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AdvisorProf. Bambang Sugiarto M.Eng, Dean of Faculty of Ensineerins, Ul

Prof. Dedi Priadi, DEA, vice Dean of Faculty of Engineerins, Ul

Dr. lr. Sigit P. Hadiwardoyo, DEA, Secretary of Faculty of Ensineering, Ul

ChairmanProf. Bondan T. Sofyan, Universitas lndonesia

Vice ChairmanDr. Ahmad Herman Yuwono, Universitas lndonesia

Steering CommitteeProf. Eko Tjipto Rahardjo, IEEE lndonesia Section, Universitas lndonesia

Prof. Yuri T, Zagloel, Universitas lndonesia

Prof. Jamasri, Gadjah Mada University

lr. Sudarsono, M,T., lnst. Science and Tech AKPRIND

Dr. Nahry, Universitas lndonesia

lr. Sukisno, M.Si, universitas lndonesia

Dr. Heri Hermansyah, Universitas lndonesia

Dr. Myrna Ariati Mochtar, Universitas lndonesia

Dr. M ldrus Alhamid, Universitas lndonesia

Scientific Editorial CommitteeDr. Nyoman Suwartha (Chief), Universitas lndonesia

Prof. Hamzah Abdul Rahman, Universiti Malaya, Malaysia

Prof. Bondan T. Sofyan, Universitas lndonesia

Prof. Poki Chen, National Taiwan University Science and Technology, Taiwan

Assoc. Prof. Dr. Nangkula Utaberta lAl, Universiti Putra selangor, Malavsia

Prof. Nandy Putra, Universitas lndonesia

Prof. Ken-ichi Manabe, Tokyo Metropolitan University, Japan

Prof. Syed lslam, Curtin University, Australia

Dr. Sri Harjanto, Universitas lndonesia

Prof. Kozo Obara, Kagoshima University, Japan

Prof. Monai Krairiksh, King Mongkut's lnstitute of Technology Ladkrabang, Thailand

Dr. Fitri Yuli Zulkifli, IEEE lndonesia Section, Universitas lndonesia

Prof. Wei-Mei Chen, National Taiwan University Science and Technology, Taiwan

Prof. Dr.rer.nat. Habil Uwe Lahl, TU Darmstadt, Germany

Prof. Chian Fe Chi, National Taiwan University Science and Technology, Taiwan

Prof. Akiko Okabe, Chiba University, Japan

Prof. Leung Chun Fai, National University of Singapore

Prof. Hyung Seoh Kim, Konkuk University, Korea

Dr. Tania Surya Utami, Universitas lndonesia

Prof. Jan Berghmans, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Belgium

Prof. Amar Bousbaine, University of Derby, UK

Dr. Sugeng Supriyadi, Universitas lndonesia

Prof. Michiharu Tabe, Shizuoka University, Japan

Dr. Pierre Y. Julien, P. Eng, Colorado State University, USA

Dr. Agustino Zulys, Universitas lndonesia

Prof. Eiki Kasai, Tohoku University, Japan

Dr. Gilles Ausias, Universite de Bretagne-Sud, France

Rini Suryantini, ST., M.Sc, universitas lndonesia

Prof. Dr. Stephen Cairns, ETH Zurich, switzerland

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CONFERENCEORGANIZER

Maya Arlini ST., MT., MBA, Universitas tndonesia

Prof. Dr. Akihiko Kondo, Kobe University, Japan

Prof. Dr. Che Husna Azhari, Universiti Kebangsaan Mataysia

lr. Gandjar Andaka, phD, tsr AkprindDr. Pekka Levi;ikangaS, outu University, Finland

Prof. Young Je You, Seoul National University, KoreaDr. Titin lsna Oesman, tST AkprindProf. Alireza Maheri, Northrumbia University, UK

Secretariat and RegistrationHerra Astasusmini, SESigma Rizky, STShabila AnjaniDarisa SyahriniFaris NaufalAdam Septiyono ArlanKholid Fakhriy, ST

TreasurerEvi Surpiningsih, S.Pd, MM

Programme and ProtocolTikka Anggraeni, M.Si.

Design and DocumentationRengga Wibisono, S.Sos.Widiya Prastiwi, S.lkom

Web and lnformation SystemElmansyah, MT

Exhibition and SponsorshipDr. lr. Myrna Ariati Mochtar M.S.

Venue and FacilitiesProf. Dr.-lng. Nandy PutraAgung Prehadi, STJumiardi

MealNuruli Exiarini, S.Sos

Conference Organizing Committee :

Faculty of Engineering Universitas lndonesiaDekanat Building 3th Floor Kampus Ul, Depok 16424,lndonesiaPhone : +62-21- 7863503, 91145988Fax: +62-21 - 727OO5O

Email : qir@eng.ui.ac.id,Website : hltp:/ / qir.eng.ui.ac.id

www.eng.ui.ac.id

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-3-

Proceeding of the 13th International Conference on QIR (Quality in Research)

Yogyakarta, Indonesia, 25-28 June 2013

ISSN 1411-1284

xiv

D4.3_AryaniSM_Design Alternatives for Elementary School Desk and Chair As an Effort in Optimize

Learning Process; Anthropometrical and Aesthetical Approaches ........................................................... 676

D4.4_ChristianiaA_Usability Testing of UPH Library Website based on WEBUSE Indicator .................... 681

D4.6_SoebandrijaKEN_Neuro Strategy, Industrial and Systems Engineering: Malcolm Baldrige Criteria

toward Performance Excellence, Innovation and Sustainability Perspectives ......................................... 688

D5.1_SudiajengL_Defining Comprehensive Ergonomics in Engineering Design and Construction

Processes ...................................................................................................................................................... 694

D5.2_MoeisAO_Ergonomics Analysis Of Medium-Range Twin-Engined Transport Plane Emergency

Door ............................................................................................................................................................... 700

D5.3_CaiD_The Legibility Threshold of Chinese Characters in Three Type Styles ................................... 705

D5.4_ChiCF_The Effect of Icon Formats on Vehicle Icon Recognition ...................................................... 706

D5.5_SuziantiA_The Assessment of Acoustic and Lighting Condition in Auditoriums As Lecture Halls . 714

D5.6_WijayaD_Organisation Risk Management Maturity and Performance: Initial Evidence ................ 722

D6.2_IndrianyE_Project Profit Margin Determination on Information Technology Contractors .............. 728

D6.3_AriniHM_Project Risk Management Implementation in Indonesia: Initial Study ............................ 735

D6.5_HermawatiP_Feasibility Study on the Selection of Alternative Access Road to Gunaksa Harbor . 244

D6.6_WahyudiRD_Service Dimension for Information System in Higher Education Field ...................... 750

D6.7_SophaBM_Industrial Symbiosis: Past Researches, Current Findings, and Future Direction ........ 757

D6.8_SubrotoB_Intention Behavior of Villagers in Adopting Telecommunication Technology: A Case Study

of Using Cellular Phone in Indonesia .......................................................................................................... 764

D6.9_FirdausOM_Knowledge Sharing Attempt of Doctors in Teaching Hospital using Partial Least

Squares (PLS) Analysis ................................................................................................................................. 771

D6.10_PamungkasS_Modeling a Feasible and Sustainable Business of Traditional Batik Home

Industry ......................................................................................................................................................... 777

D7.1_MuslimE_Analysis of the Effectiveness of Kompas Newspaper Advertising Based on Size and Color

Factors Using Eye Tracking Method ............................................................................................................ 785

D7.3_SoebandrijaKEN_Innovation and Malcolm Baldrige: Effect of Strategic Planning, Customer Focus

and Operations Focus toward Result of Performance Excellence and Sustainability ............................. 791

D7.4_AmranTG_Partnership Strategy to Build Technopreuneurship as a Mean to Achieve the

Entrepreneurial University ............................................................................................................................ 799

D7.5_HidayatnoA_Conceptual Model for Evaluation the Impact of Transit-Oriented Development

Initiatives to the Income Growth of MRT Operating Company ................................................................... 804

D7.6_HakimIM_An Inventory Model on Damaged Product with Calculating Crashing Cost and Variable

Lead Time ...................................................................................................................................................... 810

D8.3_NurhasanahN_ Fuzzy Lead Time Application to Material Requirement Planning Piano UP B1 PE816

D8.4_SaraswatiD_Integrated Inventory Model under Lot-Streaming Delivery Policy using Vendor-

Managed Inventory ....................................................................................................................................... 816

D8.5_SaputroOA_MODEL DEVELOPMENT OF PROJECT COMPLEXITY ...................................................... 822

D8.6_NataliaC_Multipliers And Structural Path Analysis For Logistics Sectors In Social Accounting Matrix

Framework Of Indonesia .............................................................................................................................. 829

Industrial Symbiosis: Past Researches, Current Findings, and Future Direction

Bertha Maya Sopha

Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta, INDONESIA

E-mail : bertha_sopha@ugm.ac.id

ABSTRACT High quality, non-renewable, resource depletion through various consumptive industrial activities, as well as, emissions and wastes during resources transformation have made current industrial systems unsustainable. Industrial symbiosis, coupling economic growth with environment protection, is one of various attempts toward sustainable industrial practice. The literature on industrial symbiosis continues to grow even though the industrial symbiosis practices have been there for quite some time. However, researches on industrial symbiosis are varied and vibrant yet fragmented. This present paper therefore attempts to organize and to review the burgeoning industrial symbiosis literatures by analyzing their state-of-art whether there are gaps. The literature review was based on articles drawn from 13 databases and one internet-based research engine. The literatures are analyzed with respect to evolutions of the concept development and the degree to which material are closed and exchanged, barriers and success factors, performance indicators, and modeling techniques implemented. Research findings are further synthesized to identify direction for potential future research. Keywords Industrial Symbiosis, Literature Review, Concept Development, Barriers and Success Factors, Modeling Techniques 1. INTRODUCTION

High quality, non-renewable, resource depletion through various consumptive industrial activities, as well as, emissions and wastes during resources transformation have made current industrial systems unsustainable. This will lead that the current resource use dynamics cannot be maintained for existing human populations. Therefore, people are now trying to bring about a change in the way their operation so that the negative impacts towards ecosystem can be stopped or at least minimized. Industrial symbiosis, coupling economic growth with environment protection, is one of various attempts toward sustainable industrial practice. The most famous case study of industrial symbiosis is probably the industrial district at Kalundborg, Denmark. During the development of industrial symbiosis, a number of ways to design and implement industrial symbiosis exist. Moreover, industrial symbiosis has also referred to various names, such as eco-industrial park, industrial eco-system, etc. The literature on industrial symbiosis continues to grow even though the industrial symbiosis practices have been there for quite some time. However, researches on industrial symbiosis are varied and vibrant yet fragmented. This present paper therefore attempts to organize and to review the burgeoning industrial symbiosis literatures by analyzing their state-of-art whether there are gaps. The literature review is therefore more than a mere description. The paper follows the following methodological approach to conduct the review: building conceptual framework, searching and collecting literatures, analyzings and synthesizing findings from literatures. 2. FRAMEWORK The industrial symbiosis literatures are ranging from the conceptual study to empirical study, from broad-brush exploration to in-depth case study. This present paper arranges the literatures by creating an organizing template for this work. Although several templates are possible, a framework used in this paper is built in such a way to map the literatures based on its context into two streams of research: conceptual development of industrial symbiosis (group 1) and tool used or applied in designing and implementing industrial symbiosis (group 2). The review is shaped around these streams because each of stream has distinct body of research. Group 1 deals with attempts to investigate industrial symbiosis concept, formulate its principles and elements. As a new field, industrial ecology and/or industrial symbiosis literatures are seeking to formulate a set of fundamental beliefs and cohesive concepts that lend a common meaning to all players in the field. These literatures are mainly based on conceptual-grounded work. Group 2 deals with issues and approaches related to industrial symbiosis establishment such as performance indicators, modeling and evaluation as well as barriers and success factors of industrial symbiosis around the world. The papers on this category are empirically grounded results, experiences from practice.

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3. DATA COLLECTION Due to the multidisciplinary nature of industrial symbiosis, the literature search was organized so that all the related field of industrial symbiosis was covered so that it could be analyzed in different context. Fields included in the literature research includes engineering, economics, environment, and business. The framework above was applied to all areas. Ten sources from databases, e-journal and internet, most of them containing articles, are explored. The data collection was conducted in four steps following the steps below,

1. Screening of databases, journals, conferences proceedings, etc to find references to publications related to industrial symbiosis

2. All the selected references were coded according to our framework, empirical and conceptual research as well as classified into two groups determined in the framework

3. Investigation of most important/central references 4. Identification of potential research themes

Table 1: Databases and search terms employed in literatures Sources Search term

1. ISI Web of Science 2. EBSCO 3. ECO Electronic

Collection (OCLC) 4. Ingenta 5. JSTOR 6. Science direct (Elsevier) 7. SpringerLink 8. Wiley Interscience

Journal 9. Blackwell Synergy 10. Google scholar (internet)

1. industrial symbiosis 2. industrial ecosystem 3. eco-industrial park 4. eco-industrial estate 5. eco-industrial network 6. by-product synergy 7. by-product exchange

4. RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS 4.1 Literature Description Judging from the numbers of references, research on industrial symbiosis have not yet got a foothold. As new emerging discipline the literatures of industrial symbiosis are evoluting in the same way as is industrial ecology. This section addresses the industrial symbiosis literatures evolution to point the center of attention to identify the potential research agenda as well as to provide innovative routes in changing present unsustainable industrial systems. The concept of industrial ecology was firstly introduced in 1989 [1]. Figure 1 and 2 illustrate the literatures based on the framework discussed in section 2. Tin the early stage, industrial symbiosis literatures were mainly working on the conceptual definition. With respect to the empirical case, the Kalundborg case in Denmark appeared in 1996 literature was the first working model of industrial symbiosis. Afterwards, the industrial symbiosis concept has been refined and the numbers of case and/or project on industrial symbiosis have been increasing since then. The conceptual literatures have given a baseline for studying the cases while case study literatures have inspired to further distill the concept. Case study literatures also contribute to the development of tools for designing and developing industrial symbiosis. Early study on industrial symbiosis was dominated with the technical and economic perspectives. Therefore, there was unbalance between the social and technology study in the area of industrial symbiosis as sustainability is not only based on technology and economy aspects but also social aspect. Furthermore, Cohen-Rosenthal [2] challenged the reductionist and engineering approaches in industrial ecology in general and industrial symbiosis in particular by stressing the importance of solid understanding of the functioning of industrial network and the role of human resources. Human dimension and inter-organizational issues was then addressed in 2006 literatures. Recent development in industrial symbiosis literatures is an attemp to adopt systemic perspective when designing and evaluating industrial symbiosis.

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(1989) (1990-1992) (1993-1995) (1996-1998) (1999-2001) (2002-2004) (2005-2007) (2008-2010) (2011-)

case/project

tool

concept

f irst introduced

techno-econoanalytical approach

techno-econo-socio systemic approach

Figure 1: Industrial symbiosis literatures (Note: bigger circles reflect more literatures)

Figure 2 further illustrates that the number of empirical studies are higher than conceptual studies because more literatures presents and explores practices from cases in order to formulate the concept as well as implementing approaches. In turn, the formulated concept will help to learn, design and plan for other cases/projects. The process is however not linear. Theoretical and empirical data collection and generation work is done at the same time.

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

Conceptual Studies Empirical Studies

Per

cen

tag

e (%

)

Types of Study

Figure 2: Industrial symbiosis literatures by group based on the framework

(Group 1: Conceptual studies, Group 2: Empirical studies)

4.2 Industrial Symbiosis Definition Industrial symbiosis is perhaps the best-known application of Industrial Ecology principles. There are various definitions of the concept with different implications. Industrial symbiosis normally regards as the exchange of by-products, energy, water, emissions among closely situated firms. There are several terms in the literatures which are used interchangeably. Table 2 provides the terms as well as the definition which develops over time. The early definition is put more focus on trading material, and then it is enriched by the synergy/collaboration within geographic proximity in addition to material exchange. Table 2 also implies that the expressions from different authors are varying depending on the system boundaries, specifics of the project, its management umbrella or geographical location. However, they have one thing in common is that they attempt to create a system by exchanging material/energy with collaboration among companies within region/geographic proximity whose objective to improve economic, environmental, social performance.

Tabel 2: Concepts and definitions in Industrial Symbiosis Term used Definition References

Industrial Ecosystem

In an Industrial Ecosystem, the traditional model of industrial activity is transformed into a more integrated system, in which the consumption of energy and materials is optimized and the effluents of one process serve as the raw material for another process

[1]

Industrial Ecosystem

A community or network of companies and other organizations in a region who choose to interact by exchanging and making use of byproducts and/or energy in a way that provides one or more of the following benefits over traditional,non-linked operations: reduction in the use of virgin materials as resources input, increased energy efficiency leading to reduced

[3]

Proceeding of the 13th International Conference on QIR (Quality in Research) Yogyakarta, Indonesia, 25-28 June 2013

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Term used Definition References systemic energy use, reduction in the volume of waste products requiring disposal, increase in the amount and types of process output that have market value

Eco-industrial park a community of manufacturing and service firms located together in a common property. Member businesses seek enhanced environmental, economic and social performance through collaboration in managing environmental and resource issues. By working together, the community of businesses seeks a collective benefit that is greater then the sum of individual benefits each company would realize by only optimizing its individual performance

[4]

Industrial symbiosis

Industrial Symbiosis engages traditionally separate industries in a collective approach to competitive advantage involving physical exchange of materials, energy, water, and/or byproducts. The keys to Industrial Symbiosis are collaboration and the synergistic possibilities offered by geographic proximity

[5]

The latest definition on industrial symbiosis also takes into account on the common objectives to pursue performance targets. This is quite in line with principles proposed by Korhonen [6], the development of natural ecosystems is driven by roundput, diversity, locality and gradual change, as industrial ecology metaphors.

Table 3: Ecosystem principles applied to natural and industrial ecosystem (adapted from [6]) Ecosystem principles In Natural Ecosystem In industrial Ecosystem

Roundput Recycling of matter Cascading of energy

Recycling of matter Cascading of energy

Diversity Biodiversity Diversity in species, organism Diversity in interdependency and cooperation Diversity in information

Diversity in actors, in interdependency, and in co-operation Diversity in industrial input and output

Locality Utilizing local resources Respecting the local natural limiting factors Local interdependency and cooperation

Utilizing local resources, wastes Respecting the local natural limiting factors Co-operation between local actors

Gradual change Evolution using solar energy Evolution through reproduction Cyclical time, seasons time Slow time rates in development of system diversity

Using waste material and energy and renewable resources Gradual development of the system diversity

Summarizing, the basic concept of industrial symbiosis is attempting to learn and apply ecosystem principles to an industrial system. The ability to articulate and conceptualize industrial symbiosis is crucial because different conceptualizations of industrial ecology suggest different political solutions and different focuses on the environment [7]. Moreover, the principles can be useful either for stimulating creative thinking, innovation, and for providing inspiration for establish industrial symbiosis. 4.3 Barriers and Success Factors There are two opinions regarding the IS establishment. First, based on the success story of existing IS, the development of IS is self-organizing driven by market forces, spontaneously evolved market coordination [8]. Industrial symbiosis is a complex system that is very difficult to intentionally plan, design or manage [9]. However, the second opinion is that the IS development is planning-based is that the public planning could foster greater level of industrial symbiosis [10]. There are various barriers and success factors found in the literatures. For example, Ehrenfeld and Gertler [9] found barriers toward industrial symbiosis included lack of technical and economic appeal of continuous sources of feedstock, high transaction costs, small lot sizes, and cognitive domain when wastes have such a long history of being ignored that it is difficult for firms to integrate these output of their activities into their strategic processes. Case study of a Swedish municipality with a developed forest industry results that the greatest barriers were lack of knowledge and resources, attitudes, time frames, development consent and lack of continuity and local power for some companies [11]. On the study of CHP-based energy production in an industrial recycling network, Korhonen [6] identified the barriers are economic barrier, unhealthy dependencies (conflicting interest or diversity of technical requirements), regulation and policy (taxation of fossil fuels), large unit sizes and awareness related to information and know-how. He also discussed on the conditions of success including renewable flow resources as fuels, co-production of district heat and electricity, co-production of industrial heat/steam and electricity, public ownership in related to trust and inability to corporate as well as local condition that provides market in which this is very much in line with the success factors for Kalunborg due to chemical and other technical compatibility, economic feasibility, organizational arrangements that minimizes transaction cost, regulatory context that is consultative, open and flexible to further reduce emission and adjust prices to make industrial symbiosis economically attractive [9]. Furthermore, case studies of eight eco-industrial park in the Netherlands showed that factors of social cohesion between the partner companies plays, physical and social features as well as the nature of the decision making process determine the degree of success in achieving symbiosis and/or utility sharing in eco-industrial park [12]. Furthermore, the comparative study conducted on six industrial symbiosis projects in the US and the Netherland pointed the factor that essential

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to project success is active participation from a number of stakeholders in the planning stages of the project, however, the reasons causing problems or failure is more diverse in nature, ranging from lack of finances, lack of company interest, relatively large distance between companies, different opinions and interest among stakeholders [13]. Summarizing, barrier and success factors on industrial symbiosis project are case-specific; however, there are some commons also among the cases. Summarized, the development and functioning of industrial symbiosis depend on the various factors rooted in the different domains [13,14],

• Technical: an exchange is technically feasible in terms of physical, chemical and spatial attributes of in- and output streams, compatibilities between needs and capacities, availability of reliable and cost efficient technologies

• Economic: an exchange might be economically sound or economically not risky from a company perspective in terms of costs of virgin inputs, value of waste and by-product streams, transaction and opportunity costs, size of capital investment and discount rates

• Political/regulatory/legal: caused by the jungle of environmental laws and regulations for example: overarching environmental policies, nature and implications of relevant laws and regulations, relevant fiscal elements (taxes, fees, fines, levies, subsidies and credits)

• Informational: the right people have the needed information at the right time, for example: access to relevant info, availability of timely and reliable information from a wide spectrum of areas to the right parties, continued review of information.

• Organizational and Institutional: the intended exchange might not fit in the current corporate organizational structure in terms of trust, openness, environmental maturity, level of social interaction and mental proximity, local availability of decision-making power, organization history, nature of interaction among industry, policy makers and regulators, social embeddings (degree of familiarity).

4.4 Tools In order to able to reproduce the success of industrial symbiosis at Kalundborg, Denmark to other places around the world, researchers from different area attempt to develop tools, instruments and/or approaches derived from other different fields. This sub-section will discussed tools and approaches found in the literatures for evaluating industrial symbiosis. Most the published studies on evaluation of industrial symbiosis evaluation is mainly descriptive, leaving out the specific methodology utilized. This section limits discussion by addressing only on performance indicator and modeling techniques of industrial symbiosis. 4.4.1 Performance Indicators There is very few literatures presenting on the performance indicators of industrial symbiosis. The indicators for evaluating industrial symbiosis should incorporate both environment and economic aspects. Some authors therefore suggest eco-efficiency indicators to measure environmental and financial performances. The study conducted by Biswas et al. [15] stated that indicators which reflect environmental, economic, health and safety issues, have been categorized as micro-ecometrics and macro-ecometrics, and often economic, technical and societal factors are embedded into these measures. The paper however left out specific indicators to measure environmental, economic and social performances. 4.4.2 Modeling Techniques The primary requirement for establishing industrial symbiosis is that it must be technically feasible. Therefore, the first attempt towards modeling of industrial symbiosis is by modeling the material (raw materials, products, by-products, waste) and energy flow. Tools used for modeling technical aspect are chemical process simulation, linear programming, other operation research tools such as game theory, queue theory, monte carlo simulation, system dynamics, etc. There are many studies that have been done by chemical engineers to seek for the potential linkages among the member in the industrial symbiosis. It can be evaluated using a variety of techniques, such as exergy analysis [16] and emergy analysis[17,18]. They are modeling exergy or emergy flow of the system. This type of modeling tried to model the influence of uncertainty such as market fluctuation, operational uncertainty, etc., using operational research principles, for example game theory [18] and hierarchical pareto optimization [19]. This modeling is to seek the optimal operation of industrial symbiosis economically and environmentally. Moreover, there is industrial ecosystems toolkit developed by Industrial Economics Inc. in partnership with Clark University for the US EPA’s Office of Policy, Planning and Evaluation, Urban and Economic Development Division in 1999. It consists of Facility Synergy Tool (FaST), Designing Industrial Ecosystems Tool (DIET), Regulatory, Economic and Logistics Tool (REaLiTy). Other toolkits such as MatchMaker that matches the user specific or generic data, Integrated Materials Exchange Tool that integrates linier programming optimization with a visual GIS map based framework, was also available. The presented modeling techniques seek to model the technical system, on the other hand, industrial symbiosis is not only consisting of machine and money but also man (human) in which poorly addressed. Therefore, the recent proposal for modeling industrial symbiosis is the use of agent-based modeling to facilitate the interaction of stakeholder in industrial symbiosis [20,21], however, the application toward real cases are still lack. 5. FUTURE DIRECTION

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Extracted from the literatures, this section identifies themes which are crucial to be considered when establishing and developing industrial symbiosis. The themes relate to industrial symbiosis concept, performance indicator, human dimension, linkage to business, as well as, modeling techniques. With respect to the concept of industrial symbiosis, due to various proposed definition, no single consensus, it calls to more further research in order to refine the concept of industrial ecology that is widely accepted and useful as the metaphor to be a source of inspiration and creativity in the transformation of management and strategic visions towards a new sustainability culture. Furthermore, with respect to performance indicator, a set of indicators informing stakeholders on how well the system is working is necessary. The future research could be studying on developing key performance indicators to measure industrial symbiosis performance in terms of economy, technology, as well as, environment. Based on the previous findings mentioned on the barrier of industrial symbiosis establishment and development, it is seen that, sometimes, other barriers and incentives exist which are not directly linked to whether the investment on industrial symbiosis is profitable or not. Human are unique among species, possessing language and intentionality. There is other factor that important for integration, that is human dimension, i.e., inter-organizational management, human action toward the vision of Industrial symbiosis. It echo to the slogan “knowledge makes it possible, people make it happen”. Therefore, research on human dimension toward the industrial symbiosis establishment is also required. The linkage toward business models is also particularly important. More often that not it tends to look at industrial ecosystems, industrial metabolism and industrial symbiosis from a biological and engineering point of view. Business people look things differently and even have different languages. There is a need towards any efforts to try to understand symbiosis using business models. This will allow to make better cases once all of the business benefits are understood. Reducing environmental impacts and even making more efficient use of resources don't appear to be enough to make symbioses happen [22]. It is supported by Baumann [23] emphasizes that different ways of managing industrial production results in different environmental performance. Industrial performance does not depend on solely the technology but also depend on how we manage it. Since industrial symbiosis is complex system, there is a call for applying the systemic approach to understand the problem. There is a strong need for a systemic approach to better understand the full implications of the choice and its attractiveness in terms of resilience [24]. Moreover, Garner and Keoleian [25] argued that environmental problems from industrial processes are systemic and would need a system approach in proffering solutions to them which would involve connections linking industrial practices to human activities in addition to maintaining environmental or ecological integrity. Most authors believe that a systems approach also provides a holistic view of environmental problems thereby making it possible to see and solve these problems that would in turn create advantages towards achieving sustainable industrial systems. To sum up, there is a strong need to provide the modeling technique that can model the system based on the holistic perspective. The possible contribution towards the knowledge development in the area of industrial symbiosis could be on the development of simulation software, optimization techniques (multi-scale) as well as policy that drives or may hinder industrial symbiosis. At the end, all the mentioned potential research themes would contribute to the building of practical framework to establish industrial symbiosis. REFERENCES [1] R.A. Frosch, N. E. Gallopoulos, “Strategies for Manufacturing”, Scientific American, vol. 261, no. 3, pp. 144–152, 1989. [2] E., Cohen-Rosenthal, E., “A walk on the human side of Industrial Ecology”, American Behavioral Scientist, vol. 44, no. 2, pp. 245-

264, 2000. [3] N. Gertler, “Industrial ecosystem: developing sustainable industrial structures”, Disseratation for master of science in technology and

policy and master of science in civil and environmental engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 1995 [4] E. A. Lowe, "Creating by-product resource exchanges: strategies for eco-industrial parks." Journal of Cleaner Production, vol. 5, no.

1-2, pp. 57-65, 1997 [5] M. Chertow, “Industrial Symbiosis: Literature and Taxonomy”, Annual Review of Energy and Environment, vol. 25, pp. 313-337, 2000 [6] J. Korhonen,"A material and energy flow model for co-production of heat and power." Journal of Cleaner Production, vol. 10, pp.

537-544, 2001. [7] H. N. Opoku, “Policy implications of industrial ecology conceptions”, Business Strategy and the Environment, vol. 13, pp. 320-333,

2004 [8] P. Desrochers, “Industrial symbiosis: the case for market coordination”. Journal of Cleaner Production Special Issue ‘Applications of

Industrial Ecology’, vol. 12, no.8-10, pp. 1099-1110, 2004 [9] J. Ehrenfeld, N. Gertler, “Industrial Ecology in Practice: The Evolution of interdependence at Kalunborg”, Journal of Industrial

Ecology, vol. 1, no. 1, pp. 67-79, 1997 [10] R. U. Ayres, L. U., Ayres, “Industrial Ecology – Towards Closing the Material Cycle”. Elgar: Cheltenham, 1996 [11] A. Wolf, M. Eklund, “Towards cooperation in industrial symbiosis: considering the importance of the human dimension”, Progress in

Industrial Ecology, vol. 2, no. 2, pp. 185-199, 2004 [12] J. A. M. Eilering, W. J. V. Vermeulen, “Eco-industrial parks: toward industrial symbiosis and utility sharing practice”, Progress in

Industrial Ecology, vol. 1, no. (1/2/3), pp. 245-270, 2004 [13] R. R. Heeres, W. J. V. Vermeulen, "Eco-industrial park initiatives in the USA and the Netherlands: first lessons" Journal of Cleaner

Production, vol. 12, pp. 985-995, 2004

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