windows r&d at the doe building technologies …...lighting phase-in eere.energy.gov 1 windows...
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Lighting Phase-In eere.energy.gov
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Windows R&D at the DOE Building Technologies Program
NFRC Fall Membership Meeting 2012
Pat Phelan Supervisor, Emerging Technologies Building Technologies Program October 3, 2012
Buildings in the 21st Century – International Green Building Summit Buildings.energy.gov
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The Building Technologies Program (BTP) uses integrated approach to impact energy savings
Research & Development • Develop technology roadmaps • Prioritize opportunities • Solicit and select innovative technology
solutions • Collaborate with researchers and
market performers • Solve technical barriers and test
innovations to prove effectiveness • Measure and validate energy savings
Codes and Standards • Establish minimum energy use in a transparent public
process • Protect consumer interests • Reduce market confusion • Enhance industry competitiveness and profitability • Expand portfolio of energy efficient appliances and
equipment • Raise the efficiency bar
Market Stimulation • Identify barriers to “speed and scale”
adoption • Collaborate with industry partners to
improve market adoption • Increase usage of products and services • Work through policy, adoption, and
financial barriers • Communicate the importance and
value of energy efficiency • Provide technical assistance and
training
Buildings in the 21st Century – International Green Building Summit Buildings.energy.gov
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Building Technologies Program: Organizational Structure
Market Barriers TRL 8-9
Innovations TRL 2-3
Emerging Technologies
TRL 3-6
Building Technologies Program
• Appliance Test Procedures
• Appliance Standards • Standards Certification
and Enforcement • Building Energy Codes • ENERGY STAR and
Verification
Systems Integration TRL 6-8
• Solid State Lighting
• Advanced Heating and Cooling
• Refrigerants • Sensors and
Controls
• Commercial BetterBuildings Challenge
• Building America • BetterBuildings
Neighborhood Program
• Home Energy Score/Commercial Building Asset Rating
• Commercial Building Alliances
• Building Innovation Hub
• Solid State Lighting • Advanced Heating and
Cooling • Thermal
Envelope/Windows • Building Analysis Tools
Buildings in the 21st Century – International Green Building Summit Buildings.energy.gov
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DOE’s Portfolio of Research in Advanced Technologies – Whole Building Approach
Heating, ventilating, air conditioning, water heating, and working fluids
Building Envelope: Next generation attic and roof systems
Advanced heat pump technology: • Air source heat
pumps • Ground source
heat pumps • Heat exchangers
Low global warming potential refrigerants
Sensors and controls Advanced refrigerator
technology
Solid state lighting
Advanced windows
Building energy models/calculators
Buildings in the 21st Century – International Green Building Summit Buildings.energy.gov
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0
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Heating Cooling Heating Cooling
Residential Commercial
4.67
1.94
1.48
1.4
1.79 1.9
1.14 0.74
HV
AC
En
erg
y C
on
su
mp
tio
n
(Qu
ad
s)
Energy Consumed by Windows
Due to windows
Windows are responsible for 12% of all primary energy consumed by buildings in the US (2010 data).
Based on window energy use estimated in Apte & Arasteh, 2006, “Window-Related Energy Consumption in the US Residential and Commercial Building Stock,” LBNL-60146.
Buildings in the 21st Century – International Green Building Summit Buildings.energy.gov
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DOE Windows & Building Envelope Funding
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2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013
An
nu
al
Fu
nd
ing
($1000)
Fiscal Year
Envelope
Windows
*
* tentative
Buildings.energy.gov
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How Does DOE Decide on Research? (1) Workshops/Roadmaps
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Avera
ge R
ati
ng
Importance
Appropriateness
Relevance
Results from Last Windows Workshop (June 28, 2012) Report available at http://www.eereblogs.energy.gov/buildingenvelope/.
Buildings.energy.gov
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How Does DOE Decide on Research? (2) The Prioritization Tool
Each measure (e.g. technology) requires four data inputs: • Performance improvement: technical energy savings • Cost: incremental cost of the technology over common baseline • Market: stock this measure (e.g. technology) can impact • Supporting information: lifetime, adoption rate, code/standard date, etc.
We apply standard analysis methodology: • Energy savings (technical potential): maximum technical savings is percent
savings multiplied by market energy use • Stock and flow dynamics (two family): end-of-life equipment stock turn-
over used to determine practical limit to technology adoption • Staging framework: overlapping savings identified by segmenting energy
use; measure with lowest cost of conserved energy stages first • Technology diffusion: innovator/follower dynamics • Cost of conserved energy: present value cost of technology divided by
lifetime energy savings (i.e. $/MMBTU)
This produces useful outputs (e.g. strategic game board) that can be tested through sensitivity analyses and viewed through various lenses such as: • Maximum technical potential • Energy savings vs. cost of conserved energy (no interaction – unstaged) • Energy savings vs. cost of conserved energy (interaction – staged) • Adoption adjusted energy savings potential
Inputs
Method
Outputs
Buildings in the 21st Century – International Green Building Summit Buildings.energy.gov
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Waterfall charts allow us to compare measures (example: residential)
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1,000
2,000
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5,000
6,000
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8,000
9,000
HV
AC
eq
uip
men
t im
pro
vem
ents
Nat
ura
l ven
tila
tio
n/
eco
no
miz
ers
Enh
ance
d c
on
tro
ls
Dis
trib
uti
on
im
pro
vem
ents
(ro
uti
ng,
se
alin
g, in
sula
tin
g)
A
dva
nce
d r
etro
fit
wal
ls
B
ase
men
t/sl
ab
insu
lati
on
Hig
hly
insu
lati
ng
win
do
ws
Infi
ltra
tio
n c
on
tro
l
Ad
van
ced
att
ic /
co
ol
roo
f
Cu
rren
t co
nsu
mp
tio
n
Effi
cien
t co
nsu
mp
tio
n
usi
ng
tec
hn
ica
l p
ote
nti
al
An
nu
al e
ner
gy c
on
sum
pti
on
(p
rim
ary
tBTU
s)
Illustrative
Buildings.energy.gov
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Prioritization Tool Output: Technical Potential (R = residential, C = commercial)
- 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2.0
R+C: window films
C: R-5 repl. Windows
R+C: Low-e storm windows
R+C: Window attachments
R+C: Dynamic windows
R: R-5 repl. Windows
R: insulating shutters
R+C: R-10 windows
Primary energy savings, quads
Technical potential 2030 for Windows
0
Buildings.energy.gov
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Prioritization Tool Output: Unstaged Potential (R = residential, C = commercial)
R+C: R-10 windows
C: R-5 repl. Windows
R: insulating shutters
R+C: Dynamic windows
R+C: Window attachments
R+C: Low-e storm windows
R: R-5 repl. Windows R+C: window films
$-
$5
$10
$15
$20
$25
$30
$35
$40
$45
$50
0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600
Levelized
Co
st
of
Co
nserv
ed
En
erg
y
($
/ M
MB
TU
)
Primary Energy Savings: trillion BTUs in 2030
Unstaged Maximum-Adoption Potential, 2030
2010 average cost for fossil-fuel electricity and natural gas
Buildings in the 21st Century – International Green Building Summit Buildings.energy.gov
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Emerging Technologies Programmatic Goals are Defined Using Prioritization Tool
Lighting- aggregated 70% energy savings
Water heating- aggregated 60% energy savings
HVAC- aggregated 20% energy savings
Building envelope- aggregated 20% energy savings
Appliances- aggregated 20% energy savings
Sensors and controls – aggregated 30% energy savings
Building energy modeling – Significantly increase (10%/year) the number of users of building energy modeling tools, to actually reduce energy use in buildings (architects, builders, retrofit companies).
Relative to a 2010 baseline
Buildings.energy.gov
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Current Windows Projects (1/3)
Project Goals Performer(s)
Electrochromic (EC) Windows: non-indium-
based transparent conducting oxide layers;
nanoparticle synthesis for nanoparticle-laden
films
Go/no-go
decision on Al-
doped ZnO2 as
a replacement
for ITO
LBNL
Highly Insulating Windows: non-structural thin
glass center layers; new thermal break
technology for aluminum framing; low-cost Kr
distillation; update software tools
Prototypes;
Go/no-go on Kr
distillation
process
LBNL
Advanced Faҫades, Daylighting, and Complex
Fenestration Systems: refractive daylight
redirecting systems; angular selective shading
systems; smart controls for dynamic faҫades
Prototypes;
industry
workshop on
smart controls
LBNL/3M
(CRADA)
Window Attachments: Explore Energy Star
rating; re-engineer existing attachments for
improved energy efficiency
Energy Star
feasibility;
prototypes
LBNL
Buildings in the 21st Century – International Green Building Summit Buildings.energy.gov
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Materials for Dynamic Windows
Performer: LBNL
Contact PI: Andre Anders
Project Title: Low-cost solutions for dynamic window materials
Why Important: The market penetration of energy-efficient dynamic windows critically depends on (a) use of abundant, low-cost, non-toxic materials, and (b) scalable, reproducible, robust fabrication technology.
Highlights:
- Assisted industry in design and optimization of multilayer coatings for scale-up, lately primarily through sophisticated materials characterization.
- Demonstrated (on a small scale) that aluminum-doped zinc oxide, AZO, can be a low-cost alternative to expensive indium-tin oxide, ITO.
- As part of a collaboration, demonstrated infrared switching though plasmonic effects in nanocrystals
TEM 1 nm
One of the Journal-selected “Papers of the year 2011”: Mendelsberg et al., J. Phys D: 44, 232003 (2011).
Buildings in the 21st Century – International Green Building Summit Buildings.energy.gov
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Highly Insulating Window Solutions
Performer: LBNL
Contact PI: D. Charlie Curcija
Project Title: Highly Insulating Window Solutions
Why Important: Heat loss through windows
accounts for 2 Quads of annual building energy use. Increasing the insulating (R) value of windows, while optimizing solar gain, can eliminate this energy drain and convert the window to > net zero.
Highlights: - Near Term:
- Thin-glass non-structural triple glazing
- Highly insulating commercial window frame
- Medium Term:
- Low-cost Krypton Distillation
- Hybrid vacuum-IGU
- MoWiTT test facility retrofit and commissioning
- Software tools: WINDOW, THERM, OPTICS http://windows.lbl.gov
Hi R Roadmap
Insulating Comm’l
Frame
Hybrid IGU
w/ vacuum glazing
Low Cost Krypton Distillation
Buildings in the 21st Century – International Green Building Summit Buildings.energy.gov
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High Performance Window Attachments
Performer: LBNL
Contact PI: D. Charlie Curcija
Project Title: High Performance Window Attachments
Why Important: Virtually every home in the
U.S. has shades, blinds, drapes or other window attachments but few have been optimized for energy savings. Large short-term savings potential comes from more cost effective, high performance solutions for residential window retrofits via new tech R&D and market based consumer programs.
Highlights: - New algorithms for performance prediction
- Software tools: RESFEN, CGDB, WINDOW
- Renovating MoWiTT test facility for validation
- Framework for rating and certification
- Fact sheets, Web site and Selection tool
- Cost-effective technologies for incremental improvement in attachment products
http://windows.lbl.gov
http://www.windowattachments.org
Buildings in the 21st Century – International Green Building Summit Buildings.energy.gov
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Advanced Shading and Daylighting Systems for Commercial Buildings
Performer: LBNL
Contact PI: Eleanor Lee
Project Title: Advanced Faҫades, Daylighting, and Complex Fenestration Systems
Why Important: Solar control and daylighting technologies have the technical potential to reduce commercial building HVAC and lighting energy use by 2 Quads (1015 Btu)
Highlights:
• Assisted industry with the characterization and field testing of daylight-redirecting films
• Angular-selective attachments shown to reduce perimeter zone energy use by 30-40% and constrain peak heat gains to less than 4 W/ft2.
• Developed tools to enable evaluation and rapid prototyping of complex fenestration systems
37% savings, 3% glare D. Appelfeld et al., Energy and Buildings(50): 166-176. A. McNeil et al., JBPS 2012: 1-14.
Daylight redirection
Buildings.energy.gov
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Current Windows Projects (2/3)
Project Goals Performer(s)
Electrochromic (EC) Windows: laminated EC
prototype with polyvinyl butyral (PVB) ion
conductor layer; incorporate nickel oxide-based
counter electrodes into Sage EC window;
flexible, reflective EC film with US e-Chromic
Improved
counter
electrode; gel-
based ion
conductor with
PVB; prototype
reflective EC film
NREL/Sage
/US e-
Chromic
(CRADAs)
Durability Testing of Advanced Fenestrations:
complete installation of the differential thermal
cycling testing unit (DTCU); test existing
vacuum-insulated glass (VIG) or gas-filled
insulating glass and improve ASTM2190 test
DTCU readiness;
improved
ASTM2190
protocol
NREL
High Performance Retrofit Windows: measure
performance of efficient retrofit windows in two-
story Flexible Research Platform (FRP)
Increase
contribution of
retrofit windows
to energy
savings by ≥10%
ORNL
Buildings in the 21st Century – International Green Building Summit Buildings.energy.gov
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Disruptive and Revolutionary Material Advances for Electrochromic Windows
Performers: Chaiwat Engtrakul (NREL), Feng Lin (CSM), Ryan Richards (CSM), Doug Weir (Sage Electrochromics)
Contact PI: Chaiwat Engtrakul (NREL)
Project Title: Nanocomposite Counter Electrode Development
Why This Is Important: Nickel oxide-based materials have long held promise to enable a more neutral color electrochromic window when paired with a traditional tungsten oxide based device (blue). Color neutrality is considered highly desirable by architects and end-users and is an important factor currently limiting market penetration and ultimate energy savings. Several key barriers have prevented adoption of this material: (1) high vision clarity at all light transmission levels, (2) cycling durability, and (3) switching kinetics in Li-ion electrolyte systems. The NREL developed materials address all of these issues simultaneously.
Highlight Description: In collaboration with Sage Electrochromics, a unique approach, based on a novel co-sputtering process, was utilized by NREL researchers to enable rapid screening of a wide variety of doped nickel oxide materials. The figures to the right schematically demonstrate the co-sputter process as well as show our improved nickel oxide material in both the darkened and bleached states. The optical spectra indicate that no remnant color exists for the material in the bleached state. Elimination of this remnant coloring has been a long standing limitation for adoption of this material.
Patents Pending: “Electrochromic Nickel Oxide Simultaneously Doped with Lithium and a Metal Dopant.” U.S. Non-Provisional Patent Application (Application No.: 13/554,144) and “Ternary Nickel Oxide Materials for Electrochromic Devices.” U.S. Provisional Patent Application (Application No.: 61/681,353).
Publications Pending Review: “Origin of electrochromism in high-performing nanocomposite nickel oxide.” submitted to the Journal of the American Chemical Society.
!
State-of-the-art electrochromic electrode materials
• Enhanced aesthetic appeal
- color neutrality
• Improved film durability
• Superior switching speeds
• Greater coloration efficiency
• Enable market penetration
Co-Sputter Deposition
Buildings in the 21st Century – International Green Building Summit Buildings.energy.gov
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New Manufacturing Path with Potential for Dramatic
Cost Reduction of Electrochromic Dynamic Windows
Performer: Robert Tenent (NREL), Chi-Ping Li (CSM), Colin Wolden (CSM)
Contact PI: Robert Tenent
Project Title:
Atmospheric Pressure Deposition of Electrochromic Materials
Why This Is Important:
Existing market electrochromic dynamic windows remain at too high of a price point for widespread market adoption. Simple spray-coating technologies hold the promise of lower cost production of dynamic windows and are compatible with present high volume glass manufacturing methods.
Highlight Description: NREL has developed a new prototype laminated electrochromic device that is formed using only liquid phase, atmospheric pressure based deposition techniques. When employed at scale, this manufacturing path could drop the cost of dynamic windows to less than $20/ft2.
Tenent, R. C.; Gillaspie, D. T.; Miedaner, A.; Parilla, P. A.; Curtis, C. J.;
Dillon, A. C., Journal of the Electrochemical Society 2010, 157 (3), H318-
H322.
Li C-P.; Lin, F.; Richards, R.M.; Engtrakul C.; Dillon, A.C.; Tenent R.C.;
Wolden, C.A. Electrochemistry Communications in press
Bleached Colored
SiO2/PMMA Composite Polymer Electrolyte
Mesoporous WO3
NiO/LiNO3 Storage Layer
TCO-Coated Glass
TCO-Coated Glass
Li+
Buildings in the 21st Century – International Green Building Summit Buildings.energy.gov
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Performer: Timothy Snow (NREL)
Contact PI: Timothy Snow (NREL)
Project Title:
Durability Testing of Advanced Fenestrations
Why is this important:
Verifiable and independent third party testing of developing fenestration technologies is required before any new concept structure can be judged acceptable for commercial adoption.
The NREL Advanced Fenestration Durability Testing Laboratory allows the development of new standard methods for emerging fenestration technologies that may not be available elsewhere or to a wide variety of companies.
Highlight Description:
The figure to the right shows NREL’s new differential thermal cycling unit specifically designed for stress testing of highly insulating window architectures including vacuum insulated glass units (VIGU).
Durability Testing of Advanced Fenestrations
Differential Thermal Cycling Unit
Sample Temperature Range: -50°C to 110°C
Humidity: 5–95% (20°C to 85°C)
Thermal ramp rate maximum of 2° C/min
Maximum Sample Size: 45” x 45” x 8”
Independent control of interior and exterior
conditions
Buildings.energy.gov
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Current Windows Projects (3/3)
Project Goals Performer(s)
Nanolens Window Coatings for Daylighting &
Low-e Storm Windows Adoption: optimize
nanoscale resonators for light redirection;
implement low-e storm windows in simulation
packages (BeOPT, NEAT, Energy Gauge) to
stimulate adoption
Prototype
demonstrating
10% light
redirection; add
data on low-e
storm windows
to Building
America
database
PNNL
Buildings in the 21st Century – International Green Building Summit Buildings.energy.gov
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Advanced Coatings for Daylighting
Performer: Pacific Northwest National Laboratory
Contact PI: Dr. Kyle Alvine
Project Title: Nanolens Window Coatings for Daylighting
Why This Is Important:
Potential to save 0.4 Quad BTU/year and reduce CO2 gas production by 7 million tons by redirecting light deeper into a building space at a projected cost of $2-3/ft2.
Highlight Description:
PNNL is developing advanced window coatings to redirect light deeper into building space. The figure (top) shows the daylighting schematic and (lower) a photograph of the effect.
Lighting Phase-In eere.energy.gov
DeHority Hall, Ball State University Dynamic Windows - No Blinds < HVAC Muncie, Indiana
Image courtesy of SageTM
Buildings in the 21st Century – International Green Building Summit Buildings.energy.gov
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The EEB Hub is a test bed of building
efficiency activity focused on the
Philadelphia region
• MODELING: Develop and deploy a state-
of-the-art modeling platform
• TECHNOLOGIES: Demonstrate the
market viability of integrating energy
saving technologies
• POLICIES: Identify policies that
accelerate market adoption and support
policy makers in their development
• TRAINING: Inform, train, and educate
• NEW BUSINESS: Help launch ventures to
exploit market opportunities
http://www.eebhub.org/
Energy Efficient Buildings Hub in Philadelphia, PA
Buildings in the 21st Century – International Green Building Summit Buildings.energy.gov
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Moving Forward
Mark LaFrance in his new job at IEA
• NEW IDEAS: What should be the new
research directions for windows?
• MORE PARTICIPANTS: How to increase the
number of window researchers (labs,
companies, universities)?
• MORE OPEN SOLICITATIONS: Funding
Opportunity Announcements (FOAs) are
planned for each year.
• ANNUAL WORKSHOPS: Look for next
workshop announcement on our blog.
• NEW WINDOWS/ENVELOPE PROGRAM
MANAGER: We are recruiting a replacement
for Mark LaFrance. Please send suggestions
to me ([email protected]).