) Unknown Britain Aug 13 Britain Unknown Unknown Italy Sep 15 Italy Unknown Unknown U.S. Oct 2-6 U.S. Insured: 324.727 (PCS) Unknown U.S. Oct 3-4 U.S. Insured: 70.13 (PCS) Unknown U.S. Oct 5-7 U.S. Insured: 65.2 (PCS) Unknown U.S. Oct 20-23 U.S. Insured: 169.3 (PCS) Unknown U.S. Oct 24-26 U.S. Insured: 118.1 (PCS) Unknown U.S. Oct 29-31 U.S. Insured: 184.04 (PCS) Unknown U.S. Nov 16-18 U.S. Insured: 258.23 (PCS) Unknown South Africa Nov 16 South Africa Unknown 1 Kurnell Dec 16 Sydney, Australia Unknown Unknown U.S. Dec 23-28 U.S. Insured: 671 (PCS) 49



Tropical Cyclone – Atlantic Name Date Location Category* Losses (M USD) Fatalities Ana May 8-11 Eastern U.S. Tropical Storm Economic: Low impact (GDACS) Unknown

Bill June 16-21 Yucatan, Mexico, Gulf of Mexico, U.S. Tropical Storm Insured: 50-70 (PCS)

Economic: Low impact (GDACS) Unknown

Claudette July 13-14 Eastern U.S. Tropical Storm Economic: Low impact (GDACS) Unknown Danny Aug 18-24 Caribbean 3 Economic: Low impact (GDACS) Unknown Erika Aug 25-29 Caribbean Tropical Storm Economic: Medium impact (GDACS) 20 Fred Aug 30-Sep 6 Cape Verde 1 Economic: Low impact (GDACS) Unknown

Joaquin Sept 28-Oct 8 Bahamas, Haiti, U.S. 4 Insured: >25 (Bahamas First Holdings via Tribune 242 and Business Insurance) Economic: Low impact (GDACS)

1

* Saffir-Simpson Hurricane scale

Tropical Cyclone – Eastern Pacific Name Date Location Category* Losses (M USD) Fatality Andres May 28-June 4 Mexico , Southwest U.S. 4 Economic: Low impact (GDACS) Unknown Blanca May 31-June 9 Mexico 4 Economic: Low impact (GDACS) Unknown

Carlos June 10-17 Mexico 1 Economic: Low impact (GDACS) Unknown

Ela July 8-10 Mexico Tropical Storm Economic: Low impact (GDACS) Unknown

Halola July 10-12 Hawaii Tropical Storm Economic: Low impact (GDACS) Unknown

Iune July 10-13 Hawaii Tropical Storm Economic: Low impact (GDACS) Unknown

Dolores July 11-18 Mexico , Southwest U.S. 4 Economic: Low impact (GDACS) Unknown

Enrique July 12-18 Mexico Tropical Storm Economic: Low impact (GDACS) Unknown

Felicia July 23-25 Mexico Tropical Storm Economic: Low impact (GDACS) Unknown

Guillermo July 29-Aug 7 Hawaii 2 Economic: Low impact (GDACS) Unknown

Hilda Aug 5-13 Hawaii 4 Economic: Low impact (GDACS) Unknown

Kilo Aug 20-Sept 1 Hawaii 4 Economic: Low impact (GDACS) Unknown

Loke Aug 21-26 Hawaii 1 Economic: Low impact (GDACS) Unknown

Ignacio Aug 25-Sept 5 Mexico , Southwest U.S. 4 Economic: Low impact (GDACS) Unknown

Patricia Oct 20-24 Mexico , U.S. 5 Insured: <200 (AIR), <500 (KAC via Artemis) Economic: 500 (Munich Re) 6




Tropical Cyclone – North-Western Pacific Name Date Location Category* Losses (M USD) Fatalities Mekkhala Jan 13-20 Caroline Islands, Philippines 1 Economic: Low impact (GDACS) 3 Bavi Mar 10-21 Kiribati, Philippines Tropical Storm Economic: Low impact (GDACS) Unknown Maysak Mar 26-Apr 7 Philippines 5 Economic: Low impact (GDACS) Unknown

Noul May 2-12 Japan, Philippines 5 Economic: High impact (GDACS), 335 (NDRRMC), minor in Philippines Unknown

Dolphin May 6-20 Guam, Northern Marina islands 5 Economic: Medium impact (GDACS) Unknown Kujira Jun 19-25 Vietnam Tropical Storm Economic: Low impact (GDACS) Unknown

Chan-hom Jul 1-13 North Korea, South Korea, Russia, China, Japan, Guam, Northern Marina Islands

4 Insured: 35-352 (AIR) Economic: 187.3-1,521.8 (AIR) Unknown

Linfa Jul 1-10 Philippines, China 1 Economic: Low impact (GDACS) Unknown Nangka Jul 2-18 Japan 4 Economic: Low impact (GDACS) Unknown Halola Jul 13-26 Japan 2 Economic: Low impact (GDACS) Unknown

Soudelor Jul 29-Aug 11 China, Northern Marina Islands, Philippines 5

Economic: High impact (GDACS), 180 (ReliefWeb), Taiwan: 18.9 (Crop-RMS), China: 617 (Crop-RMS), Taiwan: >22.2 (AIR)

34

Molave Aug 5-14 Guam, Japan Tropical Storm Economic: Low impact (GDACS) Unknown

Goni Aug 13-25 Philippines, Japan, China, Taiwan, Korea, Russia 4 Insured: 1,180 (GAIJ), 1,250-1,650 (Willis Re)

Economic: Medium impact (GDACS) 72

Atsani Aug 14-25 Marshall Islands, Japan 5 Economic: Low impact (GDACS) Unknown Dujuan Sep 21-29 Japan, China 4 Economic: High impact (GDACS), Unknown Mujigae Oct 1-4 China 4 Economic: Medium impact (GDACS) 20

Koppu Oct 13-21 Philippines 4 Insured: Not significant (AIR) Economic: 207 (gov.ph), high impact (GDACS) 47

Melor Oct 10-17 Philippines 4 Economic: 20 (gov.ph), low impact (GDACS) 17 * Saffir-Simpson Hurricane scale

Tropical Cyclone – Southern Pacific and Oceania Name Date Location Category* Losses (M USD) Fatalities Lam Feb 12-20 Australia, Northern Territory 3 Insured: 33 (ICA) Unknown Marcia Feb 15-26 Australia, Queensland 4 Insured: 400 (ICA), >145 (CoreLogic) Unknown

Olwyn Mar 8-14 Australia 2 Insured: 50 (ICA) Economic: Low impact (GDACS) Unknown

Pam Mar 6-22 Solomon Islands, Vanuatu etc. 5 Insured: Not significant (AIR) Unknown Solo Apr 9-12 New Caledonia, France Tropical Storm Economic: Low impact (GDACS) Unknown




Tropical Cyclone – Indian Ocean Name Date Location Category* Losses (M USD) Fatalities Bansi Jan 10-18 Africa 5 Economic: Medium impact (GDACS) 173 Chedza Jan 14-19 Africa Tropical Storm Economic: Low impact (GDACS) 80 Fundi Feb 5-8 Madagascar Tropical Storm Economic: Low impact (GDACS) 35 Haliba Mar 7-10 Madagascar Tropical Storm Economic: Low impact (GDACS) Unknown Ashobaa Jun 7-12 India, Oman Tropical Storm Economic: Low impact (GDACS) Unknown Komen Jul 26-Aug 2 Bangladesh, Myanmar, India Tropical Storm Economic: Medium impact (GDACS) 199 Chapala Oct 28-Nov 4 Yemen (Socotra), Somalia 4 Economic: Low impact (GDACS) 3 Megh Nov 5-10 Yemen (Socotra), Somalia 3 Economic: Low impact (GDACS) 14


Flood Name Date Location Losses (M USD) Fatalities Malaysia Dec 15-Jan 3 Malaysia Economic: Medium impact (GDACS) 34 Malawi Jan 1-Feb 9 Southeastern Africa Economic: Medium impact (GDACS) 276 Ghana Jun 2-15 West Africa Economic: Medium impact (GDACS) 150 China May 13-Jun 29 Asia Pacific Economic: Medium impact (GDACS) 57 Myanmar Jul 15-Aug 29 Asia Economic: Medium impact (GDACS) 88 India Jul 15-Aug 29 India Economic: Medium impact (GDACS) 206 Pakistan Jul 15-Aug 29 Pakistan Economic: High impact (GDACS) 166 Japan Sep 9-11 Asia Pacific Economic: Medium impact (GDACS) 8 Guatemala Oct 2-3 Central America Economic: Medium impact (GDACS) 500 India Nov 10-Dec 4 Asia Economic: Medium impact (GDACS) 180 Kenya Dec 1-Jan 6 East Africa Economic: Medium impact (GDACS) 112 Paraguay Dec 1-Jan 6 Paraguay Economic: Medium impact (GDACS) 12

Landslide Name Date Location Losses (M USD) Fatalities Colombia May 19 Colombia, U.S. Unknown 52 Guatemala Oct 1 El Cambray Dos Settlement, Santa Catarina Pinula, Guatemala Unknown >230 Schenzhen Dec 20 Schenzhen City, China Unknown 70



Earthquake Date Local time Location Mw Losses (M USD) Fatalities

Apr 25 11:56 Nepal 7.8 Insured: 210 (Munich Re), 160 (Swiss Re) Economic: Between 1,000 and 100,000 (with 63% probability, USGS), 2,800 (KAC), 4,800 (Munich Re), 6,000 (Swiss Re)

Unknown

Apr 25 12:00 Nepal 6.1 Economic: Between 1 and 100 (with 64% probability, USGS) Unknown Apr 25 12:30 Nepal 6.6 Economic: < 10 (with 95% probability, USGS) Unknown Apr 26 12:45 Nepal 6.7 Economic: Between 0 and 100 (with 94% probability, USGS) Unknown May 12 12:50 Nepal 7.3 Economic: Between 10 and 10,000 (with 79% probability, USGS) Unknown Jul 3 9:07 Southern Xinijiang, China 6.4 Economic: Between 10 and 10,000 (with 77% probability, USGS) 3

Sep 16 22:54 Offshore Coquimbo, Chile 8.3

Insured: 600-900 (AIR) Economic: Between 100 and 10,000 (with 84% probability, USGS)

Unknown

Oct 23 5:27 Pakistan 5.6 Economic: Between 1 and 100 (with 92% probability, USGS) 260

Oct 26 13:09 Hindu Kush Region, Afghanistan 7.5 Economic: Between 1 and 100 (with 82% probability, USGS) Unknown

Nov 17 9:10 Greece 6.5 Economic: Between 1 and 100 (with 72% probability, USGS) 1 Dec 17 13:49 Chiapas, Mexico 6.6 Economic: Between 1 and 10 (with 95% probability, USGS) Unknown

Wildfire Name Month Location Acres Burnt Losses (M USD) Fatalities Sampsons Flat Jan South Australia Insured: 45 (ICA) 0 Round Wildfire Feb California, USA Unknown Unknown Siberia Wildfires Apr Europe and Middle East Unknown 34 Little Bobtail Lake May Canada >25,000 Unknown Unknown Lake Fire Jun California, U.S. >30,000 Unknown Unknown Sockeye Jun Alaska, U.S. >8,500 Unknown Unknown Sleepy Hollow Jun Washington, U.S. >4,000 Unknown Unknown Saskatchewan Jul Canada Unknown Unknown Lake Berryessa Jul California, U.S. >4,000 Unknown Unknown Rocky Aug California, U.S. >131,400 Unknown Unknown Western U.S. Aug U.S. >375,480 Unknown Unknown Butte Sep California, U.S. >70,000 Insured: >250 (PCS), 300 (CDI) 2

Valley Sep California, U.S. >80,000 Insured: 1,000 (Swiss Re), 700 (CDI) Economic: 1,600 (Swiss Re) 4

Victoria Dec Victoria, Australia Unknown Unknown

Chemical Explosion Name Date Time Location Losses (M USD) Fatalities

Tianjin Aug 12 23:30 Tianjin, Northeast China Insured: 1800 (Credit Suisse, Fitch), >2,000 (Swiss Re), 1,800 (Willis), 3,000 (RMS) 118



Abbreviations

Symbols from Federal Geographic Data Committee (FGDC)

BL Blizzard

TC Tropical Cyclone

Chemical Explosion TO Tornado

DR Drought TS Thunderstorm

EQ Earthquake

VE Volcanic Eruption

FL Flood WF Wildfire

HL Hail WS Windstorm

ME Meteoroid

Sources ABC Net (abc.net.au), ABI (Association of British Insurers: abi.org.uk), Accuweather (accuweather.com), AIR (AIR Worldwide: air-worldwide.com), AMIS (Asociación Mexicana de Instituciones de Seguros (Mexican Association of Insurance Institutions): amis.org.mx), Artemis (artemis.bm), Bahamas First Holdings (bahamasfirst.com), BoM (Australian Government Bureau of Meteorology: bom.gov.au), Business Insurance (businessinsurance.com), Brisbane Times (brisbanetimes.com.au), CDI (California Department of Insurance: insurance.ca.gov), CEDIM (Center for Disaster Management and Risk Reduction Technology: cedim.de), Chicoer News (chicoer.com), China Daily (chinadaily.com.cn), China’s National Earthquake Network Centre (csndmc.ac.cn), Chinese Today (chinesetoday.com), Climate Central (climatecentral.org), CNTV (english.cntv.cn), CoCoRaHS (Community Collaborative Rain, Hail & Snow Network: cocorahs.org), CoreLogic (corelogic.com), Credit Suisse (credit-suisse.com), Dailymail (dailymail.co.uk), DWD (Deutscher Wetterdienst: dwd.de), Earth observatory (by NASA (National Aeronautics and Space Administration, U.S.): earthobservatory.nasa.gov), Earthquake report (by CEDIM/KIT (Center for Disaster Management and Risk Reduction Technology / Karlsruhe Institute of Technology): earthquake-report.com), ECMWF (European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts: ecmwf.int), Express (express.co.uk), Extreme Storm (extremestorms.com.au), FGDC (Federal Geographic Data Committee: fgdc.gov), Fitch (Fitch Ratings: fitchratings.com), FOX4 (fox4news.com), FU Berlin (Freie Universität Berlin: fu-berlin.de), GDACS (Global Disaster Alert and Coordination System: gdacs.org), GDV (Gesamtverband der Deutschen Versicherungswirtschaft e. V. (German Insurance Association): gdv.de), GeoMAC (Geospatial Multi-Agency Coordination by USGS: geomac.gov), GIAJ (General Insurance Association of Japan: sonpo.or.jp), gov.ph, Guardian (theguardian.com), ICA (Insurance Council of Australia: insurancecouncil.com.au), Insurance Journal (insurancejournal.com), International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies (www.ifrc.org), JMA (Japan Meteorological Agency: jma.go.jp), JTWC (Joint Typhoon Warning Center: jtwccdn.appspot.com/JTWC), KAC (Kinetic Analysis Corporation: kinanco.com), Met Office (metoffice.gov.uk), Met Service (metservice.com), Meteo France (meteofrance.com), Munich Re (munichre.com), NASA (National Aeronautics and Space Administration, U.S.: nasa.gov), NBC Bay Area (nbcbayarea.com), NBC Chicago (nbcchicago.com), NBC News (nbcnews.com), NDRRMC (National Disaster Risk Reduction And Management Council: ndrrmc.gov.ph), NEOC (Nepal National Emergency Operation Center: neoc.gov.np), NOAA (National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, U.S.: noaa.gov), North American Forest Fire System (fires.globalincidentmap.com), NWS (NOAA National Weather Service: weather.gov), NY Times (nytimes.com), OCHA (United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs: unocha.org), PCS (Property Claim Services: verisk.com/property-claim-services), PERILS (perils.org), PwC (PricewaterhouseCoopers: pwc.co.uk), ReliefWeb (by OCHA (United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs): reliefweb.int), Reuters (reuters.com), Risk Market News (riskmarketnews.com), RMS (Risk Management Solutions: rms.com), Scientific American (scientificamerican.com), SPC (Storm Prediction Center, NOAA’s National Weather Service: spc.noaa.gov), Swiss Re (swissre.com), The Actuary (theactuary.com), Tribune 242 (tribune242.com), USGS (United States Geological Survey: usgs.gov), USTornadoes (United States Tornadoes: ustornadoes.com), Verisk Climate (veriskclimate.com), Washington Post (washingtonpost.com), WEATHER (weather.com), Weather Underground (wunderground.com), Weatherzone (weatherzone.com.au), Webcitation (webcitation.org), Wettergefahren-Frühwarnung (by CEDIM/KIT (Center for Disaster Management and Risk Reduction Technology / Karlsruhe Institute of Technology): wettergefahren-fruehwarnung.de), Willis Re, Willis SpatialKey Application

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