women struggle for rights

7/28/2019 Women Struggle for Rights

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WOMENS RIGHTS


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Changes in American life during the

Industrial Revolution

Division between work and home


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The cult of true

womanhoodportrayed the idealwoman as pious,

pure, domestic, andsubmissive.


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Education for women

The demand forwomen suffrage

emerged in the firsthalf of the 19thcentury from within

other reformmovements.
http://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://muse.jhu.edu/journals/nwsa/v011/full/11.3beaver_fig02f.jpg&imgrefurl=http://muse.jhu.edu/journals/nwsa/v011/11.3beaver_fig02.html&h=1000&w=656&sz=62&tbnid=VGoWUioI08MJ:&tbnh=149&tbnw=97&hl=en&start=23&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dfemale%2Bseminary%26start%3D20%26svnum%3D10%26hl%3Den%26lr%3D%26ie%3DUTF-8%26sa%3DN


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Mary Wollstonecraft, Frances Wright, and

Margaret Fuller believed that giving womenan equal education to that of men woulddo more to improve womens position in

society than voting rights.


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The Temperance Crusade


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Susan B. Anthony and Amelia

Bloomer attended the New YorkMens State Temperance Societymeeting while wearing short hair

and bloomers.


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The radicalabolitionmovement had the

greatest impact onwomens rights.


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Women in the abolition movementrecognized parallels between the legal

condition of slaves and that of women.


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Participation in theAnti-Slaverymovement helpedwomen developpublic-speaking and

argumentative skillsthat carried overinto the womens

rights movement.

Clarina Irene Howard Nichols,Abolitionist and First Feminist of the KansasTerritory


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Both white and blackwomen were excluded

from full membershipin the American Anti-Slavery Society until1840.

Women responded byforming their ownseparate femaleauxiliariesby 1838,over 100 existed.


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Marie Stewart, earlyAfrican-Americanabolitionist speaker

What if I am awoman? . . . Females[should] strive by theirexample, both inpublic and in private,

to assist those who areendeavoring to stopthe strong current ofprejudice that flows so

profusely against us atpresent.

Marie Stewart, 1833
http://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://www.cwrl.utexas.edu/~ulrich/RHE309/abolition/jarena.jpg&imgrefurl=http://www.cwrl.utexas.edu/~ulrich/RHE309/abolition/&h=200&w=133&sz=17&tbnid=iZJH5Boi2U8J:&tbnh=99&tbnw=65&hl=en&start=7&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dblack%2Bwomen%2Band%2Babolition%26svnum%3D10%26hl%3Den%26lr%3D%26ie%3DUTF-8


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Angelina and Sarah Grimk

The Grimk sisters,

nationally prominentabolitionists,connected the

inequalities ofwomen, both whiteand black, withslavery.


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. . . We are placed veryunexpectedly in a very

trying situation, in theforefront of an entirelynew contesta contestfor the rights of women

as a moral, intelligent,and responsible being. .. . It is a womans rightto have a voice in all the

laws and regulations bywhich she is to begoverned.

Angelina Grimk, 1838


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1840: The World Anti-Slavery Society denied

women delegates the right to speak.


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Elizabeth Cady Stanton

attended the 1840 Anti-Slavery Convention andher experience led herinto the struggle forwomens rights.

"We resolved to hold a convention assoon as we returned home, andform a society to advocate the rights

of women."


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The Seneca Falls Womens Rights

Convention, 1848


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The first signatureson the Declaration of

Sentiments.

. . . The history of mankind isa history of repeated injuriesand usurpations on the part of

man toward woman, having indirect object theestablishment of an absolutetyranny over her. . . . He has

never permitted her toexercise her inalienable rightto the elective franchise. Hehas compelled her to submit tolaws, in the formation of whichshe has no voice. . .

Elizabeth Cady Stanton,

The Declaration of

Sentiments


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Property-owning New Jersey women could

vote from 1776 to 1807.


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The 14th Amendment to the Constitution addedmale to its definition of eligible voterswomen

would need another amendment explicitlygranting them the franchise.


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The demand for woman suffrage presented avision of independent women that seemed to

threaten social structures.


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1848: New Yorkpassed a MarriedWomans Property

Actother statesfollowed.

But calls for divorcereform were lesssuccessful.

Two new demands:


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Frederick Douglassdemanded the vote forwomen in 1848.

Before the Civil War,black and whitemen and womenworked together forwomens rights and

the abolition ofslavery.


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War, and the Reconstruction that followed, split

the Womens Rights movement.


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Impact of Reconstruction:

Radical Republicans demanded black malesuffragebut not universal suffrage for all

adults. To enfranchise women, black and white,

would give the vote to large numbers of

white Southern women, who wouldprobably vote Democratic.


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This image made the point that, in beingdenied the vote, respectable, accomplishedwomen were reduced to the level of the

disenfranchised outcasts of society.

Both Susan B.Anthony and Elizabeth

Cady Stanton werefurious that Congresshad given the vote to

black men but deniedit to women.

Bl k l ff U i l


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Black male suffrage v. Universaladult suffrage

National Woman Suffrage Association(NWSA) Founded by Anthony and Stanton The more radical woman's suffrage group.

Accepted only women and opposed the FifteenthAmendment since it only enfranchised African-Americanmen.

American Woman Suffrage Association(AWSA) More moderate in its views than the NWSA. Allowed men to join and rallied behind the FifteenthAmendment as a step in the right direction towardgreater civil rights for women.

Leaders of the AWSA included Julia Ward Howe and Lucy

Stone.


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When the two groups reunited in 1890, the newNational American Woman Suffrage Association(NAWSA) followed the direction set by Anthony and

Stanton.


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Blanche Ames, Two Good VotesAre Better Than One, WomansJournal(October, 1915)

A New Argumentfor WomanSuffrage

The nation needed

women votersbecause of theirspecial moral

leadership.
http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/USAWjournal.htm


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A New Argument for Woman

Suffrage Female voters could

sweep out thescoundrels

Female voters couldensure that reforms inchild labor,temperance, andwomens work wouldoccur.

Only a woman whowas truly a citizencould teach citizenshipto her children.


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Suffragesupporters began

to adopt the classand raceprejudices of theirwhite, middle

class base.

The enfranchisement of womenwould insure immediate and durablewhite supremacy, honestlyobtained. Belle Kearney


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Some African-American suffragistsfounded their ownseparate suffrage

associations.

Overt racism expressed by many suffragistscreated an atmosphere hostile to the

participation of black women.


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Mary Church Terrell, African-

American suffragist

Others, like Mary

Terrell, remainedwithin the NAWSA.


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Women voting inWyoming, 1869

The initial successof the post-Civil

War suffragemovement cameon the frontier.


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Why the West?

Special frontier conditions?the Turnerthesis.

Womens vote would offset votes of blackmen?

Womens vote would attract women

settlers to the West?


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Emmeline Wells and otherMormon suffragists inUtah.

The second

Western territoryto grant womenthe vote wasUtah, in 1870.

A close correlation exists between


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A close correlation exists betweenthe success of woman suffrage and

states where men voted in largenumbers for Populist, Progressive,or Socialist party candidates.

Colorado (1893)

Idaho (1896)

Washington (1910)

California (1911)

Kansas (1912)

Oregon (1912)

Arizona (1912)

Montana (1914)

Nevada (1917)

North Dakota (1917)

Nebraska (1917)


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After 1890, increasing competition amongpolitical parties made womens suffrage a hot

olitical issue.
http://us.history.wisc.edu/hist102/photos/html/1015.html


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Carrie Lane Chapman Catt (1859-1947), women's suffrage leader

Between 1900 and1920, the woman

suffrage movementmodernized,adopting new tacticsof lobbying,

advertising, andgrass-rootsorganizing under theleadership of Carrie

Chapman Catt.


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1913: Illinois became the first state east of the

Mississippi to grant women the vote.


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Growingopposition fostered

a sense ofimpatience amongwomen who hadwaited over 50

years since theSeneca FallsConvention for thevote.


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Alice Paul (1885-1977),women's suffrage leader

Alice Paul and Lucy Burnsgave a new direction to

the womens rightsmovement.

In 1913, Paul and Burnsorganized the National

Womans Party (NWP),adopted the radicaltactics of the British

suffragettes, andcampaigned for the firstEqual Rights Amendment.


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"The Stomach Tube""The sensation is most painful,"reported a victim in 1909. "Thedrums of the ears seem to bebursting and there is a horrible painin the throat and breast. The tube ispushed down twenty inches; [it]must go below the breastbone." Theprisoners were generally fed asolution of milk and eggs.


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The Womans Party was one of the firstgroups in the United States to employ thetechniques of classic non-violent protest.


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The actions ofthe NWP made

the NAWSA seemmoderate andreasonable by

comparison.


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In 1916, neither party endorsed womansuffrage in its platform, but both partiescalled on the states to give women the vote.


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Jan. 10, 1917: The NWP began to picket

the White House.


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World War I interruptedthe campaign for

woman suffrage.


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Womens war work allowed them to claimthe right of patriotic citizenship.


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Carrie Chapman Catt andPresident Wilson

In 1918, in themidst of the war,

the House ofRepresentativespassed the federalsuffrage

amendment, butthe Senate voted itdown.


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Finally, on Aug. 20, 1920, the 19thAmendment became part of the United StatesConstitution when Tennessee became the 36th

state to ratify it.


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Just as the 19thcentury womens rights movement beganwith womens experiences in the temperance and abolitionmovements, the modern womans right movement beganwith womens involvement in the civil rights protests of the1950s and 60s.

Ci il Ri ht A t f 1964


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In 1964, sex was added to race, creed, color, andnational origin as a prohibited reason for discriminationin employment (Title VII).

Civil Rights Act of 1964


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In 1972, Congress included Title IX in the HigherEducation Act, providing, No person in the United

States shall, on the basis of sex, be excluded fromparticipation in, be denied the benefits of, or besubjected to discrimination under any educationprogram or activity receiving federal assistance.


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On March 22, 1972, Congress approved theEqual Rights Amendment.


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